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Lemkos (Rusyns)


Carpatho-Rusyn sub-groups - Sanok area Lemkos in original highlander folk-costumes from the village of Mokre near Sanok (Poland)
Total population

20 000 (est. Rusyns (also referred to as Русины Ruthenians Ruthenes Rusins Carpatho-Rusyns and Rusnaks) are a Slavic Ethnic group that speaks Sanok ( Latin: Sanocum, German: Saanig, Yiddish: Sonik, Ukrainian: Сянiк, in full The Royal Sanok ( Latin: Sanocum, German: Saanig, Yiddish: Sonik, Ukrainian: Сянiк, in full The Royal Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland )
Regions with significant populations
Flag of Poland Poland 5,000
Flag of Slovakia Slovakia 10,000
Languages
Rusyn language, Polish
Religions
Predominantly Eastern Orthodox, with Roman Catholic minorities

Lemkos (Ukrainian: Лeмки, Lemko: Лeмкы, translit. Lemky; sing. Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland Slovakia (long form Slovak Republic; Slovak:, long form, is a Landlocked country in Central Europe with a population of over five million Rusyn (ry русинськый язык) is an East Slavic language (along with Russian, Belarusian and Ukrainian, with which it shares Polish ( język polski, polszczyzna) is the Official language of Poland. The Eastern Orthodox Church is the second largest single Christian Communion in the world Ukrainian (in Ukrainian украї́нська мо́ва ukrayins'ka mova,) is a language of the East Slavic subgroup of the Slavic languages. Rusyn (ry русинськый язык) is an East Slavic language (along with Russian, Belarusian and Ukrainian, with which it shares The romanization or latinization of Ukrainian is the representation of the Ukrainian language using Latin letters. Лeмкo, Lemko), one of several quantitatively and territorially small nationalities who also traditionally call themselves Rusnaks (Ukrainian: Руснаки, Lemko: Руснакы, Rusnaky; sing. Rusyns (also referred to as Русины Ruthenians Ruthenes Rusins Carpatho-Rusyns and Rusnaks) are a Slavic Ethnic group that speaks Ukrainian (in Ukrainian украї́нська мо́ва ukrayins'ka mova,) is a language of the East Slavic subgroup of the Slavic languages. Rusyn (ry русинськый язык) is an East Slavic language (along with Russian, Belarusian and Ukrainian, with which it shares Руснак, Rusnak),[1] are one of the four major groups inhabiting the Eastern Carpathian Mountains. The Carpathian Mountains or Carpathians (Carpaţi Czech, Polish and Slovak: Karpaty; Ukrainian: Карпати The Carpathian Mountains or Carpathians (Carpaţi Czech, Polish and Slovak: Karpaty; Ukrainian: Карпати Their language has been variously described as a Lemko language in its own right (literary Lemko language is one of the four literary norms of the Carpatho-Rusyn language), a dialect of the Rusyn language (a group of dialects which is, itself, sometimes described as a distinct dialect of Ukrainian dialect group). Rusyn (ry русинськый язык) is an East Slavic language (along with Russian, Belarusian and Ukrainian, with which it shares Rusyn (ry русинськый язык) is an East Slavic language (along with Russian, Belarusian and Ukrainian, with which it shares Ukrainian (in Ukrainian украї́нська мо́ва ukrayins'ka mova,) is a language of the East Slavic subgroup of the Slavic languages. In any case, the Lemko tongue and the Ukrainian language are akin but not always mutually intelligible.

