| Leonardo da Vinci | |
 Self-portrait in red chalk, circa 1512 to 1515. [a] | |
| Birth name | Leonardo di Ser Piero |
| Born | April 15, 1452 |
| Died | May 2, 1519 (aged 67) Amboise, Indre-et-Loire, in present-day France |
| Nationality | Italian |
| Field | Many and diverse fields of arts and sciences |
| Movement | High Renaissance |
| Works | Mona Lisa, The Last Supper, The Vitruvian Man |
Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci (pronunciation ), April 15, 1452 – May 2, 1519) was an Italian polymath; a scientist, mathematician, engineer, inventor, anatomist, painter, sculptor, architect, botanist, musician and writer. Events 1450 - Battle of Formigny: Toward the end of the Hundred Years' War, the French attack and nearly annihilate English Vinci is a town and Comune of Firenze province in the Italian region of Tuscany. The Province of Florence (Provincia di Firenze is a province in the Tuscany region of Italy. Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest Events 1194 - King Richard I of England gives Portsmouth its first Royal Charter. Amboise is a commune in the Indre-et-Loire department in central France. Indre-et-Loire is a department in west-central France named after the Indre and the Loire rivers This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest The arts is a broad subdivision of Culture, composed of many expressive disciplines. Science (from the Latin scientia, meaning " Knowledge " or "knowing" is the effort to discover, and increase human understanding The High Renaissance, in the History of art, denotes the culmination of the art of the Italian Renaissance between 1450 and 1527 Mona Lisa (also known as La Gioconda) is a 16th century portrait painted in oil on a Poplar panel by The Last Supper (Il Cenacolo or L'Ultima Cena) is a 15th century Mural painting in Milan created by Leonardo da Vinci for his patron The Vitruvian Man is a world-renowned Drawing with accompanying notes created by Leonardo da Vinci around the year 1487 as recorded in one of his journals Events 1450 - Battle of Formigny: Toward the end of the Hundred Years' War, the French attack and nearly annihilate English Events 1194 - King Richard I of England gives Portsmouth its first Royal Charter. Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest A polymath ( Greek polymathēs, πολυμαθής "having learned much" is a person whose knowledge is not restricted to one subject area A scientist, in the broadest sense refers to any person that engages in a systematic activity to acquire Knowledge or an individual that engages in such practices A mathematician is a person whose primary area of study and research is the field of Mathematics. An engineer is a person professionally engaged in a field of Engineering. An inventor is a person who creates or discovers a new method form device or other useful means Anatomy (from the Greek anatomia, from ana separate apart from and temnein, to cut up cut open is a branch of Biology that is the consideration Painting (pān'tīng in Art, is the practice of applying Color to a Surface (support base such as e An architect is a licensed individual who leads a design team in the Planning and Design of buildings and participates in oversight of Building Construction Botany, plant science(s, phytology, or plant biology is a branch of Biology and is the scientific study of plant Life A musician is a person who plays or writes Music. Musicians can be classified by their roles in creating or performing music An instrumentalist plays a A writer is anyone who creates a written work although the word usually designates those who write creatively or professionally as well as those who have written in many different forms Born as the illegitimate son of a notary, Piero da Vinci, and a peasant girl, Caterina, at Vinci in the region of Florence, Leonardo was educated in the studio of the renowned Florentine painter, Verrocchio. Vinci is a town and Comune of Firenze province in the Italian region of Tuscany. Florence ( Italian: Firenze Florentia and Fiorenza) is the Capital City of the Italian region of Tuscany Andrea del Verrocchio, born Andrea di Michele di Francesco de' Cioni, (c Much of his earlier working life was spent in the service of Ludovico il Moro in Milan. Ludovico Sforza Duke of Milan ( Ludovico il Moro, "The Moor" July 27, 1452 &ndash May 27, 1508) a member Milan (Milano Milan (listen) is one of the largest cities in Italy, located in the plains of Lombardy. He later worked in Rome, Bologna and Venice, spending his final years in France at the home given to him by King François I. Rome ( Roma ˈroma Roma is the capital city of Italy and Lazio, and is Italy's largest and most populous city with more than 2 Bologna (boloɲa from Latin Bononia, Bulåggna in Bolognese dialect is the capital city of Emilia-Romagna in northern Italy Venice ( Italian: Venezia, Venetian: Venesia or Venexia) is a city in Northern Italy, the capital of the Francis I (September 12 1494 &ndash March 31 1547 was crowned King of France in 1515 in the cathedral at Reims and reigned until 1547
Leonardo has often been described as the archetype of the "Renaissance man", a man whose seemingly infinite curiosity was equalled only by his powers of invention. An archetype ( pronounced: /ˈɑːkɪtaɪp/ (Brit or /ˈɑrkɪtaɪp/ (Amer A polymath ( Greek polymathēs, πολυμαθής "having learned much" is a person whose knowledge is not restricted to one subject area [1] He is widely considered to be one of the greatest painters of all time and perhaps the most diversely talented person ever to have lived. Painting (pān'tīng in Art, is the practice of applying Color to a Surface (support base such as e [2]
It is primarily as a painter that Leonardo was and is renowned. Two of his works, the Mona Lisa and The Last Supper occupy unique positions as the most famous, most reproduced and most parodied portrait and religious painting of all time, their fame approached only by Michelangelo's Creation of Adam. Mona Lisa (also known as La Gioconda) is a 16th century portrait painted in oil on a Poplar panel by The Last Supper (Il Cenacolo or L'Ultima Cena) is a 15th century Mural painting in Milan created by Leonardo da Vinci for his patron Michelangelo di Lodovico Buonarroti Simoni Two biographies were published of him during his lifetime One of them by Giorgio Vasari, proposed that he was the pinnacle of all The Creation of Adam is a Fresco on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel, painted by Michelangelo circa 1511. [1] Leonardo's drawing of the Vitruvian Man is also iconic. The Vitruvian Man is a world-renowned Drawing with accompanying notes created by Leonardo da Vinci around the year 1487 as recorded in one of his journals Perhaps fifteen of his paintings survive, the small number due to his constant, and frequently disastrous, experimentation with new techniques, and his chronic procrastination. [b] Nevertheless, these few works together with his notebooks, which contain drawings, scientific diagrams, and his thoughts on the nature of painting, comprise a contribution to later generations of artists only rivalled by that of his contemporary, Michelangelo. Michelangelo di Lodovico Buonarroti Simoni Two biographies were published of him during his lifetime One of them by Giorgio Vasari, proposed that he was the pinnacle of all
As an engineer, Leonardo's ideas were vastly ahead of his time. He conceptualised a helicopter, a tank, concentrated solar power, a calculator, the double hull and outlined a rudimentary theory of plate tectonics. Solar energy is the Light and radiant heat from the Sun that powers Earth 's Climate and Weather and sustains Life A double hull is a Ship hull design and construction method where the bottom and sides of the ship have two complete layers of watertight hull surface one outer layer Plate tectonics (from Greek τέκτων tektōn "builder" or "mason" describes the large scale motions of Earth 's Lithosphere Relatively few of his designs were constructed or were even feasible during his lifetime,[c] but some of his smaller inventions, such as an automated bobbin winder and a machine for testing the tensile strength of wire, entered the world of manufacturing unheralded. A bobbin is a spindle or cylinder with or without flanges on which Wire, Yarn, thread or film is wound Tensile strength \sigma_{UTS} or S_U is the Stress at which a material breaks or permanently deforms [d] As a scientist, he greatly advanced the state of knowledge in the fields of anatomy, civil engineering, optics, and hydrodynamics. Anatomy (from the Greek anatomia, from ana separate apart from and temnein, to cut up cut open is a branch of Biology that is the consideration Civil engineering is a professional engineering discipline that deals with the design construction and maintenance of the physical and naturally built Fluid dynamics is the sub-discipline of Fluid mechanics dealing with fluid flow: Fluids ( Liquids and Gases in motion
Contents |
Biography
Early life, 1452–1466
Leonardo was born on April 15, 1452, "at the third hour of the night"[al] in the Tuscan hill town of Vinci, in the lower valley of the Arno River in the territory of Florence, and lived for his first five years in the nearby hamlet of Anchiano. The Uffizi Gallery (Galleria degli Uffizi one of the oldest and most famous Art Museums in the world is housed in the Palazzo degli Uffizi, a Events 1450 - Battle of Formigny: Toward the end of the Hundred Years' War, the French attack and nearly annihilate English Tuscany (Toscana is a region in Italy. It has an area of 22990 km² and a population of about 3 Vinci is a town and Comune of Firenze province in the Italian region of Tuscany. Florence ( Italian: Firenze Florentia and Fiorenza) is the Capital City of the Italian region of Tuscany Vinci is a town and Comune of Firenze province in the Italian region of Tuscany. [3] He was the illegitimate son of Messer Piero Fruosino di Antonio da Vinci, a Florentine notary, and Caterina, a peasant. In Common law, legitimacy is the status of a Child that is born to parents who are legally married to one another or that is born shortly after the Civil law notaries are trained Jurists who often receive the same training as advocating jurists &mdash those with a legal education who become litigators such as Barristers [4][5] There is evidence that Caterina was a slave from the Middle East,[e][6] Leonardo had no surname in the modern sense, "da Vinci" simply meaning "of Vinci": his full birth name was "Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci", meaning "Leonardo, son of (Mes)ser Piero from Vinci. The Middle East is a Subcontinent with no clear boundaries often used as a synonym to Near East, in opposition to Far East. A surname is a name added to a Given name and is part of a Personal name. Vinci is a town and Comune of Firenze province in the Italian region of Tuscany. " Little is known about his early life, which has been the subject of historical conjecture by Vasari and others. Giorgio Vasari ( 30 July 1511 – 27 June 1574) was an Italian painter and Architect, who is today famous [7][3] At the age of five, he went to live in the household of his father, grandparents and uncle, Francesco, in the small town of Vinci, where his father had married a sixteen-year-old girl named Albiera, who loved Leonardo but who died young. [8]
Leonardo was later to record only two incidents of his childhood. One, which he regarded as an omen, was when a kite dropped from the sky and hovered over his cradle, its tail feathers brushing his face. Kites are raptors with long wings and weak legs which spend a great deal of time soaring [8] The second incident occurred while he was exploring in the mountains. He discovered a cave and recorded his emotions at being, on one hand, terrified that some great monster might lurk there and on the other, driven by curiosity to find out what was inside. [8]
Vasari, the 16th century biographer of Renaissance painters, tells the story of how a local peasant requested that Ser Piero ask his talented son to paint a picture on a round plaque. Giorgio Vasari ( 30 July 1511 – 27 June 1574) was an Italian painter and Architect, who is today famous Leonardo responded with a painting of snakes spitting fire which was so terrifying that Ser Piero sold it to a Florentine art dealer, who sold it to the Duke of Milan. Milan (Milano Milan (listen) is one of the largest cities in Italy, located in the plains of Lombardy. Meanwhile, having made a profit, Ser Piero bought a plaque decorated with a heart pierced by an arrow, which he gave to the peasant. [9]
Verrocchio's workshop, 1466–1476
In 1466, at the age of fourteen, Leonardo was apprenticed to one of the most successful artists of his day, Andrea di Cione, known as Verrocchio. The Baptism of Christ is a painting finished around 1475 by the Italian Renaissance painter Andrea del Verrocchio and his workshop The Uffizi Gallery (Galleria degli Uffizi one of the oldest and most famous Art Museums in the world is housed in the Palazzo degli Uffizi, a Andrea del Verrocchio, born Andrea di Michele di Francesco de' Cioni, (c The workshop of this renowned master was at the centre of the intellectual currents of Florence, assuring the young Leonardo of an education in the humanities. Among the painters apprenticed or associated with the workshop and also to become famous, were Ghirlandaio, Perugino, Botticelli, and Lorenzo di Credi. Domenico Ghirlandaio (1449 &ndash January 11, 1494) was a renowned Florentine Renaissance painter a contemporary of Botticelli Pietro Perugino (1446–1524 was the leading painter of the Umbrian school who developed some of the qualities that found classic expression in the High Renaissance Lorenzo di Credi (c 1459 &ndash January 12, 1537) was an Italian painter and sculptor. [8][10]
