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Western Philosophy
20th-century philosophy
Name
Leo Strauss
Birth September 20, 1899 Kirchhain, Hesse, Germany
Death October 18, 1973 Annapolis, Maryland. See also [[Analytic philosophy]] and [[Continental philosophy]] The 20th century brought with it upheavals that produced a series of conflicting developments within Philosophy Events 451 - The Battle of Chalons takes place in North Eastern France. Year 1899 ( MDCCCXCIX) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Kirchhain is a town in Marburg-Biedenkopf district in Hesse Germany. Hesse (Hessen is a state of Germany with an area Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Events 1009 - The Church of the Holy Sepulchre, a Christian church in Jerusalem, is completely destroyed by the Fatimid Year 1973 ( MCMLXXIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the 1973 Gregorian calendar. Annapolis is the capital of the US state of Maryland, as well as the County seat of Anne Arundel County. , United States
School/tradition Continental Philosophy, Platonism, Conservatism
Main interests Metaphysics, Epistemology, Greek philosophy, History of philosophy, Philosophy of religion, Political philosophy, Nihilism, Continental philosophy, Politics
Notable ideas Esotericism
Influenced by Pre-Socratics, Thucydides, Plato, Aristotle, Al Farabi, Maimonides, Machiavelli, Hobbes, Spinoza, Kant, Rosenzweig, Nietzsche, Heidegger
Influenced Seth Benardete, Allan Bloom, Francis Fukuyama, Alexandre Kojève, George Grant, Harry V. Jaffa, Mark Lilla, Harvey C. Mansfield, Clifford Orwin, Thomas Pangle, Stanley Rosen, Eric Voegelin

Leo Strauss (September 20, 1899 – October 18, 1973), was a German-born Jewish-American political philosopher who specialized in the study of classical political philosophy. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Continental philosophy, in contemporary usage refers to a set of traditions of 19th and 20th century philosophy from mainland Europe Platonism is the Philosophy of Plato or the name of other philosophical systems considered closely derived from it Conservatism is a term used to describe political philosophies that favour Tradition, where tradition refers to various religious cultural or nationally defined Metaphysics is the branch of Philosophy investigating principles of reality transcending those of any particular science Epistemology (from Greek επιστήμη - episteme, "knowledge" + λόγος, " Logos " or theory of knowledge Ancient Greek philosophy focused on the role of Reason and Inquiry. The history of Philosophy is the study of philosophical ideas and concepts through time Philosophy of religion is a branch of Philosophy that is concerned with the philosophical study of religion including arguments over the nature and existence of God religious Political philosophy is the study of questions about the City, Government, Politics, Liberty, Justice, Property, Rights Nihilism (from the Latin nihil, nothing is a philosophical position that argues that Existence is without objective meaning Purpose Continental philosophy, in contemporary usage refers to a set of traditions of 19th and 20th century philosophy from mainland Europe Politics Politics is the process by which groups of people make decisions The Pre-Socratic Greek philosophers were active before Socrates or contemporaneously but expounding knowledge developed earlier Thucydides ( C 460 BC &ndash C 395 BC) ( Greek Θουκυδίδης Thoukydídēs) was a Greek Biography Early life Birth and family Plato was born in Athens Greece Aristotle (Greek Aristotélēs) (384 BC – 322 BC was a Greek philosopher a student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great. TemplateInfobox Muslim scholars --> Abū Nasr Muhammad ibn al-Farakh al-Fārābi ( Nastaliq:) or Abū Nasr al-Fārābi Moses Maimonides ( March 30 1135 – December 13 1204) also known as the Rambam, was a Rabbi, Physician, and Thomas Hobbes (born 5 April 1588died 4 December 1679 was an English philosopher, whose famous 1651 book Leviathan established the foundation Baruch or Benedict de Spinoza (ברוך שפינוזה Bento de Espinosa Benedictus de Spinoza ( November 24, 1632 – February 21, Immanuel Kant (ɪmanuəl kant 22 April 1724 12 February 1804 was an 18th-century German Philosopher from the Prussian city of Königsberg Franz Rosenzweig ( December 25, 1886 December 10, 1929) was an influential Jewish theologian and philosopher. Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche (October 15 1844 August 25 1900 ( was a nineteenth-century German philosopher and classical philologist Martin Heidegger ( September 26, 1889 &ndash May 26, 1976) (ˈmaɐ̯tiːn ˈhaɪ̯dɛgɐ was an influential German philosopher Seth Benardete ( April 4, 1930 - November 14, 2001) was an American classicist and philosopher long a member of the faculties of New York Allan David Bloom (14 September 1930 in Indianapolis Indiana &ndash 7 October 1992 in Chicago, Illinois) was an American Philosopher, Yoshihiro Francis Fukuyama (born 27 October 1952) is an American Philosopher, political economist, and author Alexandre Kojève (Russian Александр Владимирович Кожевников Aleksandr Vladimirovič Koževnikov; April 28 1902 &ndash George Parkin Grant OC, DPhil FRSC ( Toronto, November 13, 1918 - Halifax Nova Scotia, September 27, Harry V Jaffa (born 1918 is a Conservative Author and distinguished fellow of the Claremont Institute, a California Think tank. Mark Lilla (born 1956 in Detroit) is an essayist and historian of ideas living in New York City. Harvey C Mansfield Jr (born 1932 is the William R Kenan Jr Professor of Government at Harvard University, where he has taught since 1962 Clifford Orwin is a Canadian Scholar of ancient modern contemporary and Jewish political thought Thomas Lee Pangle BA PhD FRSC (born 1944) is an American political scientist. Stanley Rosen (born July 29, 1929) is an American philosopher Eric Voegelin, born Erich Hermann Wilhelm Vögelin ( January 3, 1901 &ndash January 19, 1985) was a Political philosopher. Events 451 - The Battle of Chalons takes place in North Eastern France. Year 1899 ( MDCCCXCIX) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Events 1009 - The Church of the Holy Sepulchre, a Christian church in Jerusalem, is completely destroyed by the Fatimid Year 1973 ( MCMLXXIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the 1973 Gregorian calendar. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. American Jews, or Jewish Americans Political philosophy is the study of questions about the City, Government, Politics, Liberty, Justice, Property, Rights Political philosophy is the study of questions about the City, Government, Politics, Liberty, Justice, Property, Rights He spent most of his career as a Political Science Professor at the University of Chicago, where he taught several generations of students and published fifteen books. The University of Chicago is a Private university located principally in the Hyde Park neighborhood of Chicago. Since his death, he has come to be regarded as one of the intellectual fathers of neoconservatism in the United States. Neoconservatism (or Neocon is a Right-wing political philosophy that emerged in the United States from the rejection of the Social liberalism, Moral relativism

Contents

Biography

Leo Strauss was born in the small town of Kirchhain, Hesse, Germany, on September 20, 1899, to Hugo Strauss and Jennie Strauss, née David. Kirchhain is a town in Marburg-Biedenkopf district in Hesse Germany. Hesse (Hessen is a state of Germany with an area Year 1899 ( MDCCCXCIX) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common According to Allan Bloom's 1974 obituary in Political Theory, Strauss "was raised as an Orthodox Jew," but in fact the family does not appear to have completely embraced Orthodox practice. Allan David Bloom (14 September 1930 in Indianapolis Indiana &ndash 7 October 1992 in Chicago, Illinois) was an American Philosopher, Orthodox Judaism is the formulation of Judaism that adheres to a relatively strict interpretation and application of the laws and ethics first canonized [1]

In "A Giving of Accounts", published in The College 22(1) and later reprinted in Jewish Philosophy and the Crisis of Modernity, Strauss noted he had come from a "conservative, even orthodox Jewish home," but one in which there was little Jewish knowledge beyond a strict adherence to ceremonial laws. Jewish philosophy refers to the conjunction between serious study of philosophy and Jewish theology Modernity is a term that refers to the Modern era. It is distinct from Modernism, and in different contexts refers to cultural and intellectual movements of the His father and uncle operated a farm supply and livestock business that they inherited from their father, Meyer (1835–1919), a prominent and outspoken leader of the Jewish community. Leo Strauss would dedicate his second book to his father.

