Lemon
Citrus x lemon
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae Division: Magnoliophyta Class: Magnoliopsida Subclass: Rosidae Order: Sapindales Family: Rutaceae Genus: Citrus Species: C. Plants are living Organisms belonging to the kingdom Plantae. The flowering plants or angiosperms ( Angiospermae or Magnoliophyta) are the most widespread group Dicotyledons, or "dicots", is a name for a group of Flowering plants whose Seed typically has two embryonic leaves or Cotyledons There Under the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (ICBN Rosidae is a Botanical name at the rank of subclass. Sapindales (pronounced /sæpɪn'deɪliz/ last two syllables just like the word dailies ''Webster's Third New International Dictionary'' p Rutaceae, commonly known as the Rue or Citrus family is a family of Plants usually placed in the order Sapindales. Citrus is a common term and Genus of Flowering plants in the family Rutaceae, originating in tropical and subtropical southeast regions of × limon
Binomial name
Citrus × limon (L.) Burm. Carl Linnaeus (Latinized as Carolus Linnaeus, also known after his ennoblement as, May 23 new style (13 May old style 1707 who laid the foundations for f.

The lemon (Citrus × limon) is a hybrid in cultivated wild plants. In Biology, hybrid has two meanings The first meaning is the result of interbreeding between two animals or plants of different taxa. It is the common name for the reproductive tissue surrounding the seed of the angiosperm lemon tree. The flowering plants or angiosperms ( Angiospermae or Magnoliophyta) are the most widespread group The lemon is used for culinary and nonculinary purposes throughout the world. The fruit is used primarily for its juice, though the pulp and rind (zest) are also used, primarily in cooking and baking. The term fruit has different meanings dependent on context and the term is not synonymous in Food preparation and Biology. JUICE is a widely used non-commercial Software package for editing and analysing phytosociological data Peel, also known as rind or skin, is the outer protective layer of a Fruit or Vegetable which could be peeled off Zest is the outer colorful skin of citrus fruit, known botanically as the Exocarp. Cooking is the process of preparing Food by applying Heat, selecting measuring and combining of ingredients in an ordered procedure for producing safe and edible Baking is the technique of prolonged Cooking of Food by dry heat acting by conduction, and not by radiation, normally in an Oven, Lemon juice is about 5% (approximately 0. 03 moles/Liter) citric acid, which gives lemons a tart taste, and a pH of 2 to 3. Citric acid is a weak organic Acid. It is a natural Preservative and is also used to add an acidic or sour taste to foods and Soft drinks pH is the measure of the acidity or alkalinity of a Solution. This makes lemon juice an inexpensive, readily available acid for use in educational science experiments. In Computer science, ACID ( Atomicity Consistency Isolation Durability) is a set of properties that guarantee that Database transactions are

History

Two lemons

The exact origin of the lemon has remained a mystery, though it is widely presumed that lemons are wildly grown in both India and China. India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National ^[1][2] It is also speculated that lemons were first grown on Mediterranean bushes, coined lemon bushes, but they have evolved and modern-day lemons grow on trees. In the Far East, it was known for its antiseptic properties and it was used as antidote for various poisons. The lemon was later introduced to Iraq and Egypt around 700 A. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iraq topics. This article is about the country of Egypt For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Egypt topics. D.

The popular drink lemonade may have originated in medieval Egypt. Lemonade is a Lemon -flavored Soft drink. The term can refer to two different types of beverage In the U This article is about the country of Egypt For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Egypt topics. ^[1] It was distributed widely throughout the Arab world and the Mediterranean region between 1000 A. The Mediterranean Basin refers to the lands around and surrounded by the Mediterranean Sea. D. to 1150 A. D. At this time, the lemon was first recorded in literatures to a tenth century Arabic treatise on farming and was used as an ornamental plant in early Islamic gardens. Arabic (ar الْعَرَبيّة (informally ar عَرَبيْ) in terms of the number of speakers is the largest living member of the Semitic language ^[1][2] The lemon is in fact man made. Limes were specially cultivated in the late 12th century, to be bigger, at the compromise of not being quite as acidic as the common lime. Lime is a term referring to a number of different fruits (generally Citruses, both Species and hybrids, which are typically round green to yellow

Citrus x limon flowers.