In a Quattrocento workshop such as Verrocchio's, artists were regarded primarily as craftsmen and only the master such as Verrocchio had social standing. The cultural and artistic events of 15th century Italy are collectively referred to as the Quattrocento (from the Italian for '400 or from "millequattrocento" 1400 The products of a workshop included decorated tournament shields, painted dowry chests, christening platters, votive plaques, small portraits, and devotional pictures. A tournament (IPA) is a Competition involving a relatively large number of competitors all participating in a Sport or Game. A dowry (also known as trousseau or tocher) is the money goods or estate that a woman brings to her soon to be husband in marriage Major commissions included altarpieces for churches and commemorative statues. An altarpiece is a picture or Relief representing a religious subject and suspended in a frame behind the Altar of a church The largest commissions were fresco cycles for chapels, such as those created by Ghirlandaio and his workshop in the Tornabuoni Chapel, and large statues such as the equestrian statues of Gattemelata by Donatello and Bartolomeo Colleoni by Verrocchio. Fresco (plural either frescos or frescoes) is any of several related Painting types done on Plaster on walls or Domenico Ghirlandaio (1449 &ndash January 11, 1494) was a renowned Florentine Renaissance painter a contemporary of Botticelli The Tornabuoni Chapel (Italian Cappella Tornabuoni) is the main chapel (or Chancel) in the church of Santa Maria Novella, Florence, Italy An equestrian statue is a Statue of a Horse -mounted rider The term is from the Latin " eques," meaning " Knight Donatello ( Donato di Niccolò di Betto Bardi; c 1386 &ndash December 13, 1466) was a famous early Renaissance Italian Bartolomeo Colleoni (c 1395/1400 &ndash November 2, 1475) was an Italian Condottiero. [11]
As an apprentice, Leonardo would have been trained in the diverse skills employed in a traditional workshop of that era. Although many craftsmen specialised in tasks such as frame-making, gilding and bronze casting, Leonardo would have been exposed to a vast range of technical skills and had the opportunity to learn drafting, chemistry, metallurgy, metal working, plaster casting, leather working, mechanics and carpentry as well as the obvious artistic skills of drawing, painting, sculpting and modelling. A picture frame is a container added to a picture in order to enhance it make it easier to display or in some cases to protect it Metal leaf is a thin foil used for decoration It is also called composition leaf or schlagmetal. Bronze is any of a broad range of Copper alloys, usually with Tin as the main additive but sometimes with other elements such as Phosphorus [12][13][14]
Although Verrocchio appears to have run an efficient and prolific workshop, he was primarily a goldsmith and metalworker. [10] Most of the painted production of his workshop was done by his employees, and few paintings can be ascertained as coming from his hand. On one of those, according to Vasari, Leonardo collaborated. The painting is the Baptism of Christ. In the Synoptic gospels, Jesus is baptised by John the Baptist. According to Vasari, Leonardo painted the young angel holding Jesus’ robe in a manner that was so far superior to his master's that Verrocchio put down his brush and never painted again. [9] This is probably an exaggeration. On close examination, the painting reveals much that has been painted or touched up over the tempera using the new technique of oil paint. Tempera (also known as egg tempera) is a type of artist's Paint and associated art techniques that were known from the classical world where it appears Oil painting is the process of painting with Pigments that are bound with a medium of Drying oil — especially in early modern Europe Linseed oil The landscape, the rocks that can be seen through the brown mountain stream and much of the figure of Jesus bears witness to the hand of Leonardo. [4]
The other creation of Verrocchio’s which is pertinent to the young Leonardo is the bronze statue of David, now in the Bargello Museum, which according to tradition is a portrait of the apprentice, Leonardo. Andrea del Verrochio 's Bronze statue of David was most likely made between 1473 and 1475. For the type of embroidery see Bargello (needlework. The Bargello, also known as the Bargello Palace or Palazzo del Popolo [4] If this is the case, then in the figure of David we see Leonardo as a thin muscular boy, quite different to the rounded androgynous figure made by Verrocchio’s teacher, Donatello and with which it is often compared. Androgyny is a term derived from the Greek words ανήρ ( anér, meaning man and γυνή ( gyné, meaning woman that can refer to either of two Donatello ( Donato di Niccolò di Betto Bardi; c 1386 &ndash December 13, 1466) was a famous early Renaissance Italian [f] It is also suggested that the Archangel Michael in Verrocchio's Tobias and the Angel is a portrait of Leonardo. [4]
There are few records from this period of Leonardo's life. One is his earliest known dated work, a drawing done in pen and ink of the Arno valley, drawn on 5 August 1473. Events 642 - Battle of Maserfield - Penda of Mercia defeats and kills Oswald of Bernicia. [g] [10] By 1472, at the age of twenty, Leonardo qualified as a master in the Guild of St Luke, the guild of artists and doctors of medicine,[h] but even after his father set him up in his own workshop, his attachment to Verrocchio was such that he continued to collaborate with him. The Guild of Saint Luke was the most common name for a city Guild for painters and other artists in Early modern Europe, especially in the Low Countries [8]
Professional life, 1476–1513
Adoration of the Magi, return to text
It is assumed that Leonardo had his own workshop in Florence between 1476 and 1481. [4] Court records of 1476 show that, with three other young men, he was charged with sodomy,[i] of which charge all were acquitted. Sodomy (ˈsɒdəmi is a term used today predominantly in Law (derived from traditional Christian usage to describe the act of Anal intercourse, Oral intercourse [15] From that date until 1478 there is no record of his work or even of his whereabouts. [16]
In 1478 he was commissioned to paint an altarpiece for the Chapel of St Bernard. In 1481 the Monks of San Donato a Scopeto commissioned The Adoration of the Magi. The Adoration of the Magi is an early Painting by Leonardo da Vinci. In 1482 Leonardo, who according to Vasari was a most talented musician,[17] created a silver lyre in the shape of a horse's head. The lyre is a stringed musical instrument well known for its use in Classical Antiquity and later Lorenzo de’ Medici was so impressed that he decided to send both the lyre and its maker to Milan, in order to secure peace with Ludovico il Moro, Duke of Milan. Lorenzo de' Medici (January 1 1449 &ndash 9 April 1492 was an Italian statesman and de facto ruler of the Florentine Republic during the Italian Renaissance Ludovico Sforza Duke of Milan ( Ludovico il Moro, "The Moor" July 27, 1452 &ndash May 27, 1508) a member The following is a list of rulers of Milan from the 13th century to 1859 when Milan and the rest of Lombardy were incorporated into the Kingdom of [18] At this time Leonardo wrote an often-quoted letter to Ludovico, describing the many marvellous and diverse things that he could achieve in the field of engineering and informing the Lord that he could also paint. [19][10]
Between 1482 and 1499, when Louis XII of France occupied Milan, much of Leonardo’s work was in that city. Louis XII ( June 27, 1462 – January 1, 1515) called "the Father of the People" (Le Père du Peuple was the thirty-fifth king It was there that he was commissioned to paint two of his most famous works, the Virgin of the Rocks for the Confraternity of the Immaculate Conception, and The Last Supper for the monastery of Santa Maria delle Grazie. The Virgin of the Rocks (sometimes the Madonna of the Rocks) is the usual title used for In the Christian Gospels the Last Supper (also called the Lord's Supper or Mystical Supper) was the last meal Jesus shared with his Our Lady of Graces (Italian Madonna delle Grazie or Nostra Signora delle Grazie) or St Mary of Graces (Italian Santa Maria delle Grazie) is [8] While living in Milan between 1493 and 1495 Leonardo listed a woman called Caterina as among his dependents in his taxation documents. When she died in 1495, the detailed list of expenditure on her funeral suggests that she was his mother rather than a servant girl. [20][8]
He worked on many different projects for Ludovico, including the preparation of floats and pageants for special occasions, designs for a dome for Milan Cathedral and a model for a huge equestrian monument to Francesco Sforza, Ludovico’s predecessor. Windsor Castle, in Windsor in the English county of Berkshire, is the largest inhabited Castle in the world and dating back to the time of Milan Cathedral (Italian Duomo di Milano; Milanese: Domm de Milan) is the Cathedral An equestrian statue is a Statue of a Horse -mounted rider The term is from the Latin " eques," meaning " Knight Francesco I Sforza ( July 23, 1401 - March 8, 1466) was an Italian Condottiero, the founder of the Sforza dynasty in Leonardo modelled a huge horse in clay, which became known as the "Gran Cavallo". It surpassed in size the only two large equestrian statues of the Renaissance, Donatello’s statue of Gattemelata in Padua and Verrocchio’s Bartolomeo Colleoni in Venice. Padua ( Padova 'padova Latin: Patavium, Padoa) is a city in the Veneto, northern Italy. Bartolomeo Colleoni (c 1395/1400 &ndash November 2, 1475) was an Italian Condottiero. [10][j] Seventy tons of bronze were set aside for casting it. Bronze is any of a broad range of Copper alloys, usually with Tin as the main additive but sometimes with other elements such as Phosphorus The monument remained unfinished for several years, which was not in the least unusual for Leonardo. In 1492 the clay model of the horse was completed, and Leonardo was making detailed plans for its casting. [10] Michelangelo rudely implied that Leonardo was unable to cast it. [8] In November 1494 Ludovico gave the bronze to be used for cannons to defend the city from invasion by Charles VIII. Charles VIII, called the Affable (l'Affable 30 June 1470 &ndash 7 April 1498 was King of France from 1483 to his death [10]
In 1499, Charles VIII's successor, Louis XII, returned to conquer Milan. Louis XII ( June 27, 1462 – January 1, 1515) called "the Father of the People" (Le Père du Peuple was the thirty-fifth king The invading French troops used the life-size clay model for the "Gran Cavallo" for target practice. With Ludovico Sforza overthrown, Leonardo, with his assistant Salai and friend, the mathematician Luca Pacioli, fled Milan for Venice, where he was employed as a military architect and engineer, devising methods to defend the city from naval attack. Fra Luca Bartolomeo de Pacioli (sometimes Paciolo) (1446/7&ndash1517 was an Italian Mathematician and Franciscan friar collaborator with Venice ( Italian: Venezia, Venetian: Venesia or Venexia) is a city in Northern Italy, the capital of the [8][4]
On his return to Florence in 1500, he and his household were guests of the Servite monks at the monastery of Santissima Annunziata and were provided with a workshop where, according to Vasari, Leonardo created the cartoon of The Virgin and Child with St. Anne and St. John the Baptist, a work that won such admiration that "men and women, young and old" flocked to see it "as if they were attending a great festival". For the church with the same name in Florence see Basilica della Santissima Annunziata di Firenze The Santissima Annunziata is a church in Naples The Virgin and Child with St Anne and St John the Baptist, sometimes called The Burlington House Cartoon, is a full-size Cartoon by [9][k] In 1502 Leonardo entered the service of Cesare Borgia, the son of Pope Alexander VI, acting as a military architect and engineer and travelling throughout Italy with his patron. ( September 13, 1475 &ndash March 12, 1507) Duke of Valentinois, and Romagna, Prince of Andria and Venafro Pope Alexander VI ( 1 January 1431 &ndash 18 August 1503) born Roderic Llançol, later Roderic de Borja i Borja ( [4] He returned to Florence where he rejoined the Guild of St Luke on 18 October 1503, and spent two years designing and painting a great mural of The Battle of Anghiari for the Signoria,[4] with Michelangelo designing its companion piece, The Battle of Cascina. Events 1009 - The Church of the Holy Sepulchre, a Christian church in Jerusalem, is completely destroyed by the Fatimid The Battle of Anghiari ( 1505) is a lost painting by Leonardo da Vinci at times referred to as "The Lost Leonardo" which some commentators [l] In Florence in 1504, he was part of a committee formed to relocate, against the artist’s will, Michelangelo's statue of David. David is a Masterpiece of Renaissance Sculpture sculpted by Michelangelo from 1501 to 1504 [21]
In 1506 he returned to Milan, which by then was in the hands of Maximilian Sforza after Swiss mercenaries had driven out the French. Maximilian (Massimiliano Sforza (1493 - 1530 was a Duke of Milan from the Sforza family the son of Lodovico Sforza. Swiss mercenaries were soldiers notable for their service in foreign armies especially the armies of the Kings of France, throughout the Early Modern period of European Many of Leonardo's most prominent pupils or followers in painting either knew or worked with him in Milan,[8] including Bernardino Luini, Giovanni Antonio Boltraffio and Marco D'Oggione. Bernardino Luini (c 1480/82-1532 was a North Italian painter from Leonardo's circle Giovanni Antonio Boltraffio or Beltraffio (1466 or 1467 &ndash 1516 was an Italian painter of the High Renaissance from Lombardy, who worked Marco d'Oggiono (c 1470 &ndash c 1549 was an Italian Renaissance painter and a chief pupil of Leonardo da Vinci, many of whose works he copied [m] However, he did not stay in Milan for long because his father had died in 1504, and in 1507 he was back in Florence trying to sort out problems with his brothers over his father's estate. By 1508 he was back in Milan, living in his own house in Porta Orientale in the parish of Santa Babila. [4]
Old age
From September 1513 to 1516, Leonardo spent much of his time living in the Belvedere in the Vatican in Rome, where Raphael and Michelangelo were both active at the time. Raphael Sanzio, usually known by his first name alone (in Italian Raffaello) (April 6 or March 28 1483 – April 6 1520 was an Italian painter and Michelangelo di Lodovico Buonarroti Simoni Two biographies were published of him during his lifetime One of them by Giorgio Vasari, proposed that he was the pinnacle of all [4] In October 1515, François I of France recaptured Milan. Francis I (September 12 1494 &ndash March 31 1547 was crowned King of France in 1515 in the cathedral at Reims and reigned until 1547 [22] On 19th December, Leonardo was present at the meeting of Francois I and Pope Leo X, which took place in Bologna. [8][23][24] It was for Francois that Leonardo was commissioned to make a mechanical lion which could walk forward, then open its chest to reveal a cluster of lilies. The lion ( Panthera leo) is a member of the family Felidae and one of four Big cats in the Genus Panthera. [9][n]In 1516, he entered François' service, being given the use of the manor house Clos Lucé[o] near the king's residence at the royal Chateau Amboise. Clos Lucé is a mansion in Amboise, France, located 500 metres from the Royal Château d'Amboise, to which it is connected by an underground passageway The royal Château at Amboise is a Château located in Amboise, in the Indre-et-Loire département of the Loire Valley It was here that he spent the last three years of his life, accompanied by his friend and apprentice, Count Francesco Melzi, supported by a pension totalling 10,000 scudi. Francesco Melzi (c 1491 &ndash 1570) was an Italian painter an assistant and pupil of Leonardo da Vinci. [4]