After attending the Kirchhain Volksschule and the private, Protestant Rektoratsschule, Leo Strauss was enrolled at the famous Gymnasium Philippinum (affiliated with the University of Marburg) in nearby Marburg (from which Johannes Althusius and Carl J. Friedrich also graduated) in 1912, graduating in 1917. Gymnasium Philippinum or Philippinum High School is an almost 500-year-old Secondary school in Marburg, Hesse, Germany. The University of Marburg (Philipps-Universität Marburg 'Philip's University Marburg' was founded in 1527 by Landgrave Philip I of Hesse (usually Marburg is a city in Hesse, Germany, on the River Lahn. It is the main town of the Marburg-Biedenkopf district Johannes Althusius ( 1563 - August 12, 1638) was a Calvinist philosopher and theologian Year 1912 ( MCMXII) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year starting Year 1917 ( MCMXVII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year During that time, he boarded with the Marburg Cantor Strauss (no relation); the Cantor's residence served as a meeting place for followers of the neo-Kantian philosopher Hermann Cohen. "Hazan" and "Chazan" redirect here For people named Hazan or Chazan see Hazan (disambiguation Growing importance of the office Neo-Kantianism means a revived or modified type of Philosophy along the lines of that laid down by Immanuel Kant in the Eighteenth century or (sometimes Hermann Cohen ( July 4, 1842 &ndash April 4, 1918) was a German - Jewish philosopher, one of the founders of the Strauss served in the German army during World War I from July 5, 1917 to December 1918. World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All

Strauss subsequently enrolled in the University of Hamburg, where he received his doctorate in 1921; his thesis, "On the Problem of Knowledge in the Philosophical Doctrine of F. H. Jacobi", was supervised by Ernst Cassirer. Hamburg (English, German: ˈhambʊɐk local pronunciation Low German / Low Saxon: Hamborg) is the second-largest city in Germany A doctorate is an Academic degree that indicates the highest level of academic achievement A dissertation (also called thesis or disquisition) is a document that presents the author's Research and findings and is submitted in support of candidature Friedrich Heinrich Jacobi ( 25 January, 1743 - 10 March, 1819) was a German Philosopher notable for coining the term Ernst Cassirer ( July 28, 1874 &ndash April 13, 1945) was a German Jewish Philosopher. He also attended courses at the Universities of Freiburg and Marburg, including some taught by Edmund Husserl and his pupil Martin Heidegger. Marburg is a city in Hesse, Germany, on the River Lahn. It is the main town of the Marburg-Biedenkopf district Edmund Gustav Albrecht Husserl (ˈhʊsɛrl April 8 1859 – April 26 1938) was a philosopher, known as the father of Martin Heidegger ( September 26, 1889 &ndash May 26, 1976) (ˈmaɐ̯tiːn ˈhaɪ̯dɛgɐ was an influential German philosopher Strauss joined a Jewish fraternity and worked for the Zionist movement in Germany which gave him a network and knowledge of various important German Jewish intellectuals, from Norbert Elias, Leo Löwenthal, and Hannah Arendt to Walter Benjamin. Norbert Elias ( June 22, 1897 &mdash August 1, 1990) was a German sociologist of Jewish descent who later became Leo Löwenthal (November 3 1900 &ndash January 21 1993 was a German Sociologist usually associated with the Frankfurt School. Walter Bendix Schönflies Benjamin ( July 15, 1892 &ndash September 27, 1940) was a German - Jewish Marxist Strauss's closest friend was Jacob Klein but he also was friendly and intellectually engaged with Karl Löwith, Gerhard Krüger, Julius Guttman, Hans-Georg Gadamer, Franz Rosenzweig (to whom Strauss dedicated his first book), Gershom Scholem, Alexander Altmann, and the great Arabist Paul Kraus, who married Strauss's sister Bettina (Strauss and his wife later adopted their child when both parents perished in the Middle East). Jacob Klein (Jēkabs Kleins March 3 1899 &ndash 16 July 1978) was a German-American philosopher and interpreter of Plato Karl Löwith ( January 9, 1897 in Munich – May 26, 1973 in Heidelberg) was a German - Jewish Philosopher Julius Guttmann ( Hebrew: יוליוס גוטמן) born Yitzchak Guttmann ( April 15, 1880, Hildesheim - May 19 Hans-Georg Gadamer (ˈgaːdamɐ February 11, 1900 &ndash March 13, 2002) was a German Philosopher of the continental Franz Rosenzweig ( December 25, 1886 December 10, 1929) was an influential Jewish theologian and philosopher. Gerschom Scholem ( December 5, 1897 &ndash February 21, 1982) also known as Gerhard Scholem, was a Jewish philosopher and Alexander Altmann ( April 16, 1906 – June 6, 1987) was an Orthodox Jewish scholar and Rabbi With several of these old friends, Strauss carried on vigorous epistolary exchanges later in life; many of these letters are now being published in the Gesammelte Schriften (Collected Writings) as well as elsewhere, some in translation from the German. Strauss had also been engaged in an important discourse with Carl Schmitt, who was instrumental in Strauss's receiving a Rockefeller Fellowship. Carl Schmitt ( July 11 1888 April 7 1985) was a German Jurist, Political theorist, and professor of Law The Rockefeller Foundation (RF is a prominent Philanthropic organization and Private foundation based at 420 Fifth Avenue New York City. However, when Strauss left Germany, he reportedly broke off communication with Schmitt who failed to reply to his overtures, leading Strauss to ask his friend Jacob Klein whether Schmitt still answered his letters.