Contents

Location

Main article: Lemkivshchyna

The Lemkos' homeland is commonly referred to as Lemkivshchyna (Ukrainian: Лeмкiвщина, Polish: Łemkowszczyzna). Lemkivshchyna sometimes called Lemkovyna Lemkivshchyna or Łemkowszczyzna, is the region traditionally inhabited by the Lemkos ( Lemki) Lemkivshchyna sometimes called Lemkovyna Lemkivshchyna or Łemkowszczyzna, is the region traditionally inhabited by the Lemkos ( Lemki) Ukrainian (in Ukrainian украї́нська мо́ва ukrayins'ka mova,) is a language of the East Slavic subgroup of the Slavic languages. Polish ( język polski, polszczyzna) is the Official language of Poland. Up until 1945, this included the area from the Poprad River in the east to the valley of Oslawa River in the west, areas situated primarily in present-day Poland, in the Lesser Poland and Subcarpathian Voivodeships. Year 1945 ( MCMXLV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar The Poprad (German Popper) is a River in northern Slovakia and southern Poland, and a tributary of the Dunajec River (near Stary Main tributaries Flows Through; Czarny Gleboki Wloszaczycza Duszatynski Rzepedz Czaszynski Bannicza Koniow Ustmikowa Tarnawka Osławica and Kalniczka Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland Lesser Poland Voivodeship (also known as Małopolska Province or by its Polish name województwo małopolskie or simply Małopolskie) is a Voivodeship Subcarpathian Voivodeship (also known as Podkarpacie Province or by its Polish name of województwo podkarpackie or simply Podkarpackie) is a This part of the Carpathian mountains is mostly deforested, which allowed for an agrarian economy, alongside such traditional occupations as ox grazing and sheep herding. Agriculture refers to the production of goods through the growing of plants and fungi and the raising of domesticated Animals The study of agriculture

This area was part of Austro-Hungarian Empire until its dissolution in 1918, at which point the Lemko-Rusyn Republic (Ruska Lemkivska) declared its independence. Year 1918 ( MCMXVIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Lemko-Rusyn Republic or Ruska Narodna Respublika Lemkiv was founded in Florynka on December 5 1918 in the aftermath of World War I, after the dissolution of The independence did not last long, and the territory was incorporated into Poland in 1920. Year 1920 ( MCMXX) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display 1920 of the Gregorian calendar

As a result of repatriation of Ukrainians from Poland to USSR, the majority of Lemkos from this territory were resettled throughout Poland and in the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, leaving a significant population only in the Prešov Region of present-day Slovakia. The Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic or the Ukrainian SSR was one of the 15 constituent republics that made up the Former Soviet Union from its The Prešov Region (in Slovak Prešovský Kraj) is one of the eight Slovak administrative regions. Slovakia (long form Slovak Republic; Slovak:, long form, is a Landlocked country in Central Europe with a population of over five million

Carpatho-Rusyn sub-groups - Presov area Lemkos (left side) and Przemyśl area Rusyns (Ukrainians) in original goral folk-costumes. Photo: Village Mokre near Sanok. 2007
Carpatho-Rusyn sub-groups - Presov area Lemkos (left side) and Przemyśl area Rusyns (Ukrainians) in original goral folk-costumes. Prešov ( known also by alternative names) is a City in eastern Slovakia. Przemyśl (Перемишль Peremyshl, Prömsel פּשעמישל- Pshemishl) is a city in south-eastern Poland with 67847 inhabitants (2005 Rusyns (also referred to as Русины Ruthenians Ruthenes Rusins Carpatho-Rusyns and Rusnaks) are a Slavic Ethnic group that speaks Photo: Village Mokre near Sanok. Sanok ( Latin: Sanocum, German: Saanig, Yiddish: Sonik, Ukrainian: Сянiк, in full The Royal 2007

Lemkos are/were neighbours with Slovaks, Carpathian Germans and Lachy sądeckie (Poles) from the west, Pogorzans (Poles) and Dolinians (Dale Dwellers subethnic of Lemkos) from the north , Ukrainians from the east, and Slovaks from the south. } The Slovaks or Slovakians are a western Slavic People that primarily inhabit Slovakia and speak the Slovak language, which is Carpathian Germans (Karpatendeutsche Felvidéki németek Slovak: Karpatskí Nemci) sometimes simply called Slovak Germans (German Slowakeideutsche Pogórzanie ( Polish Uplanders) also known as Western Pogorzans and Eastern Pogorzans, are a distinctive subethnic group of Poles that mostly The Polish people, or Poles, (Polacy) are a Western Slavic Ethnic group of Central Europe, living predominantly in Poland. Ukrainians (Українці Ukrayintsi,) are an East Slavic Ethnic group primarily living in Ukraine, or more broadly— Citizens } The Slovaks or Slovakians are a western Slavic People that primarily inhabit Slovakia and speak the Slovak language, which is