Leonardo died at Clos Lucé, France, on May 2, 1519. Clos Lucé is a mansion in Amboise, France, located 500 metres from the Royal Château d'Amboise, to which it is connected by an underground passageway This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Events 1194 - King Richard I of England gives Portsmouth its first Royal Charter. François I had become a close friend. Francis I (September 12 1494 &ndash March 31 1547 was crowned King of France in 1515 in the cathedral at Reims and reigned until 1547 Vasari records that the King held Leonardo’s head in his arms as he died, although this story, beloved by the French and portrayed in romantic paintings by Ingres, Ménageot and other French artists, may be legend rather than fact. [p][25] Vasari also tells us that in his last days, Leonardo sent for a priest to make his confession and to receive the Holy Sacrament. [9] In accordance to his will, sixty beggars followed his casket. He was buried in the Chapel of Saint-Hubert in the castle of Amboise. The royal Château at Amboise is a Château located in Amboise, in the Indre-et-Loire département of the Loire Valley Melzi was the principal heir and executor, receiving as well as money, Leonardo's paintings, tools, library and personal effects. Leonardo also remembered his other long-time pupil and companion, Salai and his servant Battista di Vilussis, who each received half of Leonardo's vineyards, his brothers who received land, and his serving woman who received a black cloak of good stuff with a fur edge. A vineyard is a Plantation of Grape -bearing Vines grown mainly for Winemaking, but also Raisins Table grapes and non-alcoholic [26]
Some twenty years after Leonardo's death, François was reported by the goldsmith and sculptor Benevenuto Cellini as saying: "There had never been another man born in the world who knew as much as Leonardo, not so much about painting, sculpture and architecture, as that he was a very great philosopher. Benvenuto Cellini "[27]
Relationships and influences
Florence—Leonardo's artistic and social background
Leonardo commenced his apprenticeship with Verrocchio in 1466, the year that Verrocchio’s master, the great sculptor Donatello, died. Apprenticeship is a system of Training a new generation of practitioners of a skill Donatello ( Donato di Niccolò di Betto Bardi; c 1386 &ndash December 13, 1466) was a famous early Renaissance Italian The painter Uccello whose early experiments with perspective were to influence the development of landscape painting, was a very old man. Paolo Uccello (born Paolo di Dono, 1397 &ndash December 10 1475) was an Italian painter who was notable for his pioneering work on visual The painters Piero della Francesca and Fra Filippo Lippi, sculptor Luca della Robbia, and architect and writer Alberti were in their sixties. Piero della Francesca (c 1412 &ndash October 12, 1492) was an Italian artist of the Early Renaissance. Fra' Filippo Lippi (1406 &ndash October 8 1469 Luca della Robbia (1400-1482 was an Italian sculptor from Florence, noted for his Terracotta roundels The successful artists of the next generation were Leonardo's teacher Verrocchio, Antonio Pollaiuolo and the portrait sculptor, Mino da Fiesole whose lifelike busts give the most reliable likenesses of Lorenzo Medici's father Piero and uncle Giovanni. Antonio del Pollaiolo ( January 17, 1429 /1433 &ndash February 4, 1498) also known as Antonio di Jacopo Pollaiuolo or Antonio Mino da Fiesole (also known as Mino di Giovanni; c 1429 &ndash July 11 1484) was an Italian sculptor from Poppi, Tuscany [28][29][30]
Leonardo's youth was spent in a Florence that was ornamented by the works of these artists and by Donatello's contemporaries, Masaccio whose figurative frescoes were imbued with realism and emotion and Ghiberti whose Gates of Paradise, gleaming with gold leaf, displayed the art of combining complex figure compositions with detailed architectural backgrounds. Masaccio (born Tommaso Cassai or in some accounts Tommaso di Ser Giovanni di Mone; December 21, 1401 &ndash autumn 1428 was the first great Fresco (plural either frescos or frescoes) is any of several related Painting types done on Plaster on walls or Lorenzo Ghiberti (born Lorenzo di Bartolo) (1378 &ndash December 1, 1455) was an Italian artist of the early Renaissance best known The Florence Baptistry or Battistero di San Giovanni ( Baptistery of St Metal leaf is a thin foil used for decoration It is also called composition leaf or schlagmetal. Piero della Francesca had made a detailed study of perspective, and was the first painter to make a scientific study of light. These studies and Alberti's Treatise were to have a profound effect on younger artists and in particular on Leonardo's own observations and artworks. Leon Battista Alberti ( February 14, 1404 &ndash April 25, 1472) was an Italian author artist Architect, Poet [28][29][30]
Massaccio's depiction of the naked and distraught Adam and Eve leaving the Garden of Eden created a powerfully expressive image of the human form, cast into three dimensions by the use of light and shade which was to be developed in the works of Leonardo in a way that was to be influential in the course of painting. The Expulsion from the Garden of Eden ( Cacciata dei progenitori dall'Eden) is a Fresco by renowned early-Renaissance artist Masaccio. Adam (אָדָם ʼĀḏām, "dust man mankind" آدم; Ge'ez: አዳ and Eve (חַוָּה Ḥawwā, "living Chiaroscuro ( Italian for light-dark) is a term in Art for a contrast between light and dark The Humanist influence of Donatello's David can be seen in Leonardo's late paintings, particularly John the Baptist. Renaissance Humanism was a European intellectual movement beginning in Florence in the last decades of the 14th century St John the Baptist is an Oil painting on walnut wood by the Artist Leonardo da Vinci. [28]
A prevalent tradition in Florence was the small altarpiece of the Virgin and Child. Many of these were created in tempera or glazed terracotta by the workshops of Filippo Lippi, Verrocchio and the prolific della Robbia family. Tempera (also known as egg tempera) is a type of artist's Paint and associated art techniques that were known from the classical world where it appears Terra cotta ( Italian: "baked earth" is a Ceramic. Its uses include vessels water & waste water pipes and surface embellishment in Building construction Luca della Robbia (1400-1482 was an Italian sculptor from Florence, noted for his Terracotta roundels [28] Leonardo's early Madonnas such as the The Madonna with a carnation and The Benois Madonna followed this tradition while showing indiosyncratic departures, particularly in the case of the Benois Madonna in which the Virgin is set at an oblique angle to the picture space with the Christ Child at the opposite angle. The Madonna of the Carnation is a Oil painting by Leonardo da Vinci created sometime around 1478-1480 Madonna and Child with Flowers, otherwise known as the Benois Madonna, could be one of two Madonnas started by Leonardo da Vinci This compositional theme was to emerge in Leonardo's later paintings such as The Virgin and Child with St. Anne. The Virgin and Child with St Anne is an Oil painting by Leonardo da Vinci depicting St [8]
Leonardo was a contemporary of Botticelli, Ghirlandaio and Perugino, who were all slightly older than he was. Domenico Ghirlandaio (1449 &ndash January 11, 1494) was a renowned Florentine Renaissance painter a contemporary of Botticelli Pietro Perugino (1446–1524 was the leading painter of the Umbrian school who developed some of the qualities that found classic expression in the High Renaissance He would have met them at the workshop of Verrocchio, with whom they had associations, and at the Academy of the Medici. An academy ( Greek Ἀκαδημία is an institution of higher learning research or honorary membership [8]Botticelli was a particular favourite of the Medici family and thus his success as a painter was assured. Ghirlandaio and Perugino were both prolific and ran large workshops. They competently delivered commissions to well-satisfied patrons who appreciated Ghirlandaio's ability to portray the wealthy citizens of Florence within large religious frescoes, and Perugino's ability to deliver a multitude of saints and angels of unfailing sweetness and innocence. [28]
These three were among those commissioned to paint the walls of the Sistine Chapel, the work commencing with Perugino's employment in 1479. Hugo van der Goes ( Ghent, ?c 1440 – Oudergem, near Brussels, 1482 or 1483 was a Flemish painter Sistine Chapel (Cappella Sistina is the best-known Chapel in the Apostolic Palace, the official residence of the Pope in Vatican City. Leonardo was not part of this prestigious commission. His first significant commission, The Adoration of the Magi for the Monks of Scopeto, was never completed. The Adoration of the Magi is an early Painting by Leonardo da Vinci. [8]
In 1476, during the time of Leonardo’s association with Verrocchio’s workshop, Hugo van der Goes arrived in Florence, bringing the Portinari Altarpiece and the new painterly techniques from Northern Europe which were to profoundly effect Leonardo, Ghirlandaio, Perugino and others. Hugo van der Goes ( Ghent, ?c 1440 – Oudergem, near Brussels, 1482 or 1483 was a Flemish painter Early Netherlandish painting is the work of those painters who were active in the Low Countries during the 15th and early 16th century Northern renaissance In 1479, the Sicilian painter Antonello da Messina, who worked exclusively in oils, travelled north on his way to Venice, where the leading painter, Giovanni Bellini adopted the technique of oil painting, quickly making it the preferred method in Venice. Antonello da Messina, properly Antonello di Giovanni di Antonio (c Venice ( Italian: Venezia, Venetian: Venesia or Venexia) is a city in Northern Italy, the capital of the Giovanni Bellini (c 1430 – 1516 was an Italian Renaissance painter probably the best known of the Bellini family of Venetian painters Oil painting is the process of painting with Pigments that are bound with a medium of Drying oil — especially in early modern Europe Linseed oil Leonardo was also later to visit Venice. [30]
Like the two contemporary architects, Bramante and Antonio da Sangallo the Elder, Leonardo experimented with designs for centrally-planned churches, a number of which appear in his journals, as both plans and views, although none was ever realised. Donato Bramante (1444 – March 11, 1514) was an Italian Architect, who introduced the Early Renaissance style to Milan and the High Renaissance Antonio da Sangallo the Elder (c 1453 &ndash December 27 1534) was a Florentine architect active during the Italian Renaissance [28][31]
Leonardo’s political contemporaries were Lorenzo Medici (il Magnifico), who was three years older, and his popular younger brother Giuliano who was slain in the Pazzi Conspiracy in 1478. Lorenzo de' Medici (January 1 1449 &ndash 9 April 1492 was an Italian statesman and de facto ruler of the Florentine Republic during the Italian Renaissance The Pazzi family were Tuscan nobles who were Bankers in Florence in the 14th century Ludovico il Moro who ruled Milan between 1479–1499 and to whom Leonardo was sent as ambassador from the Medici court, was also of Leonardo’s age. Ludovico Sforza Duke of Milan ( Ludovico il Moro, "The Moor" July 27, 1452 &ndash May 27, 1508) a member Milan (Milano Milan (listen) is one of the largest cities in Italy, located in the plains of Lombardy. [28][29]
With Alberti, Leonardo visited the home of the Medici and through them came to know the older Humanist philosophers of whom Marsiglio Ficino, proponent of Neo Platonism, Cristoforo Landino, writer of commentaries on Classical writings, and John Argyropoulos, teacher of Greek and translator of Aristotle were foremost. Marsilio Ficino ( Latin name Marsilius Ficinus; October 19 1433 - October 1 1499) was one of the most influential humanist Neoplatonism (also Neo-Platonism) is the modern term for a school of religious and mystical Philosophy that took shape in the 3rd century AD founded by Cristoforo Landino ( 1424 - 24 September 1498) was a humanist and an important figure of the Florentine Renaissance. John Argyropoulos was a Byzantine lecturer philosopher and humanist during the late Middle Ages and early Renaissance. Aristotle (Greek Aristotélēs) (384 BC – 322 BC was a Greek philosopher a student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great. Also associated with the Academy of the Medici was Leonardo's contemporary, the brilliant young poet and philosopher Pico della Mirandola. Count Giovanni Pico della Mirandola ( February 24, 1463 - November 17, 1494) was an Italian Renaissance Philosopher. [30][32] Leonardo later wrote in the margin of a journal "The Medici made me and the Medici destroyed me. " While it was through the action of Lorenzo that Leonardo was to receive his important Milanese commissions, it is not known exactly what Leonardo meant by this cryptic comment. [8]
Although usually named together as the three giants of the High Renaissance, Leonardo, Michelangelo and Raphael were not of the same generation. The High Renaissance, in the History of art, denotes the culmination of the art of the Italian Renaissance between 1450 and 1527 Michelangelo di Lodovico Buonarroti Simoni Two biographies were published of him during his lifetime One of them by Giorgio Vasari, proposed that he was the pinnacle of all Raphael Sanzio, usually known by his first name alone (in Italian Raffaello) (April 6 or March 28 1483 – April 6 1520 was an Italian painter and Leonardo was 23 when Michelangelo was born and 31 when Raphael was born. The short-lived Raphael died in 1520, the year after Leonardo, but Michelangelo went on creating for another 45 years. [29][30]
Assistants and pupils