In 1931 Strauss asked the religious socialist and prominent theologian Paul Tillich for a habilitation thesis (necessary for a tenured professorship in Germany), but the latter demurred. Paul Johannes Tillich ( August 20, 1886 &ndash October 22, 1965) was a German - American theologian and Christian Habilitation is the highest academic qualification a person can achieve by their own pursuit in certain European and Asian countries After receiving a Rockefeller Fellowship in 1932, Strauss left his position at the Academy of Jewish Research in Berlin for Paris. Year 1932 ( MCMXXXII) was a Leap year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar. Berlin is the capital city and one of sixteen states of Germany. He returned to Germany only once, for a few short days 20 years later. In Paris he married Marie (Miriam) Bernsohn, a widow with a young child whom he had known previously in Germany. He adopted his wife's son, Thomas, and later his sister's children; he and Miriam had no biological children of their own. At his death he was survived by Thomas, his sister's daughter, Jenny Strauss Clay, and three grandchildren. Strauss became a lifelong friend of Alexandre Kojève and was on friendly terms with Raymond Aron, Alexandre Koyré, and Etienne Gilson. Alexandre Kojève (Russian Александр Владимирович Кожевников Aleksandr Vladimirovič Koževnikov; April 28 1902 &ndash Raymond-Claude-Ferdinand Aron ( March 14, 1905 &mdash October 17, 1983) was a French Philosopher, Sociologist and Alexandre Koyré ( August 29, 1892, Taganrog &ndash April 28, 1964, Paris) sometimes anglicised as Alexander Étienne Gilson (b Paris June 13, 1884 - September 19, 1978) was a French Thomistic Philosopher and Historian Because of the Nazis' rise to power, he chose not to return to his native country. Strauss found shelter, after some vicissitudes, in England, where in 1935 he gained temporary employment at University of Cambridge. England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland The University of Cambridge (often Cambridge University) located in Cambridge, England, is the second-oldest university in the While in England, he became a close friend of R. H. Tawney. Richard Henry Tawney (1880 - 1962 was an English writer Economist, historian social critic and university professor and a leading advocate of Christian Socialism

The University of Chicago, the school with which Strauss is most closely associated.
The University of Chicago, the school with which Strauss is most closely associated. The University of Chicago is a Private university located principally in the Hyde Park neighborhood of Chicago.

Unable to find permanent employment in England, Strauss moved in 1937 to the United States, under the patronage of Harold Laski, who bestowed upon Strauss a brief lectureship. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Harold Joseph Laski ( June 30, 1893 &ndash March 24, 1950) was an English Political theorist, Economist, Author After a short and precarious stint as Research Fellow in the Department of History at Columbia University, Strauss secured a tenuous position at the New School for Social Research in New York City, where, between 1938 and 1948, he eked out a hand-to-mouth living on the political science faculty. The title of research fellow is used to denote an academic research position at a University or similar institution Columbia University is a private University in the United States and a member of the Ivy League. This is about the university in New York; for other uses see New School (disambiguation. In 1939, he served for a short term as a visiting professor at Hamilton College. Hamilton College is a private independent liberal arts college located in Clinton, New York. He became a U. S. citizen in 1944, and in 1949 he became a professor of political science at the University of Chicago, where he received, for the first time in his life, a decent living wage. Political science is a branch of Social sciences that deals with the theory and practice of Politics and the description and analysis of Political systems In 1954 he went for a single visit to Germany and met Löwith and Gadamer in Heidelberg and delivered a public speech on Socrates. Strauss held the Robert Maynard Hutchins Distinguished Service Professorship in Chicago until 1969. He had received a call for a temporary lectureship in Hamburg 1965 (which he declined for health reasons) and received and accepted an honorary doctorate from Hamburg University and the Bundesverdienstkreuz (German Order of Merit) via the German representative in Chicago. Bundesverdienstkreuz (Federal Cross of Merit officially Verdienstorden der Bundesrepublik Deutschland, Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany is the only In 1969 Strauss moved to Claremont McKenna College (formerly Claremont Men's College) in California for a year, and then to St. John's College, Annapolis in 1970, where he was the Scott Buchanan Distinguished Scholar in Residence until his death in 1973. Claremont McKenna College (CMC is a private Coeducational, liberal arts college and a member of the Claremont Colleges located in Claremont St John's College is a Liberal arts college with two US campuses Annapolis Maryland and Santa Fe New Mexico.

Philosophy

For Strauss, politics and philosophy were necessarily intertwined at their roots. He regarded the trial and death of Socrates as the moment in which political philosophy (as understood by Strauss) came to light. SOCRATES is the European Community action programme in the field of Education. Until Socrates' life and death in Athens, philosophers were relatively free to pursue the study of nature and politics. Strauss mentions in The City and Man that Aristotle traces the first philosopher concerned with politics to have been a city planner many generations before Socrates. Aristotle (Greek Aristotélēs) (384 BC – 322 BC was a Greek philosopher a student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great. Yet Socrates was not a political philosopher in the modern sense, according to Stanley Rosen in Plato's Republic. Stanley Rosen (born July 29, 1929) is an American philosopher [2] Socrates did not study political phenomena philosophically; rather, Socrates was the first philosopher forced by the polis to treat philosophy politically: "According to the traditional view, the Athenian Socrates (469–399 B. C. ) was the founder of political philosophy. "[3] Thus, Strauss considered one of the most important moments in the history of philosophy to be the argument by Socrates and his students that philosophers or scientists could not study nature without considering their own human nature, which, in the famous phrase of Aristotle, is "political. The history of Philosophy is the study of philosophical ideas and concepts through time SOCRATES is the European Community action programme in the field of Education. Nature, in the broadest sense is equivalent to the natural world, physical universe, material world or material universe. Human nature is the concept that there are a set of logical characteristics including ways of thinking feeling and acting that all 'normal' human beings have in common "[4] The trial of Socrates was the first act of "political" philosophy, and Plato’s dialogues were the purest form of the political treatment of philosophy, their sole comprehensive theme being the life and death of Socrates, the philosopher par excellence for Strauss and many of his students. Biography Early life Birth and family Plato was born in Athens Greece

Strauss distinguished "scholars" from "philosophers" or "great thinkers", identifying himself as a scholar. He wrote that most self-described philosophers are in actuality mere scholars, cautious and methodical rather than bold. Great thinkers, in contrast, he described as bold but wary of pitfalls that remain undetected by scholars. Strauss contended that only great thinkers are able to face the deepest problems independently, but they disagree among themselves on fundamental points. Those disagreements give scholars a way to touch on the problems indirectly by reasoning about the great thinkers' differences. [5]

In Natural Right and History Strauss begins with a critique of the epistemology of Max Weber, follows with a brief engagement with the relativism of Martin Heidegger (who goes unnamed), and continues with a discussion of the evolution of Natural Right in analyzing the thought of Thomas Hobbes and John Locke. Epistemology (from Greek επιστήμη - episteme, "knowledge" + λόγος, " Logos " or theory of knowledge Maximilian Carl Emil Weber (maks 'veːbɐ (21 April 1864 &ndash 14 June 1920 was a German political economist and sociologist who was considered Compare Moral relativism, Aesthetic relativism, Social constructionism, Cultural relativism, and Cognitive relativism. Martin Heidegger ( September 26, 1889 &ndash May 26, 1976) (ˈmaɐ̯tiːn ˈhaɪ̯dɛgɐ was an influential German philosopher Thomas Hobbes (born 5 April 1588died 4 December 1679 was an English philosopher, whose famous 1651 book Leviathan established the foundation John Locke (29 August 1632 – 28 October 1704 was an English Philosopher. He concludes by critiquing Jean-Jacques Rousseau and Edmund Burke. Edmund Burke ( 12 January, 1729 9 July, 1797) was an Irish statesman author orator Political theorist, and At the heart of the book are excerpts of classical political philosophy, such as Plato, Aristotle, and Cicero. Biography Early life Birth and family Plato was born in Athens Greece Aristotle (Greek Aristotélēs) (384 BC – 322 BC was a Greek philosopher a student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great. Marcus Tullius Cicero ( Classical Latin ˈkikeroː usually ˈsɪsərəʊ in English January 3, 106 BC &ndash December 7, 43 BC was a Roman A selection of Strauss's essays published under the title The Rebirth of Classical Political Rationalism offers an introduction to his thinking: "Social Science and Humanism," "An Introduction to Heideggerian Existentialism," "On Classical Political Philosophy," "Thucydides and the Meaning of Political History," and "How to Begin to Study Medieval Philosophy" are among his topics. Much of his philosophy is a reaction to the works of Heidegger. Indeed, Strauss wrote that Heidegger's thinking must be understood and confronted before any complete formulation of modern political theory is possible. For Strauss, Plato was the philosopher who could match Heidegger. Biography Early life Birth and family Plato was born in Athens Greece