Etymology

The name "Lemko" derives from the common expression Lem (Лeм), which can mean "but", "only", or "like" in the Lemko dialect. "Lemko" came into use as an endonym after having been used as an exonym by the neighboring Boykos and Hutsuls, who do not use that expression in their respective dialects. An exonym (from Greek el ἔξω exo = out el ὄνομα onoma = name is a name for a place that is not used within that place by the local An exonym (from Greek el ἔξω exo = out el ὄνομα onoma = name is a name for a place that is not used within that place by the local The Boykos or Boikos are a distinctive group of Ukrainian Carpathian Montagnards of the Carpathian highlands Hutsuls (Гуцули singular Гуцул Romanian: Huţuli, singular Huţul, Hutsul dialect Hutsule, singular Hutsul; alternatively Prior to this moniker, the Lemkos described themselves as Rusnaks ((Ukrainian: Руснaки, translit. Rusnaky) or Rusyns (Ukrainian: Русини, translit. Rusyny), as did the rest of the inhabitants of present-day Western Ukraine in the 19th century and first part of the 20th century. Ukrainian (in Ukrainian украї́нська мо́ва ukrayins'ka mova,) is a language of the East Slavic subgroup of the Slavic languages. The romanization or latinization of Ukrainian is the representation of the Ukrainian language using Latin letters. Rusyns (also referred to as Русины Ruthenians Ruthenes Rusins Carpatho-Rusyns and Rusnaks) are a Slavic Ethnic group that speaks Ukrainian (in Ukrainian украї́нська мо́ва ukrayins'ka mova,) is a language of the East Slavic subgroup of the Slavic languages. The romanization or latinization of Ukrainian is the representation of the Ukrainian language using Latin letters. In the early 20th century, a majority of these peoples became active participants in the creation of the Ukrainian nation and came to call themselves Ukrainians (Ukrainian: Українці, translit. Ukrayintsi). Ukrainians (Українці Ukrayintsi,) are an East Slavic Ethnic group primarily living in Ukraine, or more broadly— Citizens Ukrainian (in Ukrainian украї́нська мо́ва ukrayins'ka mova,) is a language of the East Slavic subgroup of the Slavic languages. The romanization or latinization of Ukrainian is the representation of the Ukrainian language using Latin letters. However, while they may have accepted the new state of Ukraine, some Lemkos, including many in Poland and Slovakia, consider themselves to be a distinct ethnicity, while some claim to be Ukrainians and still others identify themselves as Rusyns.

History

Lemkos are generally considered to be descendants of Ruthenian settlers who arrived in 14th century or probably earlier to the area traditionally inhabited by Lemkos. The term Ruthenians (Русини Rusyny) is a culturally loaded term and has different meanings according to the context in which it is used

The term "Lemko" is from a pejorative description for any person who excessively uses word LEM. This word, as correctly described in the article, is commonly used in many dialects mainly around eastern Slovakia, Polish and Ukrainian border. Slovakia on its own would have more than 1,000,000 users of local dialects which would commonly use word LEM. Pejorative description in Slovak dialects would be Lemko, in Rusyn dialect it is Lemkiv, in Polish Lemkwich.

After World War I, Lemkos founded two short-lived republics, the Lemko-Rusyn Republic in the west of Galicia, which had a russophile orientation, and the Komancza Republic, with a Ukrainophilic orientation. Lemko-Rusyn Republic or Ruska Narodna Respublika Lemkiv was founded in Florynka on December 5 1918 in the aftermath of World War I, after the dissolution of Russophiles (Ukrainian Pусофіли Rusofily) also referred to in some contexts as Moscophiles, were participants in a cultural and political movement in Western The Komancza Republic was an association of 30 Lemko villages founded in eastern Lemkivshchyna in Komańcza on November 4, 1918