Gian Giacomo Caprotti da Oreno,[33] known as il Salaino ("The little devil) or Salai, was described by Giorgio Vasari as "a graceful and beautiful youth with fine curly hair, in which Leonardo greatly delighted". The Louvre Museum (Musée du Louvre located in Paris is the world's most visited art museum a historic monument and a national museum of France Giorgio Vasari ( 30 July 1511 – 27 June 1574) was an Italian painter and Architect, who is today famous [9] Il Salaino entered Leonardo's household in 1490 at the age of ten. The relationship was not an easy one. A year later Leonardo made a list of the boy's misdemeanours, calling him "a thief, a liar, stubborn, and a glutton", after he had made off with money and valuables on at least five occasions, and spent a fortune on clothes, including twenty-four pairs of shoes. [34] Nevertheless, Leonardo's notebooks during their early years contain many pictures of the handsome, curly-haired adolescent. Salai remained his companion, servant, and assistant for the next thirty years. [4]
In 1506, Leonardo took as a pupil Count Francesco Melzi, the fifteen-year-old son of a Lombard aristocrat. Francesco Melzi (c 1491 &ndash 1570) was an Italian painter an assistant and pupil of Leonardo da Vinci. Lombardy (Lombardia Latin: Langobardia, Western Lombard: Lumbardìa, Eastern Lombard: Lombardia) is one of the Melzi became Leonardo's life companion, and is considered to have been his favourite student. He travelled to France with Leonardo and Salai, and was with him until his death. [8] Salai, however, left France in 1518 and returned to Milan, where he built a house in part of the vineyard owned by Leonardo, which was eventually bequeathed to him. In 1525 he died violently, either murdered or as the result of a duel. [35]
Salai executed a number of paintings under the name of Andrea Salai, but although Vasari claims that Leonardo "taught him a great deal about painting",[9] his work is generally considered to be of less artistic merit than others among Leonardo's pupils such as Marco d'Oggione and Boltraffio. Marco d'Oggiono (c 1470 &ndash c 1549 was an Italian Renaissance painter and a chief pupil of Leonardo da Vinci, many of whose works he copied Giovanni Antonio Boltraffio or Beltraffio (1466 or 1467 &ndash 1516 was an Italian painter of the High Renaissance from Lombardy, who worked In 1515 he painted a nude version of the Mona Lisa, known as Monna Vanna. Mona Lisa (also known as La Gioconda) is a 16th century portrait painted in oil on a Poplar panel by [36] Salai owned the Mona Lisa at the time of his death in 1525, and in his will it was assessed at 505 lire, an exceptionally high valuation for a small panel portrait. [35]
Personal life
Leonardo had many friends who are now renowned either in their fields or for their historical significance. See also Leonardo da Vinci Leonardo da Vinci, (April 15 1452 – May 2 1519 is regarded as the archetypal Renaissance Man. They included the mathematician Luca Pacioli, with whom he collaborated on a book in the 1490s, and Cesare Borgia, whose service he was in from 1502–1503. Fra Luca Bartolomeo de Pacioli (sometimes Paciolo) (1446/7&ndash1517 was an Italian Mathematician and Franciscan friar collaborator with ( September 13, 1475 &ndash March 12, 1507) Duke of Valentinois, and Romagna, Prince of Andria and Venafro During that time he also met Niccolò Machiavelli, with whom he later developed a close friendship. Also among his friends were Franchinus Gaffurius and Isabella d'Este. Franchinus Gaffurius ( Franchino Gaffurio) ( January 14, 1451 – June 25, 1522) was an Italian music theorist Isabella d'Este ( 18 May 1474 &ndash 13 February 1539) was marchesa of Mantua and one of the leading women of the Leonardo appears to have had no close relationships with women except for Isabella d'Este. He drew a portrait of her while on a journey which took him through Mantua, and which appears to have been used to create a painted portrait now lost. Mantua (Màntova in the local dialect of Lombard language Mantua is a city in Lombardy, Italy and capital of the province of the [8]
Beyond friendship, Leonardo kept his private life secret. Within his own lifetime his extraordinary powers of invention, his "outstanding physical beauty", "infinite grace", "great strength and generosity", "regal spirit and tremendous breadth of mind" as described by Vasari [9] attracted the curiosity of others. Many authors have speculated on various aspects of Leonardo's personality. His sexuality has often been the subject of study, analysis and speculation. This trend began in the mid-16th century and was revived in the 19th and 20th centuries, most notably by Sigmund Freud. Sigmund Freud (ˈziːkmʊnt ˈfʁɔʏt born Sigismund Shlomo Freud (May 6 1856 &ndash September 23 1939 was an Austrian Psychiatrist who founded [37]
Leonardo's most intimate relationships were perhaps with his pupils Salai and Melzi, Melzi writing that Leonardo's feelings for him were both loving and passionate. It has been claimed since the 16th century that these relationships were of an erotic nature. Since then much has been written about Leonardo's presumed homosexuality and its role in his art, particularly in the androgyny and eroticism manifested in John the Baptist and Bacchus, and more explicitly in a number of drawings. [38]
Painting
Despite the recent awareness and admiration of Leonardo as a scientist and inventor, for the better part of four hundred years his enormous fame rested on his achievements as a painter and on a handful of works, either authenticated or attributed to him that have been regarded as among the supreme masterpieces ever created. [39]
These paintings are famous for a variety of qualities which have been much imitated by students and discussed at great length by connoisseurs and critics. Among the qualities that make Leonardo’s work unique are the innovative techniques that he used in laying on the paint, his detailed knowledge of anatomy, light, botany and geology, his interest in physiognomy and the way in which humans register emotion in expression and gesture, his innovative use of the human form in figurative composition and his use of the subtle gradation of tone. Physiognomy ( Gk physis, nature and gnomon, judge interpreter is the assessment of a person's character or personality from their outer appearance especially All these qualities come together in his most famous painted works, the Mona Lisa, the Last Supper and the Virgin of the Rocks. [40]
Early works
Leonardo’s early works begin with the Baptism of Christ painted in conjunction with Verrocchio. The Annunciation (1472&ndash1475 is a painting by Leonardo da Vinci in the Uffizi Gallery in Florence. The Baptism of Christ is a painting finished around 1475 by the Italian Renaissance painter Andrea del Verrocchio and his workshop Two other paintings appear to date from his time at the workshop, both of which are Annunciations. In Christianity the Annunciation ( grc Ευαγγελισμός της Θεοτόκου, Evangelismós tēs Theotókou in Greek) is the revelation One is small, 59 cm (23 in) long and 14 cm (5. A centimetre ( American spelling: centimeter, symbol cm) is a unit of Length in the Metric system, equal to one hundredth Inches redirects here To see the Les Savy Fav album see Inches. 5 in) high. It is a "predella" to go at the base of a larger composition, in this case a painting by Lorenzo di Credi from which it has become separated. Lorenzo di Credi (c 1459 &ndash January 12, 1537) was an Italian painter and sculptor. The other is a much larger work, 217 cm (85 in) long. [4] In both these Annunciations, Leonardo has used a formal arrangement, such as in Fra Angelico’s two well known pictures of the same subject, of the Virgin Mary sitting or kneeling to the right of the picture, approached from the left by an angel in profile, with rich flowing garment, raised wings and bearing a lily. Although previously attributed to Ghirlandaio, the larger work is now almost universally attributed to Leonardo. [41]
In the smaller picture Mary averts her eyes and folds her hands in a gesture that symbolised submission to God's will. In the larger picture, however, Mary is not in the least submissive. The beautiful girl, interrupted in her reading by this unexpected messenger, puts a finger in her bible to mark the place and raises her hand in a formal gesture of greeting or surprise. [28] This calm young woman appears to accept her role as the Mother of God not with resignation but with confidence. Theotokos (Θεοτόκος translit Theotókos) is a title of Mary the mother of Jesus used especially in the Eastern Orthodox, In this painting the young Leonardo presents the Humanist face of the Virgin Mary, recognising humanity's role in God's incarnation. Humanism is a broad category of ethical philosophies that affirm the dignity and worth of all people based on the ability to determine right and wrong by appealing to universal [q]
Paintings of the 1480s
In the 1480s Leonardo received two very important commissions, and commenced another work which was also of ground-breaking importance in terms of composition. Unfortunately two of the three were never finished and the third took so long that it was subject to lengthy negotiations over completion and payment. One of these paintings is that of St. Jerome in the Wilderness. St Jerome in the Wilderness (c 1480) is an unfinished painting by Leonardo da Vinci, now in the Vatican Museums, Rome. Bortolon associates this picture with a difficult period of Leonardo's life, and the signs of melancholy in his diary: "I thought I was learning to live; I was only learning to die. "[8]
Although the painting is barely begun the composition can be seen and it is very unusual. [r] Jerome, as a penitent, occupies the middle of the picture, set on a slight diagonal and viewed somewhat from above. Jerome (c 347 – September 30, 420) ( Latin: Eusebius Sophronius Hieronymus; Εὐσέβιος Σωφρόνιος Ἱερώνυμος Penance is repentance of Sins as well as the proper name of the Catholic and Orthodox Christian Sacrament of Penance and Reconciliation/Confession His kneeling form takes on a trapezoid shape, with one arm stretched to the outer edge of the painting and his gaze looking in the opposite direction. J. Wasserman points out the link between this painting and Leonardo's anatomical studies. [22] Across the foreground sprawls his symbol, a great lion whose body and tail make a double spiral across the base of the picture space. The other remarkable feature is the sketchy landscape of craggy rocks against which the figure is silhouetted.
The daring display of figure composition, the landscape elements and personal drama also appear in the great unfinished masterpiece, the Adoration of the Magi, (see above [Magi]) a commission from the Monks of San Donato a Scopeto. The Adoration of the Magi is an early Painting by Leonardo da Vinci. It is a very complex composition about 250 cm square. Leonardo did numerous drawings and preparatory studies, including a detailed one in linear perspective of the ruined classical architecture which makes part of the backdrop to the scene. The term Classical architecture has a specific Archaeological meaning relating to the architecture of Classical Greece But in 1482 Leonardo went off to Milan at the behest of Lorenzo de’ Medici in order to win favour with Ludovico il Moro and the painting was abandoned. Lorenzo de' Medici (January 1 1449 &ndash 9 April 1492 was an Italian statesman and de facto ruler of the Florentine Republic during the Italian Renaissance Ludovico Sforza Duke of Milan ( Ludovico il Moro, "The Moor" July 27, 1452 &ndash May 27, 1508) a member [41][4]
The third important work of this period is the Virgin of the Rocks which was commissioned in Milan for the Confraternity of the Immaculate Conception. The Virgin of the Rocks (sometimes the Madonna of the Rocks) is the usual title used for The painting, to be done with the assistance of the de Predis brothers, was to fill a large complex altarpiece, already constructed. [22] Leonardo chose to paint an apocryphal moment of the infancy of Christ when the Infant John the Baptist, in protection of an angel, met the Holy Family on the road to Egypt. Saint John the Baptist ( heb. Jochanan ben Sacharja, arab. يحيى Yaḥyā or يوحنا Yūḥanna, aram. In this scene, as painted by Leonardo, John recognizes and worships Jesus as the Christ. The painting demonstrates an eerie beauty as the graceful figures kneel in adoration around the infant Christ in a wild landscape of tumbling rock and whirling water. [42] While the painting is quite large, about 200 x 120 cms, it is not nearly as complex as the painting ordered by the monks of St Donato, having only four figures rather than about 50 and a rocky landscape rather than architectural details. The painting was eventually finished; in fact, two versions of the painting were finished, one which remained at the chapel of the Confraternity and the other which Leonardo carried away to France. But the Brothers did not get their painting, or the de Predis their payment, until the next century. [4][10]
Paintings of the 1490s
Leonardo's most famous painting of the 1490s is The Last Supper, also painted in Milan. The Last Supper (Il Cenacolo or L'Ultima Cena) is a 15th century Mural painting in Milan created by Leonardo da Vinci for his patron The painting represents the last meal shared by Jesus with his disciples before his capture and death. It shows specifically the moment when Jesus has said "one of you will betray me". Leonardo tells the story of the consternation that this statement caused to the twelve followers of Jesus. [10]
The novelist Matteo Bandello observed Leonardo at work and wrote that some days he would paint from dawn till dusk without stopping to eat, and then not paint for three or four days at a time. Matteo Bandello (c 1480 &ndash 1562 was an Italian novelist Biography Matteo Bandello was born at Castelnuovo Scrivia, near Tortona (current [22] This, according to Vasari, was beyond the comprehension of the prior, who hounded him until Leonardo ask Ludovico to intervene. Vasari describes how Leonardo, troubled over his ability to adequately depict the faces of Christ and the traitor Judas, told the Duke that he might be obliged to use the prior as his model. [9]
When finished, the painting was acclaimed as a masterpiece of design and characterisation,[9] but it deteriorated rapidly, so that within a hundred years it was described by one viewer as "completely ruined". The Last Supper (Il Cenacolo or L'Ultima Cena) is a 15th century Mural painting in Milan created by Leonardo da Vinci for his patron Santa Maria delle Grazie is a famous church and convent in Milan, included in the UNESCO World Heritage sites list Milan (Milano Milan (listen) is one of the largest cities in Italy, located in the plains of Lombardy. [4] Leonardo, instead of using the reliable technique of fresco, had used tempera over a ground that was mainly gesso, resulting in a surface which was subject to mold and to flaking. [4] Despite this, the painting has remained one of the most reproduced works of art, countless copies being made in every medium from carpets to cameos.