Strauss partially approached the ideas of Friedrich Nietzsche and Søren Kierkegaard through his understanding of Martin Heidegger, which he placed under the general rubric of "existentialism", a movement with a "flabby periphery" but a "hard center" in the thought of Heidegger. Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche (October 15 1844 August 25 1900 ( was a nineteenth-century German philosopher and classical philologist Søren Aabye Kierkegaard (ˈsœːɐn ˈkʰiɐ̯kəˌɡ̊ɒˀ in Danish Anglicized as;) Martin Heidegger ( September 26, 1889 &ndash May 26, 1976) (ˈmaɐ̯tiːn ˈhaɪ̯dɛgɐ was an influential German philosopher Existentialism is a philosophical doctrine which posits that individuals create the meaning and essence of their lives and that this essence follows from their existence [6] He wrote that Nietzsche was the first philosopher to properly understand relativism, an idea grounded in a general acceptance of Hegelian historicism. Compare Moral relativism, Aesthetic relativism, Social constructionism, Cultural relativism, and Cognitive relativism. Yet Heidegger, in Strauss's view, sanitized and politicized Nietzsche. Whereas Nietzsche believed "our own principles, including the belief in progress, will become as relative as all earlier principles had shown themselves to be" and "the only way out seems to be. . . that one voluntarily choose life-giving delusion instead of deadly truth, that one fabricate a myth". [7], Heidegger himself believed that the tragic nihilism of Nietzsche was itself a "myth" formed by mankind, not guided by the defective Western conception of Being that Heidegger traced to Plato. Nihilism (from the Latin nihil, nothing is a philosophical position that argues that Existence is without objective meaning Purpose Disambiguation For the Wigwam album see Being (album, for spiritual or religious beingness, see Ego (spirituality For Strauss, as evidenced in his published correspondence with Alexandre Kojève, the possibility that Hegel was correct when he postulated an end of history meant an end to philosophy and an end to nature as understood by classical political philosophy. Alexandre Kojève (Russian Александр Владимирович Кожевников Aleksandr Vladimirovič Koževnikov; April 28 1902 &ndash Strauss was much more sympathetic to Nietzsche's idea of tragedy in this prospect than to Heidegger's belief that nihilism, properly understood, contained the possibility of mankind's salvation.

Strauss on reading

In 1952 Strauss published Persecution and the Art of Writing, a work that advanced the argument that some philosophers wrote esoterically in order to avoid persecution by political or religious authorities. Year 1952 ( MCMLII) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Stemming from his study of Maimonides and Al Farabi, and then extended to his reading of Plato (he mentions particularly the discussion of writing in the Phaedrus), Strauss proposed that an esoteric text was the proper type for philosophic learning. Moses Maimonides ( March 30 1135 – December 13 1204) also known as the Rambam, was a Rabbi, Physician, and TemplateInfobox Muslim scholars --> Abū Nasr Muhammad ibn al-Farakh al-Fārābi ( Nastaliq:) or Abū Nasr al-Fārābi The Phaedrus ( Greek: Φαίδρος written by Plato, is a dialogue between Plato's main Protagonist, Socrates, and Phaedrus an Rather than simply outlining the philosopher's thoughts, the esoteric text forces readers to do their own thinking and learning. As Socrates says in the Phaedrus, writing does not respond when questioned, but this type of writing invites a kind of dialogue with the reader, thereby reducing the problems of the written word. It was therefore also a teaching tool and even a filter to help prevent the creation of Alcibiades-like students. Alcibiades Cleiniou Scambonides (ˌælsɨˈbaɪədiːz (pronunciation Greek:, transliterated Alkibiádēs Kleiníou Skambōnidēs) meaning Alcibiades One of the political dangers Strauss pointed to was that of students' too quickly accepting dangerous ideas. This was indeed also relevant in the trial of Socrates, where his relationship with Alcibiades was used against him.

Persecution and the Art of Writing.
Persecution and the Art of Writing.

Ultimately, Strauss believed that philosophers offered both an "exoteric" or salutary teaching and an "esoteric" or true teaching, which was concealed from the general reader. For maintaining this distinction, Strauss is often accused of having written esoterically himself. This opinion is perhaps encouraged because many of Strauss's works are difficult and sometimes seem mysterious. Moreover, a careful reading will show that he also emphasized that writers using this "lost" form of writing often left contradictions and other excuses to encourage the more careful examination of the writing. There are many examples of this in Strauss's own published works, providing a source of much debate surrounding Strauss.

Therefore, a controversy exists surrounding Strauss's interpretation of the existing philosophical canon. This article is not about Literary canons of influential works of fiction but about the concept of a canon which defines the world of a particular fictional series Strauss believed that the writings of many philosophers contained both an exoteric and esoteric teaching, which is often not perceived by modern academics. Most famously, he believed that Plato's Republic should never have been read as a proposal for a real regime (as it is in the works of Karl Popper for example). A republic is a State or Country that is not led by a hereditary Monarch, but in which the people (or at least a part of its people have impact on its Sir Karl Raimund Popper ( July 28 1902  &ndash September 17 1994) was an Austrian and British Philosopher and a professor But, according to Strauss, this kind of exoteric/esoteric dichotomy had generally become unused by the time of Immanuel Kant. Immanuel Kant (ɪmanuəl kant 22 April 1724 12 February 1804 was an 18th-century German Philosopher from the Prussian city of Königsberg Similarly well known are his espousals of the philosophical credentials of Niccolò Machiavelli and Xenophon. Xenophon (Ancient Greek, Modern Greek "Ξενοφών" "Ξενοφώντας" ca

Strauss on politics

According to Strauss, modern social science was flawed. The social sciences comprise academic disciplines concerned with the study of the social life of human groups and individuals including Anthropology, Communication studies It claimed the ground by which truth could be discovered on an unexamined acceptance of the fact-value distinction. The fact-value distinction is a concept used to distinguish between arguments which can be claimed through Reason alone and those where rationality is limited to describing Strauss doubted the fact-value distinction was a fundamental category of the mind and studied the evolution of the concept from its roots in Enlightenment philosophy to Max Weber, a thinker Strauss credited with a “serious and noble mind. The Age of Enlightenment or The Enlightenment is a term used to describe a phase in Western philosophy and cultural life centered upon the eighteenth century Maximilian Carl Emil Weber (maks 'veːbɐ (21 April 1864 &ndash 14 June 1920 was a German political economist and sociologist who was considered ” Weber wanted to separate values from science but, according to Strauss, was really a derivative thinker, deeply influenced by Nietzsche’s relativism. Compare Moral relativism, Aesthetic relativism, Social constructionism, Cultural relativism, and Cognitive relativism. [8] Strauss treated politics as something that could not be studied from afar. A political scientist examining politics with a value-free scientific eye, for Strauss, was impossible, not just tragically self-deluded. Positivism, the heir to the traditions of both Auguste Comte and Max Weber, in making purportedly value-free judgments, failed the ultimate test of justifying its own existence, which would require a value judgment. Positivism is the Philosophy that the only authentic knowledge is knowledge that is based on actual sense experience Auguste Comte (full name Isidore Marie Auguste François Xavier Comte; 17 January 1798 – 5 September 1857 was a French thinker who is generally credited for having

While modern liberalism had stressed the pursuit of individual liberty as its highest goal, Strauss felt that there should be a greater interest in the problem of human excellence and political virtue. Social liberalism, also called new liberalism (as it was originally termed high liberalism radical liberalism, modern liberalism, or Through his writings, Strauss constantly raised the question of how, and to what extent, freedom and excellence can coexist. Without deciding this issue, Strauss refused to make do with any simplistic or one-sided resolutions of the Socratic question: What is the good for the city and man?