It is estimated that about 130,000-140,000 Lemkos were living in the Polish part of Lemkivshchyna in 1939. Lemkivshchyna sometimes called Lemkovyna Lemkivshchyna or Łemkowszczyzna, is the region traditionally inhabited by the Lemkos ( Lemki) Year 1939 ( MCMXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Mass emigration from this territory to the Western hemisphere began in the late 1800s, diminishing the cultural uniqueness of the Lemko homeland. Additional depopulation of these lands occurred when the Lemkos began to be removed in a forced resettlement, first to the Soviet Union (about 90,000 people) and later to Poland's newly-acquired western lands (about 35,000) in the Operation Wisła campaign of the late 1940s. Population transfer is the movement of a large group of people from one region to another by state policy or international authority most frequently on the basis of ethnicity or religion The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 This article is about the 1947 deportation of Ukrainians by the Polish government The 1940s decade ran from 1940 to 1949 Events and trends The 1940s was a period between the radical 1930s and the conservative 1950s which also leads the period to be This action was a state ordered solution to the struggle waged by the Ukrainian Insurgent Army (UPA) in south-eastern Poland. The People's Republic of Poland or Polish People's Republic ( Polish: Polska Rzeczpospolita Ludowa, PRL Russian The Ukrainian Insurgent Army (Українська Повстанська Армія U krayins’ka P ovstans’ka A rmiya, UPA

While a minority of Lemkos returned (some 5,000 Lemko families returned to their home regions in Poland between 1957-1958[2], officially having been allowed the right to return in 1956), the Lemko population in the Polish part of Lemkivschyna only numbers around 10,000-15,000 today. Year 1957 ( MCMLVII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link displays the 1957 Gregorian calendar) Year 1958 ( MCMLVIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Year 1956 ( MCMLVI) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Some 50,000 Lemkos live in the western and northern parts of Poland, where they were sent to populate former German villages in areas Stalin had ceded to Poland. The German people (Deutsche are an Ethnic group, in the sense of sharing a common German culture, descent and speaking the German language as Joseph Stalin ( ნამდვილი გვარი ჯუღაშვილი|Iosif Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili; March 5 1953 was General Secretary of the Communist Party Among those, 5,863 people identified themselves as Lemko in the 2002 census. See also 2002 (disambiguation Year 2002 ( MMII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. However, some people suspect that 60,000 ethnic Lemkos may reside in Poland today. Within Lemkivshchyna, Lemkos live in the villages of Łosie, Krynica, Nowica, Zdynia, Gładyszów, Hańczowa, Zyndranowa, Uście Gorlickie, Bartne, Binczarowa and Bielanka. Krynica-Zdrój (till 31 December 2001 Krynica) ( Rusyn: Krenycja) is a Town in southern Poland in Beskid Sądecki Nowica may refer to the following villages in Poland Nowica Lower Silesian Voivodeship (south-west Poland Nowica Lesser Poland Voivodeship Binczarowa ( Rusyn: Bolcarjova or Borcalova; Ukrainian Bil'tsareva) is a village in southern Poland. Bielanka may refer to the following places in Poland Bielanka Lower Silesian Voivodeship (south-west Poland Bielanka Gorlice County in Lesser Additional populations can be found in Mokre, Szczawne, Kulaszne, Rzepedź, Turzańsk, Komańcza, Sanok, Nowy Sącz, and Gorlice. Komańcza is a Village in the Sanok County in the Subcarpathian Voivodeship in the Bukowsko Upland mountains located near the towns of Sanok ( Latin: Sanocum, German: Saanig, Yiddish: Sonik, Ukrainian: Сянiк, in full The Royal Nowy Sącz (known also by other names) is a Town in the Lesser Poland Voivodeship in southern Poland. Gorlice (גאָרליץ-Gurlitz is a city in southern Poland with 28707 inhabitants (2004

Religion

The Shelestove St Michael's wooden church (1777) is the classic example of Lemko architecture.
The Shelestove St Michael's wooden church (1777) is the classic example of Lemko architecture.