Paintings of the 1500s
Among the works created by Leonardo in the 1500s is the small portrait known as the Mona Lisa or “la Gioconda”, the laughing one. Mona Lisa (also known as La Gioconda) is a 16th century portrait painted in oil on a Poplar panel by The Louvre Museum (Musée du Louvre located in Paris is the world's most visited art museum a historic monument and a national museum of France Mona Lisa (also known as La Gioconda) is a 16th century portrait painted in oil on a Poplar panel by The painting is famous, in particular, for the elusive smile on the woman’s face, its mysterious quality brought about perhaps by the fact that the artist has subtly shadowed the corners of the mouth and eyes so that the exact nature of the smile cannot be determined. The shadowy quality for which the work is renowned came to be called “sfumato” or Leonardo’s smoke. Sfumato is the Italian term for a Painting technique which overlays translucent layers of colour to create perceptions of depth volume and form Vasari, who is generally thought to have known the painting only by repute, said that "the smile was so pleasing that it seemed divine rather than human; and those who saw it were amazed to find that it was as alive as the original". [9][s]
Other characteristics found in this work are the unadorned dress, in which the eyes and hands have no competition from other details, the dramatic landscape background in which the world seems to be in a state of flux, the subdued colouring and the extremely smooth nature of the painterly technique, employing oils, but laid on much like tempera and blended on the surface so that the brushstrokes are indistinguishable. Oil paint is a type of slow-drying Paint consisting of small Pigment particles suspended in a Drying oil. Tempera (also known as egg tempera) is a type of artist's Paint and associated art techniques that were known from the classical world where it appears [t] Vasari expressed the opinion that the manner of painting would make even "the most confident master . . . despair and lose heart. "[9] The perfect state of preservation and the fact that there is no sign of repair or overpainting is extremely rare in a panel painting of this date. [4]
In the Virgin and Child with St. Anne (see below [StAnne]) the composition again picks up the theme of figures in a landscape which Wasserman describes as "breathtakingly beautiful"[22] and harks back to the St Jerome picture with the figure set at an oblique angle. The Virgin and Child with St Anne is an Oil painting by Leonardo da Vinci depicting St What makes this painting unusual is that there are two obliquely-set figures superimposed. Mary is seated on the knee of her mother, St Anne. She leans forward to restrain the Christ Child as he plays roughly with a lamb, the sign of his own impending sacrifice. [10] This painting, which was copied many times, was to influence Michelangelo, Raphael, and Andrea del Sarto,[4] and through them Pontormo and Correggio. Michelangelo di Lodovico Buonarroti Simoni Two biographies were published of him during his lifetime One of them by Giorgio Vasari, proposed that he was the pinnacle of all Raphael Sanzio, usually known by his first name alone (in Italian Raffaello) (April 6 or March 28 1483 – April 6 1520 was an Italian painter and Andrea del Sarto (1486 &ndash 1531 was an Italian painter from Florence, whose career flourished during the High Renaissance and early- Mannerism Jacopo Carucci ( May 24, 1494 — January 2, 1557) usually known as Jacopo da Pontormo, Jacopo Pontormo or simply The trends in composition were adopted in particular by the Venetian painters Tintoretto and Veronese. Tintoretto (real name Jacopo Comin; September 29, 1518 - May 31, 1594) was one of the greatest painters of the Venetian school and
Drawings
Leonardo was not a prolific painter, but he was a most prolific draftsman, keeping journals full of small sketches and detailed drawings recording all manner of things that took his attention. As well as the journals there exist many studies for paintings, some of which can be identified as preparatory to particular works such as The Adoration of the Magi, The Virgin of the Rocks and The Last Supper. [43] His earliest dated drawing is a Landscape of the Arno Valley, 1473, which shows the river, the mountains, Montelupo Castle and the farmlands beyond it in great detail. [8][43]
Among his famous drawings are the Vitruvian Man, a study of the proportions of the human body, the Head of an Angel, for The Virgin of the Rocks in the Louvre, a botanical study of Star of Bethlehem and a large drawing (160×100 cm) in black chalk on coloured paper of the The Virgin and Child with St. Anne and St. John the Baptist in the National Gallery, London. London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. The Vitruvian Man is a world-renowned Drawing with accompanying notes created by Leonardo da Vinci around the year 1487 as recorded in one of his journals The Virgin of the Rocks (sometimes the Madonna of the Rocks) is the usual title used for The Virgin and Child with St Anne and St John the Baptist, sometimes called The Burlington House Cartoon, is a full-size Cartoon by [43] This drawing employs the subtle sfumato technique of shading, in the manner of the Mona Lisa. Sfumato is the Italian term for a Painting technique which overlays translucent layers of colour to create perceptions of depth volume and form It is thought that Leonardo never made a painting from it, the closest similarity being to The Virgin and Child with St. Anne in the Louvre. The Virgin and Child with St Anne is an Oil painting by Leonardo da Vinci depicting St [4]
Other drawings of interest include numerous studies generally referred to as "caricatures" because, although exaggerated, they appear to be based upon observation of live models. Vasari relates that if Leonardo saw a person with an interesting face he would follow them around all day observing them. [9] There are numerous studies of beautiful young men, often associated with Salai, with the rare and much admired facial feature, the so-called "Grecian profile". [u] These faces are often contrasted with that of a warrior. [43] Salai is often depicted in fancy-dress costume. Leonardo is known to have designed sets for pageants with which these may be associated. Other, often meticulous, drawings show studies of drapery. A marked development in Leonardo's ability to draw drapery occurred in his early works. Another often-reproduced drawing is a macabre sketch that was done by Leonardo in Florence in 1479 showing the body of Bernado Baroncelli, hanged in connection with the murder of Giuliano, brother of Lorenzo de'Medici, in the Pazzi Conspiracy. The Pazzi family were Tuscan nobles who were Bankers in Florence in the 14th century [43] With dispassionate integrity Leonardo has registered in neat mirror writing the colours of the robes that Baroncelli was wearing when he died. Mirror writing is formed by writing in the direction that is the reverse of the natural way for a given language such that the result is the Mirror image of normal writing
Leonardo as observer, scientist and inventor
Journals
Renaissance humanism saw no mutually exclusive polarities between the sciences and the arts, and Leonardo's studies in science and engineering are as impressive and innovative as his artistic work, recorded in notebooks comprising some 13,000 pages of notes and drawings, which fuse art and natural philosophy (the forerunner of modern science). The Accademia is best known now as a museum gallery of pre-1800s art in Venice, Italy. Renaissance Humanism was a European intellectual movement beginning in Florence in the last decades of the 14th century For the current in the 19th century German idealism see Naturphilosophie Natural philosophy or the philosophy of nature (from These notes were made and maintained daily throughout Leonardo's life and travels, as he made continual observations of the world around him. [10]
The journals are mostly written in mirror-image cursive. The reason may have been more a practical expediency than for reasons of secrecy as is often suggested. Since Leonardo wrote with his left hand, it is probable that it was easier for him to write from right to left. [v]
His notes and drawings display an enormous range of interests and preoccupations, some as mundane as lists of groceries and people who owed him money and some as intriguing as designs for wings and shoes for walking on water. Windsor Castle, in Windsor in the English county of Berkshire, is the largest inhabited Castle in the world and dating back to the time of There are compositions for paintings, studies of details and drapery, studies of faces and emotions, of animals, babies, dissections, plant studies, rock formations, whirl pools, war machines, helicopters and architecture. [10]
These notebooks—originally loose papers of different types and sizes, distributed by friends after his death—have found their way into major collections such as the Royal Library at Windsor Castle, the Louvre, the Biblioteca Nacional de España, the Victoria and Albert Museum, the Biblioteca Ambrosiana in Milan which holds the twelve-volume Codex Atlanticus, and British Library in London which has put a selection from its notebook BL Arundel MS 263 on the web. Windsor Castle, in Windsor in the English county of Berkshire, is the largest inhabited Castle in the world and dating back to the time of The Louvre Museum (Musée du Louvre located in Paris is the world's most visited art museum a historic monument and a national museum of France The Biblioteca Nacional de España ('National Library of Spain' is a major Public library, the largest in Spain The Victoria and Albert Museum (often abbreviated as the V&A) in London is the world's largest museum of decorative arts and design housing a permanent collection The Biblioteca Ambrosiana is a historical Library in Milan, also housing the Pinacoteca Ambrosiana art gallery Milan (Milano Milan (listen) is one of the largest cities in Italy, located in the plains of Lombardy. The Codex Atlanticus is an important twelve-volume bound set of drawings and writings by Leonardo da Vinci, the largest such set its name indicates its atlas-like breadth The British Library ( BL) is the National library of the United Kingdom. London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. [44] The Codex Leicester is the only major scientific work of Leonardo's in private hands. The Codex Leicester is a collection of largely scientific writings by Leonardo da Vinci. It is owned by Bill Gates, and is displayed once a year in different cities around the world. If you would like to experiment with Wikipedia please copy
Leonardo's journals appear to have been intended for publication because many of the sheets have a form and order that would facilitate this. In many cases a single topic, for example, the heart or the human foetus, is covered in detail in both words and pictures, on a single sheet. [45] [ak] Why they were not published within Leonardo's lifetime is unknown. [10]
Scientific studies
Leonardo's approach to science was an observational one: he tried to understand a phenomenon by describing and depicting it in utmost detail, and did not emphasize experiments or theoretical explanation. The rhombicuboctahedron, or small rhombicuboctahedron, is an Archimedean solid with eight triangular and eighteen square faces Fra Luca Bartolomeo de Pacioli (sometimes Paciolo) (1446/7&ndash1517 was an Italian Mathematician and Franciscan friar collaborator with The word theory has many distinct meanings in different fields of Knowledge, depending on their methodologies and the context of discussion. Since he lacked formal education in Latin and mathematics, contemporary scholars mostly ignored Leonardo the scientist, although he did teach himself Latin. Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. Mathematics is the body of Knowledge and Academic discipline that studies such concepts as Quantity, Structure, Space and In the 1490s he studied mathematics under Luca Pacioli and prepared a series of drawings of regular solids in a skeletal form to be engraved as plates for Pacioli's book Divina Proportione, published in 1509. Fra Luca Bartolomeo de Pacioli (sometimes Paciolo) (1446/7&ndash1517 was an Italian Mathematician and Franciscan friar collaborator with [10]
It appears that from the content of his journals he was planning a series of treatises to be published on a variety of subjects. A coherent treatise on anatomy was said to have been observed during a visit by Cardinal Louis D'Aragon's secretary in 1517. Anatomy (from the Greek anatomia, from ana separate apart from and temnein, to cut up cut open is a branch of Biology that is the consideration [46] Aspects of his work on the studies of anatomy, light and the landscape were assembled for publication by his pupil Francesco Melzi and eventually published as Treatise on Painting by Leonardo da Vinci in France and Italy in 1651, and Germany in 1724, with engravings based upon drawings by the Classical painter Nicholas Poussin. Nicolas Poussin (15 June 1594 – 19 November 1665 was a French painter in the classical style [4] According to Arasse, the treatise, which in France went into sixty two editions in fifty years, caused Leonardo to be seen as "the precursor of French academic thought on art". [10]
Anatomy
Leonardo's formal training in the anatomy of the human body began with his apprenticeship to Andrea del Verrocchio, his teacher insisting that all his pupils learn anatomy. Anatomy (from the Greek anatomia, from ana separate apart from and temnein, to cut up cut open is a branch of Biology that is the consideration The human body is the entire physical and mental structure of a Human Organism. Andrea del Verrocchio, born Andrea di Michele di Francesco de' Cioni, (c As an artist, he quickly became master of topographic anatomy, drawing many studies of muscles, tendons and other visible anatomical features. Muscle (from Latin musculus, diminutive of mus "mouse" is contractile tissue of the body and is derived from the A tendon (or sinew) is a tough band of Fibrous connective tissue that usually connects Muscle to Bone and is capable of withstanding tension
As a successful artist, he was given permission to dissect human corpses at the hospital Santa Maria Nuova in Florence and later at hospitals in Milan and Rome. Dissection (also called anatomization) is usually the process of disassembling and observing something to determine its internal structure and as an aid to discerning the function Florence ( Italian: Firenze Florentia and Fiorenza) is the Capital City of the Italian region of Tuscany Rome ( Roma ˈroma Roma is the capital city of Italy and Lazio, and is Italy's largest and most populous city with more than 2 From 1510 to 1511 he collaborated in his studies with the doctor Marcantonio della Torre and together they prepared a theoretical work on anatomy for which Leonardo made more than 200 drawings. It was published only in 1680 (161 years after his death) under the heading Treatise on painting. [10][43]
Leonardo drew many studies of the human skeleton and its parts, as well as muscles and sinews, the heart and vascular system, the sex organs, and other internal organs. The human skeleton consists of both fused and individual Bones supported and supplemented by Ligaments Tendons Muscles and Cartilage This is an article about the rock music band "Circulatory System" A sex organ, or primary sexual characteristic, as narrowly defined is any of the anatomical parts of the body which are involved in sexual reproduction and constitute He made one of the first scientific drawings of a fetus in utero. A fetus (or foetus or fœtus) is a developing Mammal or other Viviparous Vertebrate, after the Embryonic stage and [43] As an artist, Leonardo closely observed and recorded the effects of age and of human emotion on the physiology, studying in particular the effects of rage. He also drew many figures who had significant facial deformities or signs of illness. [43][10]
He also studied and drew the anatomy of many other animals as well, dissecting cows, birds, monkeys, bears, and frogs, and comparing in his drawings their anatomical structure with that of humans. He also made a number of studies of horses.
Engineering and inventions
During his lifetime Leonardo was valued as an engineer. In a letter to Ludovico il Moro he claimed to be able to create all sorts of machines both for the protection of a city and for siege. Ludovico Sforza Duke of Milan ( Ludovico il Moro, "The Moor" July 27, 1452 &ndash May 27, 1508) a member When he fled to Venice in 1499 he found employment as an engineer and devised a system of moveable barricades to protect the city from attack. He also had a scheme for diverting the flow of the Arno River in order to flood Pisa. His journals include a vast number of inventions, both practical and impractical. They include musical instruments, hydraulic pumps, reversible crank mechanisms, finned mortar shells and a steam cannon. The viola organista was a musical instrument invented by Leonardo da Vinci. [8][10]
In 1502, Leonardo produced a drawing of a single span 720-foot (240 m) bridge as part of a civil engineering project for Ottoman Sultan Beyazid II of Istanbul. Civil engineering is a professional engineering discipline that deals with the design construction and maintenance of the physical and naturally built Sultan (سلطان is an Islamic title with several historical meanings Bayezid II (1447/48 May 26, 1512) ( Ottoman Turkish: بايزيد ثانى Bāyezīd-i sānī, Turkish: II Istanbul (historically Byzantium and later Constantinople; see the other Names of Istanbul) is the largest city of Turkey The bridge was intended to span an inlet at the mouth of the Bosporus known as the Golden Horn. The Bosporus or Bosphorus, also known as the Istanbul Strait, (İstanbul Boğazı (Βόσπορος is a Strait that forms the boundary between the The Golden Horn ( Turkish: Haliç or Altın Boynuz, Greek: Χρυσόν Κέρας – Chrysón Kéras is an inlet of the Beyazid did not pursue the project, because he believed that such a construction was impossible. Leonardo's vision was resurrected in 2001 when a smaller bridge based on his design was constructed in Norway. The Da Vinci Project by Norwegian painter and artist Vebjørn Sand consists of a number of installations in Norway On 17 May 2006, the Turkish government decided to construct Leonardo's bridge to span the Golden Horn. Events 1521 - Edward Stafford 3rd Duke of Buckingham, is executed for Treason. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. The Golden Horn ( Turkish: Haliç or Altın Boynuz, Greek: Χρυσόν Κέρας – Chrysón Kéras is an inlet of the [47]
For much of his life, Leonardo was fascinated by the phenomenon of flight, producing many studies of the flight of birds, including his c. Flight is the process by which an object achieves sustained movement either through the Air (or movement beyond Earth's atmosphere, in the case of Birds ( class Aves) are bipedal endothermic ( Warm-blooded) Vertebrate animals that lay eggs. 1505 Codex on the Flight of Birds, as well as plans for several flying machines, including a helicopter and a light hang glider. Codex on the Flight of Birds is a relatively short Codex of circa 1505 by Leonardo da Vinci. History Since 400 AD Chinese children have played with bamboo flying toys. History See also History of hang gliding Summary: Hang gliding existed in China perhaps by the 4th century AD according to the writing of the [10] Most were impractical, but the hang glider has been successfully constructed and demonstrated. [48]
Leonardo the legend
Within Leonardo's own lifetime his fame was such that the King of France carried him away like a trophy, and was claimed to have supported him in his old age and held him in his arms as he died. [49] Vasari, in his Lives of the Artists written about thirty years after Leonardo's death, described him as having talents that "transcended nature". Giorgio Vasari ( 30 July 1511 – 27 June 1574) was an Italian painter and Architect, who is today famous The Lives of the Most Excellent Painters Sculptors and Architects, or Le Vite delle più eccellenti pittori scultori ed architettori as it was originally known
The interest in Leonardo has never slackened. The crowds still queue to see his most famous artworks, T-shirts bear his most famous drawing and writers, like Vasari, continue to marvel at his genius and speculate about his private life and, particularly, about what one so intelligent actually believed in. A T-shirt (or tee shirt) is a Shirt which is pulled on over the head to cover most of a person's Torso. [10]
Giorgio Vasari, in the enlarged edition of Lives of the Artists, 1568,[9] introduced his chapter on Leonardo da Vinci with the following words:
In the normal course of events many men and women are born with remarkable talents; but occasionally, in a way that transcends nature, a single person is marvellously endowed by Heaven with beauty, grace and talent in such abundance that he leaves other men far behind, all his actions seem inspired and indeed everything he does clearly comes from God rather than from human skill. The Uffizi Gallery (Galleria degli Uffizi one of the oldest and most famous Art Museums in the world is housed in the Palazzo degli Uffizi, a Giorgio Vasari ( 30 July 1511 – 27 June 1574) was an Italian painter and Architect, who is today famous The Lives of the Most Excellent Painters Sculptors and Architects, or Le Vite delle più eccellenti pittori scultori ed architettori as it was originally known Everyone acknowledged that this was true of Leonardo da Vinci, an artist of outstanding physical beauty, who displayed infinite grace in everything that he did and who cultivated his genius so brilliantly that all problems he studied he solved with ease.