Liberalism and nihilism

Strauss taught that liberalism in its modern form contained within it an intrinsic tendency towards relativism, which in turn led to two types of nihilism[9] The first was a “brutal” nihilism, expressed in Nazi and Marxist regimes. In Religion, Ethics, and Philosophy, the phrase good and evil refers to the location of objects desires and Behaviors on a two-way Liberalism is a broad array of related ideas and theories of Government that consider individual Liberty to be the most important political goal Nihilism (from the Latin nihil, nothing is a philosophical position that argues that Existence is without objective meaning Purpose Nazism, which was a short name for National Socialism (Nationalsozialismus refers primarily to the Ideology and practices of the National Socialist German Marxism is the political philosophy and practice derived from the work of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. These ideologies, both descendants of Enlightenment thought, tried to destroy all traditions, history, ethics, and moral standards and replace them by force with a supreme authority under which nature and mankind are subjugated and conquered. An ideology is a set of beliefs aims and Ideas especially in politics [10] The second type – the "gentle" nihilism expressed in Western liberal democracies – was a kind of value-free aimlessness and a hedonistic "permissive egalitarianism", which he saw as permeating the fabric of contemporary American society. Hedonism is the Philosophy that Pleasure is of ultimate importance, the most important pursuit Egalitarianism (derived from the French word égal, meaning equal) is a political doctrine that holds that all people should be treated as equals and have [11][12] In the belief that 20th century relativism, scientism, historicism, and nihilism were all implicated in the deterioration of modern society and philosophy, Strauss sought to uncover the philosophical pathways that had led to this situation. The term scientism can be used as a neutral term to describe the view that Natural science has authority over all other interpretations of life such as philosophical Historicism refers to philosophical theories that include one or both of two claims that there is an organic succession of developments a notion also Modernism describes an array of Cultural movements rooted in the changes in Western society in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century The resultant study led him to advocate a tentative return to classical political philosophy as a starting point for understanding our predicament and judging political action. [13]

Noble lies and deadly truths

Strauss noted that thinkers of the first rank, going back to Plato, had raised the problem of whether good and effective politicians could be completely truthful and still achieve the necessary ends of their society. By implication, Strauss asks his readers to consider whether it is true that noble lies have no role at all to play in uniting and guiding the polis. In politics a noble lie is a Myth or untruth, often but not invariably of a religious nature knowingly told by an Elite to maintain social harmony particularly Are myths needed to give people meaning and purpose and to ensure a stable society? Or can men dedicated to relentlessly examining, in Nietzsche's language, those "deadly truths," flourish freely? Thus, is there a limit to the political, and what can be known absolutely? In The City and Man, Strauss discusses the myths outlined in Plato's Republic that are required for all governments. The Republic ( Greek: / Politeía, meaning "political system" Latin: Res Publica, meaning "public business" or These include a belief that the state's land belongs to it even though it was likely acquired illegitimately and that citizenship is rooted in something more than the accidents of birth. Seymour Hersh observes that Strauss endorsed noble lies: myths used by political leaders seeking to maintain a cohesive society. [14][15]

According to Strauss, Karl Popper's The Open Society and Its Enemies had mistaken the city-in-speech described in Plato's Republic for a blueprint for regime reform. Sir Karl Raimund Popper ( July 28 1902  &ndash September 17 1994) was an Austrian and British Philosopher and a professor The Open Society and Its Enemies, is an influential two-volume work by Karl Popper written during World War II. The Republic ( Greek: / Politeía, meaning "political system" Latin: Res Publica, meaning "public business" or Strauss quotes Cicero, "The Republic does not bring to light the best possible regime but rather the nature of political things – the nature of the city. Marcus Tullius Cicero ( Classical Latin ˈkikeroː usually ˈsɪsərəʊ in English January 3, 106 BC &ndash December 7, 43 BC was a Roman "[16] Strauss himself argued in many publications that the city-in-speech was unnatural, precisely because "it is rendered possible by the abstraction from eros". [17] The city-in-speech abstracted from eros, or bodily needs, thus could never guide politics in the manner Popper claimed. Though very skeptical of "progress," Strauss was equally skeptical about political agendas of "return" (which is the term he used in contrast to progress). In fact, he was consistently suspicious of anything claiming to be a solution to an old political or philosophical problem. He spoke of the danger in trying to finally resolve the debate between rationalism and traditionalism in politics. In Epistemology and in its broadest sense rationalism is "any view appealing to Reason as a source of knowledge or justification" (Lacey 286 In particular, along with many in the pre-World War II German Right, he feared people trying to force a world state to come into being in the future, thinking that it would inevitably become a tyranny. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including World government is the concept of a political body that would make interpret and enforce International law. In modern usage a tyrant is a single ruler holding absolute power over a State or within an Organization.

Ancients and Moderns

Strauss constantly stressed the importance of two dichotomies in political philosophy: Athens and Jerusalem (Reason vs. Athens (ˈæθənz Αθήνα Athina,) the Capital and largest city of Greece, dominates the Attica periphery as one of the world's Jerusalem (יְרוּשָׁלַיִם, he-Latn Yerushaláyim; Arabic: ar القُدس, ar-Latn al-Quds) is the Reason involves the ability to think understand and draw Conclusions in an Abstract way as in Human thinking Revelation) and Ancient versus Modern political philosophy. Revelation is the act of revealing or disclosing (see etymology or in the theological perception making something obvious and clearly understood through active or passive communication The "Ancients" were the Socratic philosophers and their intellectual heirs, and the "Moderns" start with Niccolò Machiavelli. The contrast between Ancients and Moderns was understood to be related to the public presentation of the possibly unresolvable tension between Reason and Revelation. The Socratics, reacting to the first Greek philosophers, brought philosophy back to earth, and hence back to the marketplace, making it more political. The term ancient Greece refers to the period of Greek history lasting from the Greek Dark Ages ca The Moderns reacted to the dominance of revelation in medieval society by promoting the possibilities of Reason very strongly – which in turn leads to problems in modern politics and society. In particular, Thomas Hobbes, under the influence of Bacon, re-oriented political thought to what was most solid but most low in man, setting a precedent for John Locke and the later economic approach to political thought, such as, initially, in David Hume and Adam Smith. Thomas Hobbes (born 5 April 1588died 4 December 1679 was an English philosopher, whose famous 1651 book Leviathan established the foundation David Hume (26 April 1711 25 August 1776 Scottish Philosopher, Economist, and Historian is an important figure in Western philosophy Adam Smith ( baptised 16 June 1723 – 17 July 1790) was a Scottish moral philosopher and a pioneer of Political economy.