Christianity in the region is thought to date to the efforts of Saints Cyril and Methodius in the 9th century. Christianity ( Greek Χριστιανισμός from the word Xριστός ( Christ)is a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings A saint (from the Latin sanctus) is a human being to whom has been attributed (and who has generally demonstrated a high level of Holiness and Sanctity Saints Cyril and Methodius (Κύριλλος και Μεθόδιος Old Church Slavonic: Кѷриллъ и Меѳодїи) were two Byzantine Greek brothers born Saints Cyril and Methodius (Κύριλλος και Μεθόδιος Old Church Slavonic: Кѷриллъ и Меѳодїи) were two Byzantine Greek brothers born The religion of many Lemkos is Greek-Catholicism. This article refers to Eastern Churches in full communion with the Holy See In Poland, they belong to the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church, and to the Ruthenian Catholic Church (see also Slovak Greek Catholic Church) in Slovakia. History Before the Union of Brest See also History of Christianity in Ukraine The Ukrainian Catholic church did not exist as such until the The Ruthenian Catholic Church is a Sui iuris (ie self-governing Catholic Church (see Particular Church) which uses the Divine Liturgy of The Slovak Greek Catholic Church, or Slovak Byzantine Catholic Church, is a Byzantine Rite Particular Church of the Catholic Church in Full A substantial number belong to the Eastern Orthodox Church. The Eastern Orthodox Church is the second largest single Christian Communion in the world Through the efforts of the martyred priest Fr. Maxim Sandovich (canonized by the Polish Orthodox Church in the 1990s), in the early 20th century Eastern Orthodoxy was reintroduced to many Lemko areas which had accepted the Union of Brest centuries before. The distinctive wooden architectural style of the Lemko churches is to place the highest cupola of the church building at the entrance to the church, with the roof sloping downward toward the sanctuary. In Architecture, a cupola or lantern is a radially symmetrical ornamental structure (often dome-shaped or quadrilateral located on top of a larger Sanctuary has multiple meanings A sanctuary is the consecrated area of a church or temple around its tabernacle or altar

Language

The Lemko language is considered by Ukrainian scholars to be the most western of Ukrainian dialects. Ukrainian dialects A dialect is a territorial professional or social variant of a standard literary language Because the ethnic territory occupied by the Lemkos was not politically part of Ukraine, the language used by the Lemkos has been influenced greatly by the language spoken by their neighbours. So much so that some consider it a separate entity. [3]

Some scholars state that Lemko is the western-most dialect of the Rusyn language[4]. Rusyn (ry русинськый язык) is an East Slavic language (along with Russian, Belarusian and Ukrainian, with which it shares Lemko speech, however, includes patterns matching those of the surrounding Polish and Slovak languages, leading some to refer to it as a transitional dialect between Polish and Slovak (some even consider the dialect in Eastern Slovakia to be a dialect of the Slovak language). Polish ( język polski, polszczyzna) is the Official language of Poland. The Slovak language ( slovenčina, slovenský jazyk, not to be confused with Slovenščina) sometimes referred to as "Slovakian"

Metodyj Trochanovskij published a Lemko Primer ('Lemkivskj bukvar') and a First Reader ('Persa knyzecka') for use in schools in the Lemko-speaking area of Poland in the 1930's. Metodyj Trochanovskij, Lemko activist was born in Binczarowa, Poland when it was part of the province of Galicia of the Austro-Hungarian Empire on May 5 1885 Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland These were banned by the Polish government in 1938. Important fieldwork on the Lemko dialect was carried out by the Polish linguist Zdzisław Stieber before their dispersal. Zdzisław Stieber, ( June 7, 1903 – October 12, 1980) was a Polish Slavic linguist. In the late 20th century, some Lemkos/Rusyns, mainly emigres from the region of the southern slopes of the Carpathians in modern-day Slovakia, began an effort to codify and standardize a grammar for the Lemko dialect. Grammar is the field of Linguistics that covers the Rules governing the use of any given natural language. This happened on the 27-th Jan. 1995 in Presov, Slovakia. The Lemko/Rusyn language became a language.

Famous Lemkos

See also

Publications

References

  1. ^ "Lemkos" World Academy of Rusyn Culture; on-line source, accessed 18 June 2007.
  2. ^ Lemko Republic of Florynka / Ruska narodna respublika Lemkiv
  3. ^ See uk:Лемківський говір.
  4. ^ The Rusyns - Rusyn
  5. ^ Figures of the culture and sciences of Lemkivshchyna (Science)
  6. ^ Petro Trochanowski
  7. ^ Figures of the culture and sciences of Lemkivshchyna (Art)

External links

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