The continued admiration that Leonardo commanded from painters, critics and historians is reflected in many other written tributes. Giorgio Vasari ( 30 July 1511 – 27 June 1574) was an Italian painter and Architect, who is today famous Baldassare Castiglione, author of Il Cortegiano ("The Courtier"), wrote in 1528: ". Baldasare Castiglione, count of Novellata ( December 15, 1478 &ndash February 28, 1529) was an Italian Courtier, . . Another of the greatest painters in this world looks down on this art in which he is unequalled . . . "[50] while the biographer known as "Anonimo Gaddiano" wrote, c. 1540: "His genius was so rare and universal that it can be said that nature worked a miracle on his behalf . . . ". [51]
The 19th century brought a particular admiration for Leonardo's genius, causing H. Fuseli to write in 1801: "Such was the dawn of modern art, when Leonardo da Vinci broke forth with a splendour that distanced former excellence: made up of all the elements that constitute the essence of genius . . . "[52] This is echoed by A. E. Rio who wrote in 1861: "He towered above all other artists through the strength and the nobility of his talents. "[53]
By the 19th century, the scope of Leonardo's notebooks was known, as well as his paintings. H. Taine wrote in 1866: "There may not be in the world an example of another genius so universal, so incapable of fulfilment, so full of yearning for the infinite, so naturally refined, so far ahead of his own century and the following centuries. "[54]
The famous art historian Bernard Berenson wrote in 1896: "Leonardo is the one artist of whom it may be said with perfect literalness: Nothing that he touched but turned into a thing of eternal beauty. Bernard Berenson (born June 26, 1865 Butrimonys (now in Alytus district of Lithuania) &ndash October 6, 1959 Florence Whether it be the cross section of a skull, the structure of a weed, or a study of muscles, he, with his feeling for line and for light and shade, forever transmuted it into life-communicating values. "[55]
The interest in Leonardo's genius has continued unabated; experts study and translate his writings, analyse his paintings using scientific techniques, argue over attributions and search for works which have been recorded but never found. [56] Liana Bortolon, writing in 1967, said: "Because of the multiplicity of interests that spurred him to pursue every field of knowledge . . . Leonardo can be considered, quite rightly, to have been the universal genius par excellence, and with all the disquieting overtones inherent in that term. Man is as uncomfortable today, faced with a genius, as he was in the 16th century. Five centuries have passed, yet we still view Leonardo with awe. "[8]
List of paintings
None of Leonardo's paintings are signed. This article is about the National Gallery of the United States for other National Galleries see National Gallery. Washington DC ( formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D Lady with an Ermine is a painting by Leonardo da Vinci, around 1489&ndash1490 The Czartoryski Museum was founded in Kraków in 1796 by Princess Izabela Czartoryska to preserve Polish heritage in keeping with the Princess' motto Kraków, in English also spelled Krakow or Cracow (ˈkrækaʊ M-W: krăk'ou krāk'ō is one of the largest and oldest cities in Poland Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland Cesare da Sesto (1477 - 1523 was an Italian painter of the Renaissance active in Milan and elsewhere in Italy Wilton House is an English country house situated at Wilton near Salisbury in Wiltshire. Certain works still in existence are cited by Vasari or are referred to in contracts. All notes in this section are drawn from the analysis of opinions of various scholars by Angela Ottino della Chiesa. [4]
- Entirely by Leonardo[w]
- The Last Supper (1498)—Convent of Sta. Maria delle Grazie, Milan, Italy
- Mona Lisa or La Gioconda (1503–1505/1507)—Louvre, Paris, France
- Adoration of the Magi unfinished painting (1481)—Uffizi, Florence, Italy
- The Virgin and Child with St. Anne (c. The Last Supper (Il Cenacolo or L'Ultima Cena) is a 15th century Mural painting in Milan created by Leonardo da Vinci for his patron Santa Maria delle Grazie is a famous church and convent in Milan, included in the UNESCO World Heritage sites list Milan (Milano Milan (listen) is one of the largest cities in Italy, located in the plains of Lombardy. Mona Lisa (also known as La Gioconda) is a 16th century portrait painted in oil on a Poplar panel by The Louvre Museum (Musée du Louvre located in Paris is the world's most visited art museum a historic monument and a national museum of France The Adoration of the Magi is an early Painting by Leonardo da Vinci. The Uffizi Gallery (Galleria degli Uffizi one of the oldest and most famous Art Museums in the world is housed in the Palazzo degli Uffizi, a The Virgin and Child with St Anne is an Oil painting by Leonardo da Vinci depicting St 1510)—Louvre, Paris, France
- Virgin of the Rocks, Louvre, Paris, considered by most historians to be the earlier of two versions and therefore to date from 1483–1486. The Virgin of the Rocks (sometimes the Madonna of the Rocks) is the usual title used for The Louvre Museum (Musée du Louvre located in Paris is the world's most visited art museum a historic monument and a national museum of France
- The Virgin and Child with St. Anne and St. John the Baptist large drawing (c. The Virgin and Child with St Anne and St John the Baptist, sometimes called The Burlington House Cartoon, is a full-size Cartoon by 1499–1500)—National Gallery, London, UK. London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom.
- St. Jerome in the Wilderness, (c. St Jerome in the Wilderness (c 1480) is an unfinished painting by Leonardo da Vinci, now in the Vatican Museums, Rome. 1480), Vatican, unfinished painting.
- Leonardo with other hands
- The Baptism of Christ (1472–1475)—Uffizi, Florence, Italy. The Baptism of Christ is a painting finished around 1475 by the Italian Renaissance painter Andrea del Verrocchio and his workshop The Uffizi Gallery (Galleria degli Uffizi one of the oldest and most famous Art Museums in the world is housed in the Palazzo degli Uffizi, a Florence ( Italian: Firenze Florentia and Fiorenza) is the Capital City of the Italian region of Tuscany Cited by Vasari as by Verrocchio, with the angel on the left-hand side by Leonardo. [9] It is generally considered that Leonardo also painted the background landscape and the torso of Christ. One of Leonardo's earliest extant works. [x]
- Virgin of the Rocks, National Gallery, London, generally accepted as postdating the version in the Louvre, possibly 1505–1508, with collaboration of de Predis and perhaps others. The Virgin of the Rocks (sometimes the Madonna of the Rocks) is the usual title used for The Louvre Museum (Musée du Louvre located in Paris is the world's most visited art museum a historic monument and a national museum of France [y]
- Accepted attributions
- Annunciation (1475–1480)—Uffizi, Florence, Italy. The Annunciation (1472&ndash1475 is a painting by Leonardo da Vinci in the Uffizi Gallery in Florence. Generally thought to be the earliest extant work entirely by Leonardo. [z]
- The Benois Madonna (1478–1480)—Hermitage Museum, Saint Petersburg, Russia. Madonna and Child with Flowers, otherwise known as the Benois Madonna, could be one of two Madonnas started by Leonardo da Vinci The State Hermitage Museum (Государственный Эрмитаж Gosudarstvennyj Èrmitaž) in Saint Petersburg, Russia is one of the largest Saint Petersburg ( tr: Sankt-Peterburg,) is a city and a federal subject of Russia located on the Neva River [aa]
- The Madonna of the Carnation, (1478–1480) Alte Pinakothek, Munich[ab]
- St. John the Baptist (c. The Madonna of the Carnation is a Oil painting by Leonardo da Vinci created sometime around 1478-1480 The Alte Pinakothek (Old Pinakothek is an Art museum situated in the Kunstareal in Munich, Germany. Munich (München; Minga is the capital city of Bavaria, Germany. St John the Baptist is an Oil painting on walnut wood by the Artist Leonardo da Vinci. 1514)—Louvre, Paris, France. [ac]
- Attribution dependent upon each other
These two paintings are almost certainly by the same artist, generally accepted to be Leonardo, but not without critics.
- Ginevra de' Benci (c. Ginevra de' Benci (Born 1457 was a lady of the aristocratic class in 15th century Florence, admired for her intelligence by Florentine contemporaries 1475)—National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C., United States [ad]
- Lady with an Ermine (1488–1490)—Czartoryski Museum, Kraków, Poland. This article is about the National Gallery of the United States for other National Galleries see National Gallery. Washington DC ( formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D Lady with an Ermine is a painting by Leonardo da Vinci, around 1489&ndash1490 The Czartoryski Museum was founded in Kraków in 1796 by Princess Izabela Czartoryska to preserve Polish heritage in keeping with the Princess' motto Kraków, in English also spelled Krakow or Cracow (ˈkrækaʊ M-W: krăk'ou krāk'ō is one of the largest and oldest cities in Poland [ae]
- Disputed
Of the following paintings, the first two are cited by Angela Ottino della Chiesa as having more general acceptance than the others. All have been claimed at some time to be Leonardos. [4]
- La belle Ferronière (1495–1498)—Louvre, Paris, France
- Portrait of a Musician (c. La belle ferronière is the name used for two Renaissance portrait paintings Portrait of a Musician is an Oil on Wood Painting often attributed to Leonardo Da Vinci by some scholars 1490)—Pinacoteca Ambrosiana, Milan, Italy
- Madonna Litta (1490–91)—Hermitage Museum, Saint Petersburg, Russia, thought perhaps to be by Marco d'Oggiono
- Madonna of the Yarnwinder 1501. The Biblioteca Ambrosiana is a historical Library in Milan, also housing the Pinacoteca Ambrosiana art gallery Milan (Milano Milan (listen) is one of the largest cities in Italy, located in the plains of Lombardy. The Madonna Litta is one of the great paintings by Leonardo da Vinci. Marco d'Oggiono (c 1470 &ndash c 1549 was an Italian Renaissance painter and a chief pupil of Leonardo da Vinci, many of whose works he copied The Madonna of the Yarnwinder (c 1501) is the subject of several Oil paintings after a lost original by Leonardo da Vinci. Three versions exist, apparently by different hands, perhaps copies of a lost work that is described by Leonardo. [af]
- The Dreyfus Madonna, previously attributed to Verrocchio or Lorenzo di Credi. Andrea del Verrocchio, born Andrea di Michele di Francesco de' Cioni, (c Lorenzo di Credi (c 1459 &ndash January 12, 1537) was an Italian painter and sculptor. The anatomy of the Christ Child is so poor as to discourage firm attribution by most critics while some believe that it is a work of Leonardo's youth. [ag]
- Bacchus (or St. The Leonardesque painting of Bacchus, formerly a Saint John the Baptist, in the Musée du Louvre is based on a drawing by the Italian Renaissance John in the Wilderness) (1515)—Louvre, Paris, France, is generally considered to be a workshop copy of a drawing. [4]
- Recent attribution
- The Holy Infants Embracing c. The Holy Infants Embracing is one of many works ascribed to Leonardo da Vinci. 1486–1490 several versions in private collections. [57]
- Madonna and Child with St Joseph, Borghese Gallery, previously attributed to Fra Bartolomeo. The Borghese Gallery (Italian Galleria Borghese) in Rome is an art gallery housed in the former Villa Borghese Pinciana, a building that was from the first Fra Bartolomeo or Fra Bartolommeo ( di Pagholo) ( March 28, 1472 &ndash October 6, 1517) also known as Baccio della [ah]
- Mary Magdalene, recently attributed as a Leonardo by Carlo Pedretti. Previously regarded as the work of Giampietrino who painted a number of similar Magdalenes. Giampietrino (notices 1508 — 1521 possibly Giovanni Pietro Rizzoli, (documented from 1495 to 1549 [58] [ai]
- Christ Carrying the Cross, date unknown, private collection. Christ Carrying the Cross, c1500 is an oil on poplar painting attributed to Leonardo Da Vinci by Carlo Pedretti Attribution by Carlo Pedretti. [59][aj]
- Known only as a copy
- Leda and the Swan (1508)—(Only copies survive—best-known example in Galleria Borghese, Rome, Italy. Leda and the Swan is a motif from Greek mythology, in which Zeus came to Leda in the form of a Swan. The Borghese Gallery (Italian Galleria Borghese) in Rome is an art gallery housed in the former Villa Borghese Pinciana, a building that was from the first Rome ( Roma ˈroma Roma is the capital city of Italy and Lazio, and is Italy's largest and most populous city with more than 2 Another is in Wilton House, England. Wilton House is an English country house situated at Wilton near Salisbury in Wiltshire. )
- The Battle of Anghiari (1505), Hall of Five Hundred (Salone dei Cinquecento) in the Palazzo Vecchio, Florence. The Battle of Anghiari ( 1505) is a lost painting by Leonardo da Vinci at times referred to as "The Lost Leonardo" which some commentators The Palazzo Vecchio (IPA pronunciation vɛkio (Italian for Old Palace is the town hall of Florence, Italy Florence ( Italian: Firenze Florentia and Fiorenza) is the Capital City of the Italian region of Tuscany
Footnotes
a. ^ This drawing in red chalk is widely (though not universally) accepted as an original self-portrait. A Self-portrait is a representation of an artist drawn painted photographed or sculpted by the artist The main reason for hesitation in accepting it as a portrait of Leonardo is that the subject is apparently of a greater age than Leonardo ever achieved. But it is possible that he drew this picture of himself deliberately aged, specifically for Raphael's portrait of him in The School of Athens. The School of Athens, or it Scuola di Atene in Italian, is one of the most famous Paintings by the Italian Renaissance artist
b. ^ There are 15 significant artworks which are ascribed, either in whole or in large part, to Leonardo by most art historians. This number is made up principally of paintings on panel but includes a mural, a large drawing on paper and two works which are in the early stages of preparation. There are a number of other works that have also been variously attributed to Leonardo.