Pickled lemons, a Moroccan delicacy

Lemons entered Europe (near southern Italy) no later than the first century AD, during the time of Ancient Rome. However, they were not widely cultivated. The first real lemon cultivation in Europe began in Genoa in the middle of the fifteenth century. Genoa ( Genova, ˈdʒɛːnova in Italian; Zena in Genoese and Ligurian; Genua in Latin and archaically in English ^[2] It was later introduced to the Americas in 1493 when Christopher Columbus brought lemon seeds to Hispaniola along his voyages. The Americas are the lands of the Western hemisphere or New World, consisting of the Continents of North America and South America Christopher Columbus (1451 &ndash May 20 1506 was an Italian Navigator, colonizer Spanish conquest throughout the New World helped spread lemon seeds. It was mainly used as ornament and medicine. ^[2] In 1700s and late 1800s, lemons were increasingly planted in Florida and California when lemons began to be used in cooking and flavoring. Florida ( is a state located in the southeastern region of the United States, bordering Alabama to the northwest and Georgia to the California ( is a US state on the West Coast of the United States, along the Pacific Ocean. ^[3]

In 1747, James Lind's experiments on seamen suffering from scurvy involved adding Vitamin C to their diets through lemon juice. James Lind or Jim Lind is the name of James Lind (physician (1716 - 1794 British doctor James F Scurvy (NLat scorbutus is a disease resulting from a deficiency of Vitamin C, which is required for the synthesis of Collagen in humans ^[4]

The name lemon was originated from Arabic līmūn لیمون and Persian limun through Old Italian and Old French limone. Arabic (ar الْعَرَبيّة (informally ar عَرَبيْ) in terms of the number of speakers is the largest living member of the Semitic language ^[5][6][7].

Culinary uses

Lemon marmalade on a slice of bread

Lemons are used to make lemonade, and as a garnish for drinks. Lemonade is a Lemon -flavored Soft drink. The term can refer to two different types of beverage In the U For other uses see Garnish (disambiguation Garnish is a substance used primarily as an embellishment or decoration to a prepared food or drink Iced tea, soft drinks and water are often served with a wedge or slice of lemon in the glass or on the rim. For other meanings see Iced tea (disambiguation Ice tea, also known as iced tea, is a form of cold Tea, often served in a glass Soft drink is a beverage that does not contain Alcohol. Carbonated soft drinks are commonly known as soda soda pop pop, or The average lemon contains approximately 3 tablespoons of juice. Allowing lemons to come to room temperature before squeezing (or heating briefly in a microwave) makes the juice easier to extract. A microwave oven, or a microwave, is a Kitchen appliance that cooks or heats Food by Dielectric heating. Lemons left unrefrigerated for long periods of time are susceptible to mold. WikipediaManual_of_Style#National_varieties_of_English --> Molds (or

Fish are marinated in lemon juice to neutralize the odor. The acid neutralizes the amines in fish by converting them into nonvolatile ammonium salts. Amines are Organic compounds and Functional groups that contain a basic Nitrogen Atom with a Lone pair. Ammonium is also an old name for the Siwa Oasis in western Egypt.

Lemon juice, alone or in combination with other ingredients, is used to marinate meat before cooking: the acid provided by the juice partially hydrolyzes the tough collagen fibers in the meat (tenderizing the meat), though the juice does not have any antibiotic effects. Hydrolysis is a Chemical reaction during which one or more water molecules are split into hydrogen and hydroxide ions which may go on to participate in further reactions In Cooking, tenderizing is a process to break down Collagens in Meat to make it more palatable for consumption In modern usage an antibiotic is a Chemotherapeutic agent with activity against Microorganisms such as Bacteria, fungi or Protozoa

Lemons, alone or with oranges, are used to make marmalade. An orange —specifically the sweet orange —is the Citrus fruit Citrus sinensis ( syn British-style marmalade is a sweet preserve with a bitter tang made from Fruit, Sugar, water and (in some commercial brands a Gelling agent The grated rind of the lemon, called lemon zest, is used to add flavor to baked goods, puddings, rice and other dishes. Pickled lemons are a Moroccan delicacy. Preserved Lemon is a Citrus preparation that is technically a pickle, rather than a preserve. Moroccan cuisine is one of the most diversified cuisines in the world A liqueur called limoncello is made from lemon rind. Limoncello is a Lemon Liqueur produced in Southern Italy, mainly in the region around the Gulf of Naples, the Sorrentine Peninsula

When lemon juice is sprinkled on certain foods that tend to oxidize and turn brown after being sliced, such as apples, bananas and avocados, the acid acts as a short-term preservative by denaturing the enzymes that cause browning and degradation.

Non-culinary uses

A lemon orchard in the Galilee of Israel. An orchard is an intentional planting of Trees or Shrubs maintained for Food production. "Galil" redirects here For the weapon see IMI Galil. Galilee (הגליל ha-Galil, lit the province, For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Israel topics.