Not unlike Winston Churchill, Alexis de Tocqueville, and Thomas Jefferson, Strauss believed that the vices of a democratic regime must be known – and not left unquestioned – so that its virtues might triumph. Sir Winston Leonard Spencer-Churchill, KG, OM, CH, TD, FRS, PC, PC (Can ( 30 November 1874 Thomas Jefferson (April 13 1743 – July 4 1826 was the third President of the United States (1801–1809 the principal author of the Declaration of Independence [18] However, insofar as his teaching suggested that the argument for the pre-eminence of democracy is not an apodictic principle – not self-evident or beyond contradiction – he has gained a reputation among some for being an enemy to democracy. [19]

Religious belief

Although Strauss plainly espoused the utility of religious belief, there is some question of his views on its truth. [20] In some quarters the opinion has been that, whatever his views on the utility of faith, he was personally an atheist. [21] Strauss, however, was openly disdainful of broad atheism, as he made apparent in his writings on Weber. Maximilian Carl Emil Weber (maks 'veːbɐ (21 April 1864 &ndash 14 June 1920 was a German political economist and sociologist who was considered He was especially disapproving of contemporary dogmatic disbelief which he considered intemperate and irrational and felt that one should either be "the philosopher open to the challenge of theology or the theologian open to the challenge of philosophy. " [22] Notwithstanding accusations of veiled atheism, one position is that Strauss, in the interplay of Jerusalem and Athens, or revelation and reason, merely sought to, as did Thomas Aquinas, hold revelation to the rigors of reason, but where Aquinas saw an amicable interplay between the two, Strauss saw two impregnable fortresses. [23] Werner Dannhauser, in contemplating Strauss' letters, concedes that the matter remains enigmatic but cautions, "It will not do to simply think of Strauss as a godless, a secular, a lukewarm Jew. "[24]

Critical views of Strauss

Critics of Strauss accuse him of mendacious populism (while actually being elitist), radical illiberalism and anti-democratic sentiment. Populism is a discourse which supports "the people" versus "the Elites " Populism may involve either a political philosophy urging social and political Elitism is the belief or attitude that those individuals who are considered members of the Elite &mdash a select group of people with outstanding personal abilities intellect An illiberal democracy is a governing system in which although fairly free elections take place citizens are cut off from real power due to the lack of Civil liberties. Shadia Drury, in Leo Strauss and the American Right (1999), argues that Strauss taught different things to different students and inculcated an elitist strain in American political leaders that is linked to imperialist militarism and Christian fundamentalism. Shadia B Drury (born 1950 is a Canadian academic and Political commentator of Egyptian Christian origin Drury accuses Strauss of teaching that "perpetual deception of the citizens by those in power is critical because they need to be led, and they need strong rulers to tell them what's good for them. " Nicholas Xenos similarly argues that Strauss "was not an anti-liberal in the sense in which we commonly mean 'anti-liberal' today, but an anti-democrat in a fundamental sense, a true reactionary. Strauss was somebody who wanted to go back to a previous, pre-liberal, pre-bourgeois era of blood and guts, of imperial domination, of authoritarian rule, of pure fascism. "[25] As evidence, Xenos cites Strauss's attempt in 1933 to gain favor with Charles Maurras, the leader of the right-wing Action Française, as well as a letter Strauss wrote to his friend Karl Löwith in 1933 in which he defended the politics of the right against the Nazis. __FORCETOC__ Charles Maurras ( 20 April 1868 Martigues Bouches-du-Rhône France – 16 November 1952) was The Action Française is a French Monarchist ( Orléanist) Counter-revolutionary movement and periodical founded by Maurice Pujo and Strauss wrote that "just because Germany has turned to the right and has expelled us (Jews), it simply does not follow that the principles of the right are therefore to be rejected. To the contrary, only on the basis of principles of the right – fascist, authoritarian, imperial – is it possible in a dignified manner, without the ridiculous and pitiful appeal to ‘the inalienable rights of man’ to protest against the mean nonentity (Nazism). "[25] [Empasis in orginal, parentheticals added for context and meaning]

Strauss is also criticized by some on the right, especially by paleoconservatives. Paleoconservatism (sometimes shortened to paleo or paleocon when the context is clear is a term for an anti-communist and Anti-authoritarian For example, Paul Gottfried expresses the viewpoint that Strauss' ideology is not really conservative or right-wing at all; for example:

The Democrats are less inclined than the Republicans to push the war policies favored by the Straussians. Paul Edward Gottfried (*1941 is Raffensperger Professor of Humanities at Elizabethtown College in Elizabethtown Pennsylvania, and a Guggenheim recipient Although this reluctance may be due to their preoccupation with social questions at home, the Democrats are less open than the Republicans to Straussian imperial projects at the present time, if not necessarily for the future. Moreover, the establishment Right and its Republican organizational structure have become scavengers, living off yesterday’s leftist rhetoric. What Claes Ryn calls the "new Jacobinism" of the neoconservative- and Straussian-controlled pseudo-Right is no longer "new. This page describes the political term "Jacobin" For discussion of the political organization of the French Revolution era see Jacobin Club. " It is the warmed-over rhetoric of Saint-Juste and Trotsky that the philosophically impoverished American Right has taken over with mindless alacrity. Louis Antoine Léon de Saint-Just ( August 25, 1767 &ndash July 28, 1794) usually known as Saint-Just, was a French revolutionary Leon Trotsky ( Russian:, Lev Davidovich Trotsky, also transliterated Leo, Lyev, Trotskii, Trotski, Trotskij Republican operators and think tanks apparently believe they can carry the electorate by appealing to yesterday’s leftist clichés. [26][27]

Similarly, the late Samuel Francis charged Straussian ideology with influencing the views of a powerful cabal whose neoconservatism "serve[d] as a political formula for preserving the New Deal–Great Society regime, even as the real conservatism began to rip it apart intellectually and to win political battles against it with Richard Nixon, George Wallace, and Ronald Reagan. Samuel Todd Francis ( April 29, 1947 &ndash February 15, 2005) was an anti-capitalist paleoconservative Columnist The New Deal was the name that United States President Franklin D The Great Society was also a 1960s band featuring Grace Slick, and a 1914 book by English social theorist Graham Wallas. George Corley Wallace Jr (August 25 1919 September 13 1998 was a Democratic Governor of Alabama for four terms (1963-1967 1971-1979 and 1983-1987 and ran for "[28]

Notable students

Strauss is controversial not only for his political views but also because some of his students and their followers are themselves controversial public figures. [29]