c. ^ Modern scientific approaches to metallurgy and engineering were only in their infancy during the Renaissance. Metallurgy is a domain of Materials science that studies the physical and chemical behavior of metallic elements, their intermetallic compounds, and their Engineering is the Discipline and Profession of applying technical and scientific Knowledge and
d. ^ A number of Leonardo's most practical inventions are displayed as working models at the Museum of Vinci.
e. ^ According to Alessandro Vezzosi, Head of the Leonardo Museum in Vinci, there is evidence that Piero owned a Middle Eastern slave called Caterina who gave birth to a boy called Leonardo. That Leonardo had Middle Eastern blood is supported by the reconstruction of a fingerprint as reported by Marta Falconi, Associated Press Writer, "Experts Reconstruct Leonardo Fingerprint" 12 December 2001
f. Events 627 - Battle of Nineveh: A Byzantine army under Emperor Heraclius defeats Emperor Khosrau II 's Persian Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar. ^ Donatello's David and Verrocchio's David are iconic sculptures of the Early Renaissance. This article is about the sculpture by Donatello for other uses see David (disambiguation. Andrea del Verrochio 's Bronze statue of David was most likely made between 1473 and 1475. Both are located in the Bargello Museum in Florence and the stylistic differences are often subject to comparison. For the type of embroidery see Bargello (needlework. The Bargello, also known as the Bargello Palace or Palazzo del Popolo
g. ^ This work is now in the collection of the Uffizi, Drawing No. The Uffizi Gallery (Galleria degli Uffizi one of the oldest and most famous Art Museums in the world is housed in the Palazzo degli Uffizi, a 8P.
h. ^ That Leonardo joined the guild before this time is deduced from the record of payment made to the Compagnia di San Luca in the company's register, Libro Rosso A, 1472-1520, Accademia di Belle Arti. [4]
i. ^ Homosexual acts were illegal in Florence at the time.
j. ^ Verrocchio's statue of Bartolomeo Colleoni was not cast until 1488, after his death, and after Leonardo had already begun work on the statue for Ludovico.
k. ^ In 2005, the studio was rediscovered during the restoration of part of a building occupied for 100 years by the Department of Military Geography. [60]
l. ^ Both works are lost. While the entire composition of Michelangelo's painting is known from a copy by Aristotole da Sangallo, 1542. [61] Leonardo's painting is only known from preparatory sketches and several copies of the centre section, of which the best known, and probably least accurate is by Peter Paul Rubens. [4]
m. ^ D'Oggione is known in part for his contemporary copies of the Last Supper.
n. ^ It is unknown for what occasion the mechanical lion was made but it is believed to have greeted the King at his entry into Lyons and perhaps was used for the peace talks between the French king and Pope Leo X in Bologna. Pope Leo X, born Giovanni de' Medici (December 11 1475 – December 1 1521 was Pope from 1513 to his death Bologna (boloɲa from Latin Bononia, Bulåggna in Bolognese dialect is the capital city of Emilia-Romagna in northern Italy A conjectural recreated of the lion has been made and is on display in the Museum of Bologna. Bologna (boloɲa from Latin Bononia, Bulåggna in Bolognese dialect is the capital city of Emilia-Romagna in northern Italy [62]
o. ^ Clos Luce, also called "Cloux" is now a public museum.
p. ^ On the day of Leonardo's death, a royal edict was issued by the King at Saint-Germain-en-Laye, a two-day journey from Clos Luce. For treaties with this name see Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (disambiguation Saint-Germain-en-Laye is a commune in the western Clos Lucé is a mansion in Amboise, France, located 500 metres from the Royal Château d'Amboise, to which it is connected by an underground passageway This has been taken as evidence that King François cannot have been present at Leonardo's deathbed. However, White in Leonardo: The First Scientist points out that the edict was not signed by the king himself.
q. ^ Michael Baxandall lists 5 "laudable conditions" or reactions of Mary to the presence and announcement of the angel. These are: Disquiet, Reflection, Inquiry, Submission and Merit. In this painting Mary's attitude does not comply with any of the accepted traditions. [63]
r. ^ The painting, which in the 18th century belonged to Angelica Kauffmann, was later cut up. Maria Anna Angelika/Angelica Katharina Kauffmann ( October 30, 1741 &ndash November 5, 1807) was a Swiss-Austrian painter. The two main sections were found in a junk shop and cobbler's shop and were reunited. [22] It is probable that outer parts of the composition are missing.
s. ^ Whether or not Vasari had seen the Mona Lisa is the subject of debate. The opinion that he had not seen the painting is based mainly on the fact that he describes the Mona Lisa as having eyebrows. Daniel Arasse in Leonardo da Vinci discusses the possibility that Leonardo may have painted the figure with eyebrows which were subsequently removed. (They were not fashionable in the mid 16th century. )[10] The analysis of high resolution scans made by Pascal Cotte has revealed that the Mona Lisa had eyebrows and eyelashes which have been subsequently removed. [64]
t. ^ Jack Wasserman writes of "the inimitable treatment of the surfaces" of this painting. [22]
u. ^ The "Grecian profile" has a continuous straight line from forehead to nose-tip, the bridge of the nose being exceptionally high. It is a feature of many Classical Greek statues. The sculpture of the Greek speaking world from the Lefkandi Centaur ca
v. ^ Left-handed writers using a split nib or quill pen experience difficulty pushing the pen from left to right across the page.
w. ^ According to Ottino della Chiesa (see above) The authorship of all these paintings and drawings is accepted universally. [4]
x. ^ Accepted by Guthman, McCurdy, Wasserman and others. [4]
y. ^ While the date is not universally agreed, the collaboration of Leonardo's workshop is. [4]
z. ^ The work was traditionally attributed to Verrocchio until 1869. It is now almost universally attributed to Leonardo. [4]
aa. ^ Most critics believe that it coincides with a Madonna mentioned by Leonardo in 1478. [4]
ab. ^ It is generally accepted as a Leonardo, but has some overpainting possibly by a Flemish artist. [4]
ac. ^ "Anonimo Gaddiano" wrote that Leonardo painted a St. John. This is generally considered Leonardo's last masterpiece. [4]
ad. ^ Early 20th-century scholars were vociferous in their disagreement, but most current critics accept both the authorship and the identity of the sitter. [4]
ae. ^ This painting has been subject to continued disagreement since it was first published as a Leonardo in 1889. The attribution of the "Ginevra de' Benci" has supported the attribution of this painting. [4]
af. ^ The best known, that belonging to the estate of the Duke of Buccleugh, was stolen in 2003, and recovered in 2007. [65].
ag. ^ Daniel Arasse discusses this painting as a youthful work in Leonardo da Vinci, (1997). [10]
ah. ^ After recent cleaning, the Borghese Gallery sought attribution as a work of Leonardo's youth, based on the presence of a fingerprint similar to one that appears in The Lady with the Ermine. Result of investigation not available. [66]
ai. ^ Carlo Pedretti's attribution of this painting is not accepted by other scholars, eg Carlo Bertelli, (former director of the Brera Art Gallery in Milan), who said this painting is not by Leonardo and that the subject could be a Lucretia with the knife removed. [67]
aj. ^ This attribution by Carlo Pedretti is based on fingerprints and the similarity of the tormentors of Christ to some of Leonardo's grotesque drawings.
ak. ^ This method of organisation minimises of loss of data in the case of pages being mixed up or destroyed.
al. ^ The third hour of the night was 10:30 pm, three hours after the saying of the Ave Maria. The Hail Mary or Ave Maria ( Latin) is a traditional Christian Prayer asking for the Intercession of the Virgin Mary, the [5]
References
- ^ a b Helen Gardner, Art through the Ages, (1970) Harcourt, Brace and World
- ^ Vasari, Boltraffio, Castiglione, "Anonimo" Gaddiano, Berensen, Taine, Fuseli, Rio, Bortolon, etc. See specific quotations under heading "Leonardo, the legend".
- ^ a b His birth is recorded in the diary of his paternal grandfather Ser Antonio, as cited by della Chiesa
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai Angela Ottino della Chiesa, The Complete Paintings of Leonardo da Vinci, 1967, Penguin, ISBN 0-1400-8649-8
- ^ a b Alessandro Vezzosi, Leonardo da Vinci: Renaissance Man
- ^ Experts Reconstruct Leonardo Fingerprint The Associated Press, Retrieved Dec 14, 2007
- ^ Brigstoke, Hugh (2001). The Oxford Companion the Western Art. USA: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0198662033.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u Liana Bortolon, The Life and Times of Leonardo, Paul Hamlyn, London, 1967.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Giorgio Vasari, Lives of the Artists, 1568; this edition Penguin Classics, trans. George Bull 1965, ISBN 0-14-044-164-6
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v Daniel Arasse, Leonardo da Vinci, (1997) Konecky & Konecky, ISBN 1 56852 1987
- ^ J. R. Hale, Renaissance Europe, 1480-1520 Fontana (1971) ISBN 0 00 632435 5
- ^ Andrew Martindale, The Rise of the Artist, Thames and Hudson, ISBN 0-5000-56006-4
- ^ Theophilus On Divers Arts, translators:J. G. Hawthorne and C. S. Smith, University of Chicago Press, 1963; reprinted New York: Dover Publications 1979. This is a Medieval practical handbook of skills for the artisan, and includes a brief instruction for mixing oil paint.
- ^ Cennino d’A. Cennini Il Libro dell’ Arte, ed. D. V. Thompson Jr. (1933) New Haven: Yale University Press. A practical handbook of painting written in the early 15th century.
- ^ Abbott, Elizabeth (2001), A History of Celibacy, Da Capo Press, p. 340, ISBN 0306810417.
- ^ Priwer, Shana & Phillips, Cynthia (2006), The Everything Da Vinci Book: Explore the Life and Times of the Ultimate Renaissance Man, Adams Media, pp. 245, ISBN 1598691015.
- ^ Leonardo da Vinci's Music A World Wide Web exclusive: Original Leonardo da Vinci Music.
- ^ Rossi, Paolo (2001). The Birth of Modern Science. Blackwell Publishing, 33. ISBN 0631227113.
- ^ Leonardo's Letter to Ludovico Sforza. Leonardo-history. Retrieved on 2007-09-28. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 48 BC - Pompey the Great is assassinated on orders of King Ptolemy of Egypt after landing in Egypt.
- ^ Codex II, 95 r, Victoria and Albert Museum, as cited by della Chiesa
- ^ Gaetano Milanesi, Epistolario Buonarroti, Florence (1875), as cited by della Chiesa.
- ^ a b c d e f g Jack Wasserman, Leonardo da Vinci, 1975 Abrams, ISBN 0-8109-0262-1
- ^ Georges Goyau, Francois I], Transcribed by Gerald Rossi. The Catholic Encyclopedia, Volume VI. Published 1909. New York: Robert Appleton Company. Retrieved on 2007-10-04
- ^ Salvador Miranda, The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church: Antoine du Prat, (1998-2007) Retrieved on 2007-10-04
- ^ For such images, see Cultural depictions of Leonardo da Vinci. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 610 - Heraclius arrives by ship from Africa at Constantinople, overthrows Byzantine Emperor Phocas Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 610 - Heraclius arrives by ship from Africa at Constantinople, overthrows Byzantine Emperor Phocas See also Leonardo da Vinci Leonardo da Vinci ( 15 April 1452 – 2 May 1519) was an Italian Renaissance
- ^ Leonardo's will. Leonardo-history. Retrieved on 2007-09-28. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 48 BC - Pompey the Great is assassinated on orders of King Ptolemy of Egypt after landing in Egypt.
- ^ Mario Lucertini, Ana Millan Gasca, Fernando Nicolo (2004). Technological Concepts and Mathematical Models in the Evolution of Modern Engineering Systems. Birkhauser. Retrieved on 2007-10-03. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 42 BC - First Battle of Philippi: Triumvirs Mark Antony and Octavian fight an indecisive battle with Caesar's
- ^ a b c d e f g h Frederich Hartt, A History of Italian Renaissance Art, (1970) Thames and Hudson, ISBN 0500231362
- ^ a b c d Gene A. Brucker, Renaissance Florence, 1969, Wiley and Sons, ISBN 0-471-11370-0
- ^ a b c d e Ilan Rachum, The Renaissance, an Illustrated Encyclopedia, Octopus, ISBN 0-7064-0857-8
- ^ A. E. Popham, The Drawings of Leonardo da Vinci, 1975 edition, Jonathan Cape, ISBN 0-224-60462-7
- ^ Hugh Ross Williamson,Lorenzo the Magnificent, (1974) Michael joseph, ISBN 07181 12040
- ^ Oreno website (Italian). Oreno. Retrieved on 2007-09-28. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 48 BC - Pompey the Great is assassinated on orders of King Ptolemy of Egypt after landing in Egypt.