• Citric acid - Lemons were the primary commercial source of this substance prior to the development of fermentation-based processes. Citric acid is a weak organic Acid. It is a natural Preservative and is also used to add an acidic or sour taste to foods and Soft drinks
• Lemon battery - A popular science experiment in schools involves attaching electrodes to a lemon and using it as a battery to power a light. A lemon battery is a device used in an Experiment proposed in many science textbooks around the world An electrode is an Electrical conductor used to make contact with a nonmetallic part of a circuit (e In electronics a battery is a combination of two or more Electrochemical cells which store chemical Energy which can be converted into electrical energy The electricity generated in this way can also power a small motor. These experiments also work with other fruits and vegetables.
• Sanitary kitchen deodorizer - deodorize, remove grease, bleach stain, and disinfect; when mixed with baking soda, lemon can remove stains from plastic food storage containers. ^[8]
• Lemon hair lightener - Lemon juice applied to the hair can work as a natural hair lightener. Hair is a keratinised protein filament that grows through the epidermis from follicles deep within the Dermis.
• Insecticide - The d-limonene in lemon oil is used as a non-toxic insecticide treatment. Limonene is a Hydrocarbon, classified as a cyclic Terpene. It is a colourless liquid at room temperatures with an extremely strong smell of oranges See orange oil. Orange oil is an Essential oil produced by Glands inside the Rind of an orange fruit.
• Acne Treatment - Applying lemon juice to facial blemishes is a popular form of treating acne.
• When lemon juice is mixed with Sun In it is said to lighten the hair or to enhance highlights. melanin production. Melanin is a class of compounds found in the Plant, Animal and Protista kingdoms, where it serves predominantly as a Pigment. The effectiveness, however, is largely a subject of debate.
• Lemon skins eaten daily have been shown to greatly increase the muscle recovery and anti-catabolic cycles for increased muscle development. Research has shown that 8 oz. of lemon peels is the recommend maximum daily dosage.
• Lemon is used in facial masks for refreshing the skin.
• Wood treatment - lemon oil is often used on the unsealed rosewood fingerboards of guitars and other stringed instruments. It should not be used on maple fingerboards, as these are generally sealed and the oil would just stay on the surface.
• Lemon juice is often used to clean the inside of animal skins prior to taxidermy.
• Natural deodorants are generally made from lemon extracts. Raw lemon can be used as a short term deodorant.
• Aromatherapy - Researchers at Ohio State University reveals that lemon oil aroma may enhance your mood, and may relax you. Aromatherapy is a form of Alternative medicine that uses volatile liquid plant materials known as Essential oils (EOs and other aromatic compounds from plants for

Lemon alternatives

Several other plants have a similar taste to lemons. In recent times, the Australian bush food lemon myrtle has become a popular alternative to lemons. The bush is a term used for rural possibly lawless undeveloped land or country areas in many places such as Australia, New Zealand, Sub-Saharan Africa Backhousia citriodora (common names lemon myrtle, lemon scented myrtle, lemon scented ironwood) is a Flowering plant in the family ^[9] The crushed and dried leaves and edible essential oils have a strong, sweet lemon taste but contain no citric acid. Lemon myrtle is popular in foods that curdle with lemon juice, such as cheesecake and ice cream. Cheesecake is a large family of sweet Cheese -based Custard pies Cheesecakes are generally made with soft fresh cheeses Ice cream or ice-cream (originally iced cream) is a frozen dessert made from Dairy products such as Milk and Cream, combined Limes are often used instead of lemons. Lime is a term referring to a number of different fruits (generally Citruses, both Species and hybrids, which are typically round green to yellow

Many other plants are noted to have a lemon-like taste or scent. Among them are Cymbopogon (lemon grass), lemon balm, lemon thyme, lemon verbena, scented geraniums, certain cultivars of basil, and certain cultivars of mint. Cymbopogon is a genus of about 55 species of grasses, native to warm temperate and tropical regions of the Old World and Oceania. Lemon balm ( Melissa officinalis) not to be confused with Bee balm, Monarda species is a perennial Herb in the Thyme (ˈtaɪm is a well known herb in common usage the name may refer to either the any or all members of the plant Genus Thymus, Lemon verbena or Lemon beebrush ( Syn Aloysia triphylla) is a Deciduous Perennial Shrub native to Argentina Gardeners often use the name "geranium" to mean Pelargonium: see below. Basil ( Ocimum basilicum) (ˈbeɪzəl or /ˈbæzəl/ of the Family Lamiaceae. Mentha ( mint) is a Genus of about 25 Species (and many hundreds of varieties) of Flowering plants in the family

Lemon and lime output in 2005

References

External links

• (Purdue University) Morton, Julia F. 1987. "Lemon". pp. 160–168, in Fruits of warm climates. (Julia F. Morton, Miami)
• PlantFiles: Citrus x meyeri 'Meyer'
• Bring Home a Lemon Tree