Media representation of Strauss

In 2004 Adam Curtis produced a three-part documentary for the BBC on the threat from organised terrorism called the Power of Nightmares. "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " Adam Curtis (born 1955 is a British Television documentary maker who has during the course of his television career worked as a writer producer Terrorism is the systematic use of terror especially as a means of coercion The Power of Nightmares, subtitled The Rise of the Politics of Fear, is a BBC Documentary film series written and produced by This television documentary claimed that Strauss' teachings, among others, influenced neoconservative and thus, United States foreign policy, especially following the September 11, 2001 attacks. Neoconservatism (or Neocon is a Right-wing political philosophy that emerged in the United States from the rejection of the Social liberalism, Moral relativism Foreign Policy is a bimonthly American Magazine founded in 1970 by Samuel P Two students of Strauss, Paul Wolfowitz and William Kristol, are cited, and Kristol discusses Strauss's influence in the film. Paul Dundes Wolfowitz (born December 22, 1943) is a former United States Ambassador to Indonesia, U William Kristol (born December 23, 1952 in New York City) is an American political analyst and commentator Since they were students of Strauss, the documentary claims that their later political views and actions are a result of Strauss' philosophy and teaching . The central theme of the documentary is that the neoconservatives created myths to make the Soviet Union and terrorist organizations such as Al-Qaeda appear to be better organized and coordinated, as well as more threatening than they actually were, and that such "nightmares" enabled the neoconservatives to gain disproportionate power over the American polity during the Reagan and George W. Bush administrations. The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 Al-Qaeda, alternatively spelled al-Qaida, al-Qa`ida or al-Qa`idah, ( Arabic:; ar-Latn ''al-qāʿidah'' Translation: The The United States Presidency of Ronald Reagan, also known as the Reagan Administration, was a Republican administration headed by The Presidency of George W Bush began on his inauguration on January 20, 2001 as the 43rd and current President of the United States of America

In his 2006 book review of Reading Leo Strauss, by Steven B. Smith, Robert Alter points out that Smith "persuasively sets the record straight on Strauss's political views and on what his writing is really about. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Steven B Smith is the Alfred Cowles Professor of Political Science at Yale University. Robert Alter is a Biblical scholar and the Class of '37 Professor of Hebrew and Comparative Literature at the University of California Berkeley "[31] Smith questions the link between Strauss and neoconservative thought, arguing that Strauss was never personally active in politics, never endorsed imperialism, and questioned the utility of political philosophy for the practice of politics. Neoconservatism (or Neocon is a Right-wing political philosophy that emerged in the United States from the rejection of the Social liberalism, Moral relativism [32] Those who do make such a link, Smith argues, misread Strauss's published writings. [32]

Concerning links made between the political views of Leo Strauss and the Bush administration's policies leading to the 2003 Iraq War, and prior to focusing particularly on Harvard professor Harvey Mansfield, whom he calls "a major Straussian in action," in his "Thoughts: A Strauss Primer, with Glossy Mansfield Finish," Washington Post staff writer Philip Kennicott observes that