- ^ Leonardo, Codex C. 15v, Institut of France. Trans. Richter
- ^ a b Rossiter, Nick (2003-07-04). Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 836 - Pactum Sicardi, peace between the Principality of Benevento and the Duchy of Naples Could this be the secret of her smile?. Telegraph. co. UK. Retrieved on 2007-10-03. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 42 BC - First Battle of Philippi: Triumvirs Mark Antony and Octavian fight an indecisive battle with Caesar's
- ^ Gross, Tom. Mona Lisa Goes Topless. Paintingsdirect. com. Retrieved on 2007-09-27. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 489 - Odoacer attacks Theodoric at the Battle of Verona and is defeated again
- ^ Sigmund Freud, Eine Kindheitserinnerung des Leonardo da Vinci, (1910), as cited by Daniel Arasse in his prologue Leonardo and Freud, Leonardo da Vinci.
- ^ Michael Rocke, Forbidden Friendships epigraph, p. 148 & N120 p. 298
- ^ By the 1490s Leonardo had already been described as a "Divine" painter. His fame is discussed by Daniel Arasse in Leonardo da Vinci, pp. 11-15
- ^ These qualities of Leonardo's works are discussed by Frederick Hartt in A History of Italian Renaissance Art, pp. 387-411.
- ^ a b Luciano Berti, The Uffzi, (1971) Scala
- ^ The Mysterious Virgin. National Gallery, London. Retrieved on 2007-09-27. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 489 - Odoacer attacks Theodoric at the Battle of Verona and is defeated again
- ^ a b c d e f g h A. E. Popham, The Drawings of Leonardo da Vinci, (1946) Jonathan Cape, ISBN 0 224 60462 7
- ^ Sketches by Leonardo. Turning the Pages. British Library. The British Library ( BL) is the National library of the United Kingdom. Retrieved on 2007-09-27. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 489 - Odoacer attacks Theodoric at the Battle of Verona and is defeated again
- ^ Windsor Castle, Royal Library, sheets RL 19073v-19074v and RL 19102 respectively.
- ^ O'Malley & Saunders, Leonardo on the Human Body, 1982, Dover Publications New York
- ^ Levy, Daniel S. . "Dream of the Master", Time Magazine, 4 October 1999. Time (trademarked in capitals as TIME) is a weekly American Newsmagazine, similar to Newsweek and Events 610 - Heraclius arrives by ship from Africa at Constantinople, overthrows Byzantine Emperor Phocas Year 1999 ( MCMXCIX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1999 Gregorian calendar) Retrieved on 2007-09-27. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 489 - Odoacer attacks Theodoric at the Battle of Verona and is defeated again
- ^ The U. S. Public Broadcasting Service (PBS), aired in October 2005, a television programme called "Leonardo's Dream Machines", about the building and successful flight of a glider based on Leonardo's design
- ^ see reference to this in section "Old age". The Public Broadcasting Service ( PBS) is a Non-profit Public broadcasting Television service with 354 member TV stations in the
- ^ Baldassare Castiglione, Il Cortegiano, 1528
- ^ "Anonimo Gaddiani", elaborating on Libro di Antonio Billi, 1537–1542
- ^ H. Baldasare Castiglione, count of Novellata ( December 15, 1478 &ndash February 28, 1529) was an Italian Courtier, Fuseli, Lectures, II, 1801
- ^ A. E. Rio, L'art chrétien, 1861
- ^ H. Taine, Voyage en Italie, 1866
- ^ Bernard Berenson, The Italian Painters of the Renaissace, 1896
- ^ ArtNews article about current studies into Leonardo's life and worksU. Bernard Berenson (born June 26, 1865 Butrimonys (now in Alytus district of Lithuania) &ndash October 6, 1959 Florence S. A
- ^ Details of this attibution not available.
- ^ A lost Leonardo? Top art historian says maybe. Universal Leonardo. Retrieved on 2007-09-27. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 489 - Odoacer attacks Theodoric at the Battle of Verona and is defeated again
- ^ Stephanie Fitch, Leonardo's Fingerprints, Forbes Magazine, December 22 2003
- ^ Owen, Richard. "Found: the studio where Leonardo met Mona Lisa", The Times, 2005-01-12. The Times is a daily national Newspaper published in the United Kingdom since 1785 when it was known as The Daily Universal Register. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 475 - Basiliscus becomes Byzantine Emperor, with a coronation ceremony in the Hebdomon palace in Constantinople
- ^ Ludwig Goldscheider, Michelangelo,(1953) Phaidon.
- ^ Ancient automata- Leone (Italian).
- ^ Michael Baxandall, Painting and Experience in Fifteenth Century Italy, 1974, Oxford University Press, ISBN 0 19 881329 5
- ^ "The Mona Lisa had brows and lashes", BBC News, 22 October 2007. Events 202 BC - Hannibal Barca, leader of the Carthaginians, is defeated by the Roman legions under Scipio Africanus Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ "Arrests after da Vinci work found", 4 October 2007. Events 610 - Heraclius arrives by ship from Africa at Constantinople, overthrows Byzantine Emperor Phocas Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ Arie, Sophie. "Fingerprint puts Leonardo in the frame", The Guardian, 16 February 2005. The Guardian (until 1959 The Manchester Guardian) is a British Newspaper owned by the Guardian Media Group. Events 1249 - Andrew of Longjumeau is dispatched by Louis IX of France as his ambassador to meet with the Khan of the Mongols Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Retrieved on 2007-09-27. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 489 - Odoacer attacks Theodoric at the Battle of Verona and is defeated again
- ^ Bertelli, Carlo. "Due allievi non fanno un Leonardo", Il Corriere della Sera, November 19, 2005. Events 1095 - The Council of Clermont, called by Pope Urban II to discuss sending the First Crusade to the Holy Land Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Retrieved on 2007-09-27. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 489 - Odoacer attacks Theodoric at the Battle of Verona and is defeated again (Italian)
Bibliography
- Daniel Arasse (1997). Leonardo da Vinci. Konecky & Konecky. ISBN 1 56852 1987.
- Fred Bérence (1965). Léonard de Vinci, L'homme et son oeuvre. Somogy. Dépot légal 4° trimestre 1965.
- Liana Bortolon (1967). The Life and Times of Leonardo. Paul Hamlyn, London.
- Hugh Brigstoke (2001). The Oxford Companion the Western Art. USA: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0198662033.
- Gene A. Brucker (1969). Renaissance Florence. Wiley and Sons. ISBN 0 471 11370 0.
- Angela Ottino della Chiesa (1967). The Complete Paintings of Leonardo da Vinci. Penguin Classics of World Art series. ISBN 0-14-00-8649-8.
- Simona Cremante (2005). Leonardo da Vinci: Artist, Scientist, Inventor. Giunti. ISBN 88-09-03891-6 (hardback).
- Frederich Hartt (1970). A History of Italian Renaissance Art. Thames and Hudson. ISBN 0500231362.
- Michael H. Hart (1992). The 100. The 100 A Ranking of the Most Influential Persons in History is a 1978 book by Michael H Carol Publishing Group. ISBN 0-8065-1350-0 (paperback).
- John N. Lupia. The Secret Revealed: How to Look at Italian Renaissance Painting. Medieval and Renaissance Times, Vol. 1, no. 2 (Summer, 1994): 6–17. ISSN 1075-2110.
- Andrew Martindale (1972). The Rise of the Artist. Thames and Hudson. ISBN 0-5000-56006.
- O'Malley & Saunders (1982). Leonardo on the Human Body. Dover Publications, New York.
- Charles Nicholl (2005). Leonardo da Vinci, The Flights of the mind. Penguin. ISBN 0-14-029681-6.
- Sherwin B. Nuland (2001). Leonardo Da Vinci. Phoenix Press. ISBN 0-7538-1269.
- A. E. Popham (1946). The Drawings of Leonardo da Vinci. Jonathan Cape. ISBN 0 224 60462 7.
- Shana Priwer & Cynthia Phillips (2006). The Everything Da Vinci Book: Explore the Life and Times of the Ultimate Renaissance Man. Adams Media. ISBN 1598691015.
- Ilan Rachum (1979). The Renaissance, an Illustrated Encyclopedia. Octopus. ISBN 0-7064-0857-8.
- Jean Paul Richter (1970). Jean Paul ( 21 March, 1763 &mdash 14 November, 1825) born Johann Paul Friedrich Richter, was a German Writer, The Notebooks of Leonardo da Vinci. Dover. ISBN 0-486-22572-0 and ISBN 0-486-22573-9 (paperback). 2 volumes. A reprint of the original 1883 edition.
- Paolo Rossi (2001). The Birth of Modern Science. Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 0631227113.
- Jack Wasserman (1975). Leonardo da Vinci. Abrams. ISBN 0-8109-0262-1.
- Giorgio Vasari (1568). Giorgio Vasari ( 30 July 1511 – 27 June 1574) was an Italian painter and Architect, who is today famous Lives of the Artists. Penguin Classics, trans. George Bull 1965. ISBN 0-14-044-164-6.
- Alessandro Vezzosi (1997 (English translation)). Leonardo da Vinci: Renaissance Man. Thames & Hudson Ltd, London. ISBN 0-500-30081-X.
- Frank Zollner & Johannes Nathan (2003). Leonardo da Vinci: The Complete Paintings and Drawings. Taschen. ISBN 3-8228-1734-1 (hardback).
See also
- Leonardo da Vinci - scientist and inventor
- Leonardo da Vinci in popular culture
- Leonardo da Vinci's personal life
- Luca Pacioli
- Leonardo Da Vinci International Airport near Rome
- Leonardo da Vinci Art Institute, Cairo
- List of painters
- List of Italian painters
- List of famous Italians
- Polymath
- Aerial perspective
- Renaissance painting
- Renaissance technology
- Italian Renaissance
- Western painting
- History of painting
- Sfumato
External links
"Leonardo da Vinci" in the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia. See also Leonardo da Vinci Leonardo da Vinci ( 15 April 1452 – 2 May 1519) was an Italian Renaissance See also Leonardo da Vinci Leonardo da Vinci, (April 15 1452 – May 2 1519 is regarded as the archetypal Renaissance Man. Fra Luca Bartolomeo de Pacioli (sometimes Paciolo) (1446/7&ndash1517 was an Italian Mathematician and Franciscan friar collaborator with Rome ( Roma ˈroma Roma is the capital city of Italy and Lazio, and is Italy's largest and most populous city with more than 2 The Leonardo da Vinci Art Institute was an Italian Art institute located in Cairo, Egypt during World War II. Cairo () which means "the Vanquisher" or "the Triumphant" is the capital and largest city of Egypt. These are lists of painters: List of painters by name By religion List of Muslim painters By country or region Famous Italian painters (in alphabetical order Francesco Albani (1578–1660 Mariotto Albertinelli (1474–1515 This is a list of notable Italians in alphabetical order Scientists A-F Antonio Abetti, astronomer A polymath ( Greek polymathēs, πολυμαθής "having learned much" is a person whose knowledge is not restricted to one subject area Aerial perspective or atmospheric perspective is the effect on the appearance of an object by the Atmosphere between it and a viewer (or the technique of depicting Renaissance painting bridges the period of European art history between the art of the Middle Ages and Baroque art. Renaissance technology is the set of European artifacts and customs spanning roughly the 14th through the 16th century The Italian Renaissance began the opening phase of the Renaissance, a period of great cultural change and achievement in Europe that spanned the period from the end of the 14th See also Western art, History of painting, Western art history, History of art, Art history, Painting, Outline of painting The history of Painting reaches back in time to artifacts from pre-historic humans and spans all cultures Sfumato is the Italian term for a Painting technique which overlays translucent layers of colour to create perceptions of depth volume and form - Leonardo da Vinci: Experience, Experiment, Design (review)
- Works by Leonardo da Vinci at Project Gutenberg
- Leonardo da Vinci by Maurice Walter Brockwell, available at Project Gutenberg. Project Gutenberg, abbreviated as PG, is a volunteer effort to Digitize, archive and distribute Cultural works Project Gutenberg, abbreviated as PG, is a volunteer effort to Digitize, archive and distribute Cultural works
- Complete text & images of Richter's translation of the Notebooks
- Vasari Life of Leonardo: in Lives of the Most Eminent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects.
- Web Gallery of Leonardo Paintings
- Drawings of Leonardo da Vinci
- Da Vinci Decoded Article from The Guardian
- The true face of Leonardo Da Vinci?
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| NAME | Leonardo da Vinci |
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES | Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci (full name) |
| SHORT DESCRIPTION | Italian artist and polymath |
| DATE OF BIRTH | April 15, 1452 |
| PLACE OF BIRTH | Anchiano by Vinci, Italy |
| DATE OF DEATH | May 2, 1519 |
| PLACE OF DEATH | Clos Lucé, France |
The Guardian (until 1959 The Manchester Guardian) is a British Newspaper owned by the Guardian Media Group. Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest The definition of an artist is wide-ranging and covers a broad spectrum of Activities to do with creating Art, practicing the Arts and/or demonstrating A polymath ( Greek polymathēs, πολυμαθής "having learned much" is a person whose knowledge is not restricted to one subject area Events 1450 - Battle of Formigny: Toward the end of the Hundred Years' War, the French attack and nearly annihilate English Vinci is a town and Comune of Firenze province in the Italian region of Tuscany. Vinci is a town and Comune of Firenze province in the Italian region of Tuscany. Events 1194 - King Richard I of England gives Portsmouth its first Royal Charter. Clos Lucé is a mansion in Amboise, France, located 500 metres from the Royal Château d'Amboise, to which it is connected by an underground passageway This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics.
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