Much nonsense has been written on Strauss's political thought – often caricatured as crudely anti-democratic, obsessed with secret meanings and in love with white lies told by powerful men to keep the rabble in line. George Walker Bush ( born July 6 1946 is the forty-third and current President of the United States. The 2003 invasion of Iraq, from March 20 to May 1 2003 was spearheaded by the United States, backed by British forces and smaller contingents from Australia Harvey C Mansfield Jr (born 1932 is the William R Kenan Jr Professor of Government at Harvard University, where he has taught since 1962 The Washington Post is the largest and most circulated Newspaper in Washington D Some have suggested a dark cabal of Straussian intellectuals secretly pull the strings of the Bush administration – which is ridiculous: The mistakes and false suppositions that led us into the Iraq war are all on the record and understanding them requires no supplemental speculation about ulterior motives or conspiracy theories. The 2003 invasion of Iraq, from March 20 to May 1 2003 was spearheaded by the United States, backed by British forces and smaller contingents from Australia A conspiracy theory attributes the ultimate cause of an event or chain of events (usually Political, Social or Historical events or the concealment [33]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Joachim Lüders and Ariane Wehner, Mittelhessen – eine Heimat für Juden? Das Schicksal der Familie Strauss aus Kirchhain (Central Hesse – a Homeland for Jews? The Fate of the Strauss Family from Kirchhain) 1989
  2. ^ Stanley Rosen, Plato's Republic: A Study (New Haven: Yale UP, 2005) 6. Allan David Bloom (14 September 1930 in Indianapolis Indiana &ndash 7 October 1992 in Chicago, Illinois) was an American Philosopher, Anne Norton (born in 1954 is an American professor of Political science and Comparative literature. Clifford Orwin is a Canadian Scholar of ancient modern contemporary and Jewish political thought Yoshihiro Francis Fukuyama (born 27 October 1952) is an American Philosopher, political economist, and author Harry V Jaffa (born 1918 is a Conservative Author and distinguished fellow of the Claremont Institute, a California Think tank. Harvey C Mansfield Jr (born 1932 is the William R Kenan Jr Professor of Government at Harvard University, where he has taught since 1962 Irving Kristol (born January 22, 1920) is an American philospher considered the founder of American neoconservatism. Joseph Cropsey ( New York City, August 27, 1919 is an American Political philosopher and professor of political science at the University of Chicago Neoconservatism (or Neocon is a Right-wing political philosophy that emerged in the United States from the rejection of the Social liberalism, Moral relativism In politics a noble lie is a Myth or untruth, often but not invariably of a religious nature knowingly told by an Elite to maintain social harmony particularly Shadia B Drury (born 1950 is a Canadian academic and Political commentator of Egyptian Christian origin Stanley Rosen (born July 29, 1929) is an American philosopher Ernest L Fortin AA (December 17 1923 - October 22 2002 was a Professor of Theology at Boston College. Stanley Rosen (born July 29, 1929) is an American philosopher
  3. ^ Leo Strauss, "Introduction", 1–6 in History of Political Philosophy, ed. Leo Strauss and Joseph Cropsey, 3rd ed. (Chicago: U of Chicago P, 1987) 1.
  4. ^ "From these things it is evident, that the city belongs among the things that exist by nature, and that man is by nature a political animal" (Aristotle, The Politics, 1253a1–3).
  5. ^ Leo Strauss, "An Introduction to Heideggerian Existentialism", 27–46 in The Rebirth of Classical Political Rationalism, ed. Thomas L. Pangle (Chicago: U of Chicago P, 1989) 29–30.
  6. ^ Leo Strauss, "Relativism", 13–26 in The Rebirth of Classical Political Rationalism, ed. Thomas L. Pangle, (Chicago: University of Chicago Press) 24.
  7. ^ Leo Strauss, "Relativism", 13–26 in The Rebirth of Classical Political Rationalism, ed. Thomas L. Pangle, (Chicago: University of Chicago Press) 25.
  8. ^ Allan Bloom, "Leo Strauss" 235–55 in Giants and Dwarfs: Essays 1960–1990 (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1990) 238–39. Allan David Bloom (14 September 1930 in Indianapolis Indiana &ndash 7 October 1992 in Chicago, Illinois) was an American Philosopher,
  9. ^ Thomas L. Pangle, "Epilogue", 907–38 in History of Political Philosophy, ed. Leo Strauss and Joseph Cropsey, 3rd ed. (Chicago: U of Chicago P, 1987) 907–8.
  10. ^ Leo Strauss, On Tyranny (New York: Free Press, 1991) 22–23, 178.
  11. ^ Leo Strauss, "The Crisis of Our Time", 41–54 in Howard Spaeth, ed. , The Predicament of Modern Politics (Detroit: U of Detroit P, 1964) 47–48.
  12. ^ Leo Strauss, "What Is Political Philosophy?" 9–55 in Leo Strauss, What Is Political Philosophy? and Other Studies (Glencoe, Ill. : The Free Press, 1959) 18–19.
  13. ^ Leo Strauss, The City and Man (Chicago: Rand McNally, 1964) 10–11.
  14. ^ a b Seymour M. Hersh, "Selective Intelligence", The New Yorker, May 12, 2003, accessed June 1, 2007. Seymour (Sy Myron Hersh (born April 8, 1937) is an American Pulitzer Prize winning investigative Journalist and Author The New Yorker is an American Magazine that publishes reportage commentary criticism essays fiction satire cartoons and poetry Events 1191 - Richard I of England marries Berengaria of Navarre. Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 193 - Roman Emperor Didius Julianus is Assassinated 987 - Hugh Capet is elected Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
  15. ^ Brian Doherty, "Origin of the Specious: Why Do Neoconservatives Doubt Darwin?", Reason Online, July 1997, accessed February 16, 2007. Events 1249 - Andrew of Longjumeau is dispatched by Louis IX of France as his ambassador to meet with the Khan of the Mongols Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
  16. ^ Leo Strauss, "Plato", 33–89 in History of Political Philosophy, ed. Leo Strauss and Joseph Cropsey, 3rd ed. (Chicago: U of Chicago P, 1987) 68.
  17. ^ Leo Strauss, "Plato", 33–89 in History of Political Philosophy, ed. Leo Strauss and Joseph Cropsey, 3rd ed. (Chicago: U of Chicago P, 1987) 60.
  18. ^ Peter Berkowitz, "What Hath Strauss Wrought?" The Weekly Standard. 06/02/2003, Volume 008, Issue 37.
  19. ^ Shadia Drury, "Leo Strauss", Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy (New York: Routledge, 1998)
  20. ^ Dannhauser, Werner J. The Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy is an Encyclopedia of Philosophy edited by Edward Craig that was first published by Routledge in Leo Strauss in His Letters in Enlightening revolutions: Essays in Honor of Ralph Lerner, edited by Svetozar Minkov and Stephane Douard, pp. 359–360 (2007 Lexington Books)
  21. ^ Dannhauser, Werner J. Leo Strauss in His Letters in Enlightening revolutions: Essays in Honor of Ralph Lerner, edited by Svetozar Minkov and Stephane Douard, p. 360 (2007 Lexington Books)
  22. ^ Deutsch, Kenneth L. and Walter Nicgorski Leo Strauss: Political Philosopher and Jewish Thinker pp. 11–12, 1994 Rowman & Littlefield
  23. ^ Schall S. J. , James V. A Latitude for Statesmanship: Strauss on St. Thomas in Leo Strauss: Political Philosopher and Jewish Thinker, ed. Kenneth L. Deutsch and Walter Nicgorski, pp. 212–215, 1994 Rowman & Littlefield
  24. ^ Dannhauser, Werner J. Leo Strauss in His Letters in Enlightening revolutions: Essays in Honor of Ralph Lerner, edited by Svetozar Minkov and Stephane Douard, p. 360 (2007 Lexington Books)
  25. ^ a b Nicholas Xenos, "Leo Strauss and the Rhetoric of the War on Terror," Logosjournal. com
  26. ^ Paul Gottfried, "Strauss and the Straussians", LewRockwell. com, April 17, 2006, accessed February 16, 2007. Events 69 - After the First Battle of Bedriacum, Vitellius becomes Roman Emperor. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1249 - Andrew of Longjumeau is dispatched by Louis IX of France as his ambassador to meet with the Khan of the Mongols Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
  27. ^ Cf. Paul Gottfried, "Paul Gottfried: Archives", Lewrockwell. com, accessed February 16, 2007. Events 1249 - Andrew of Longjumeau is dispatched by Louis IX of France as his ambassador to meet with the Khan of the Mongols Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
  28. ^ Samuel Francis, "Principalities & Powers: The Real Cabal", Chronicles, September 2003, accessed February 16, 2007. Events 1249 - Andrew of Longjumeau is dispatched by Louis IX of France as his ambassador to meet with the Khan of the Mongols Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
  29. ^ D. L. Levine, "Without Malice but with Forethought: A Response to Burnyeat," The Review of Politics (Special Issue on the Thought of Leo Strauss) 53, no. 1 (Winter 1991): 200–18.
  30. ^ Susan Sontag, Social Critic With Verve, Dies at 71 By MARGALIT FOX, Published: December 28, 2004, NYT
  31. ^ Robert Alter, "Neocon or Not?", The New York Times Book Review, June 25, 2006, accessed February 16, 2007, citing Steven B. Smith, Reading Leo Strauss: Politics, Philosophy, Judaism (Chicago: U of Chicago P, 2006). Robert Alter is a Biblical scholar and the Class of '37 Professor of Hebrew and Comparative Literature at the University of California Berkeley The New York Times Book Review is a weekly paper-magazine supplement to The New York Times in which current non-fiction and fiction books are reviewed Events 524 - Battle of Vézeronce, the Franks defeat the Burgundians Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1249 - Andrew of Longjumeau is dispatched by Louis IX of France as his ambassador to meet with the Khan of the Mongols Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Stephen Smith, Steve Smith, or Steven Smith may refer to In sports: Steve Smith (Carolina Panthers, (b
  32. ^ a b Steven B. Smith, excerpt from "Why Strauss, Why Now?", 1–15 in Reading Leo Strauss: Politics, Philosophy, Judaism (Chicago: U of Chicago P, 2006), online posting, press,uchicago. Stephen Smith, Steve Smith, or Steven Smith may refer to In sports: Steve Smith (Carolina Panthers, (b edu, accessed June 1, 2007. Events 193 - Roman Emperor Didius Julianus is Assassinated 987 - Hugh Capet is elected Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
  33. ^ Philip Kennicott, "Thoughts: A Strauss Primer, with Glossy Mansfield Finish", The Washington Post, May 9, 2007, Arts & Living: C01, accessed June 16, 2007. The Washington Post is the largest and most circulated Newspaper in Washington D Events 1457 BC - Battle of Megiddo (15th century BC between Thutmose III and a large Canaanite coalition under the King of Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1487 - Battle of Stoke Field, the last dying breath of the Wars of the Roses. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.

Bibliography

Publications by Leo Strauss

Books and articles
Writings about Maimonides and Jewish philosophy

Works about Leo Strauss

Strauss Family

External links

General resources

Scholarly articles, books, and parts of books (online)

Related journalistic commentary, other articles, and parts of books (online)

Persondata
NAME Strauss, Leo
ALTERNATIVE NAMES
SHORT DESCRIPTION Classical philosophy specialist and father of neoconservativism
DATE OF BIRTH September 20, 1899
PLACE OF BIRTH Kirchhain, Hesse, Germany
DATE OF DEATH October 18, 1973
PLACE OF DEATH Annapolis, Maryland, United States


Events 451 - The Battle of Chalons takes place in North Eastern France. Year 1899 ( MDCCCXCIX) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Kirchhain is a town in Marburg-Biedenkopf district in Hesse Germany. Hesse (Hessen is a state of Germany with an area Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Events 1009 - The Church of the Holy Sepulchre, a Christian church in Jerusalem, is completely destroyed by the Fatimid Year 1973 ( MCMLXXIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the 1973 Gregorian calendar. Annapolis is the capital of the US state of Maryland, as well as the County seat of Anne Arundel County. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the
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