- "Leyden" redirects here. For other uses, see Leyden (disambiguation).
| Leiden | |||
 |
|||
|
|||
 |
|||
| Coordinates: | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Country | Netherlands | ||
| Province | South Holland | ||
| Government | |||
| - Mayor | Henri Lenferink | ||
| Area (2006) | |||
| - Total | 23. The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands South Holland ( Dutch:) is a province situated on the North Sea in the western part of the Netherlands. Area is a Quantity expressing the two- Dimensional size of a defined part of a Surface, typically a region bounded by a closed Curve. 16 km² (8. Square Kilometre ( US spelling square kilometer) symbol km2, is a decimal multiple of the SI unit of 9 sq mi) | ||
| - Land | 21. The square mile is an imperial and US unit of Area equal the area of a square of one statute mile. 99 km² (8. 5 sq mi) | ||
| - Water | 1. 16 km² (0. 4 sq mi) | ||
| Population (1 January 2007) | |||
| - Total | 117,530 | ||
| - Density | 5,345/km² (13,843. New Year See also New Year The Ancient Romans began their consular year on January 1st since 153 BC Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Population density (in agriculture standing stock and Standing crop) is a measurement of Population per unit area or unit volume 5/sq mi) | ||
| Source: CBS, Statline. Statistics Netherlands, founded in 1899, is a Dutch governmental institution that gathers statistical information about the Netherlands. | |||
| Time zone | CET (UTC+1) | ||
| - Summer (DST) | CEST (UTC+2) | ||
| Post code range | 2300-2334 | ||
| Area code(s) | 071 | ||
| Website: www.leiden.nl | |||
Leiden (in English and archaic Dutch also Leyden) is a city and municipality in the province of South Holland in the Netherlands and has 118,000 inhabitants. Central European Time ( CET) is one of the names of the Time zone that is 1 hour ahead of Coordinated Universal Time. UTC+1 is used in the following locations Central European Time West Africa Time Western European Summer Time Daylight saving time ( DST Central European Summer Time ( CEST) is one of the names of UTC+2 Time zone, 2 hours ahead of Coordinated Universal Time. UTC+2 corresponds to the following Time zones Eastern European Time Egypt Standard Time Central Africa Time Dutch Postal codes are Codes consisting of 4 digits followed by 2 Uppercase letters A telephone numbering plan is a plan for allocating Telephone number ranges to countries regions areas and exchanges and to non-fixed telephone networks English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States In Language, an archaism is the use of a form of speech or writing that is no longer current Dutch ( is a West Germanic language spoken by around 24 million people 22 million of which are from the Netherlands, Belgium and Suriname A municipality is an administrative entity composed of a clearly defined territory and its population and commonly denotes a City, Town, or Village, or A province is a territorial unit almost always an Administrative division. South Holland ( Dutch:) is a province situated on the North Sea in the western part of the Netherlands. The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands It forms a single urban area with Oegstgeest, Leiderdorp, Voorschoten, Valkenburg, Rijnsburg and Katwijk, with 254,000 inhabitants. Oegstgeest (population 21188 in 2004 is a town and municipality in the province of South Holland in the western Netherlands. Leiderdorp (population 26182 in 2004 is a town and municipality in the western Netherlands, in the province of South Holland near the city of Voorschoten (population 22505 in 2004 is a town and municipality in the western Netherlands, in the province of South Holland. Rijnsburg (population 14941 in 2004 is a community in the eastern part of the city Katwijk, in the western Netherlands, in the province of South Katwijk (population 61292 is a coastal municipality and town in the province of South Holland in the western Netherlands. It is located on the Old Rhine, close to the cities of The Hague and Haarlem. For the Oude Rijn branch in Gelderland Province see Oude Rijn (Gelderland. in the past usually Harlem in English is a city in the Netherlands. The recreational area of the Kaag Lakes (Kagerplassen) lies just to the northeast of Leiden. The Kagerplassen (a Dutch term meaning "the Kaag Lakes" is a small lake system in South Holland located to the northeast of Leiden.
Its geographical coordinates are (in decimals: 52. 16N, 4. 49E). RD coordinates (94, 464). The geography of the Netherlands is unusual in that much of its land has been reclaimed from the sea and is below Sea level, protected by dikes.
A university town since 1575, Leiden houses:
- Leiden University;
- Leiden University Medical Centre. Leiden University (Universiteit Leiden located in the city of Leiden, is the oldest University in The Netherlands. The Leiden University Medical Center (Dutch Leids Universitair Medisch Centrum) or LUMC, is the university hospital affiliated with Leiden University,
Leiden is twinned with Oxford, the location of England's oldest university. Oxford is currently bidding for the 2010 Wikimania Conference Oxford () is a city, and the County town of Oxfordshire, England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland The University of Oxford (informally "Oxford University" or simply "Oxford" located in the city of Oxford, Oxfordshire, England is the
Contents |
History
Although it is true that Leiden is an old city, its claimed connection with Roman Lugdunum Batavorum is spurious; Roman Lugdunum is actually the very close-by modern town of Katwijk, whereas the Roman settlement near modern Leiden was called Matilo. Ancient Rome was a Civilization that grew out of a small agricultural community founded on the Italian Peninsula as early as the 10th century BC Katwijk (population 61292 is a coastal municipality and town in the province of South Holland in the western Netherlands.
However, there was a Roman fortress in Leiden in the 4th century.
Leiden formed on an artificial hill at the confluence of the rivers Oude and Nieuwe Rijn (Old and New Rhine). In the oldest reference to this, from circa 860, the settlement was called Leithon. The landlord of Leiden, situated in a stronghold on the hill, was initially subject to the Bishop of Utrecht but around 1100 the burgraves became subject to the county of Holland. A burgrave is a Count of a castle or fortified town The English form is derived through the French from the German Burg Graf This county got its name in 1101 from a domain near the stronghold: Holtland or Holland.
Leiden was sacked in 1047 by Emperor Henry III. Henry III ( 29 October 1017 &ndash 5 October 1056) called the Black or the Pious, was a member of the Salian Dynasty Early 13th century, Ada, Countess of Holland took refuge here when she was fighting in a civil war against her uncle, William I, Count of Holland. Ada (1188 &ndash 1223 was countess of Holland between 1203 and 1207 William I (c 1167 The Hague &ndash 4 February 1222) Count of Holland from 1203 to 1222 He besieged the stronghold and captured Ada.
Leiden received city rights in 1266. City rights are a medieval phenomenon in the history of the Low Countries. In 1389, its population had grown to about 4000 persons.
Siege of 1420
In 1420, during the Hook and Cod wars, Duke John of Bavaria along with his army marched from Gouda in the direction of Leiden in order to conquer the city since Leiden did not pay the new Count of Holland Jacqueline, Countess of Hainaut, his niece and only daughter of Count William VI of Holland. The Hook and Cod wars (Hoekse en Kabeljauwse twisten comprise a series of wars and battles in Holland between 1350 and 1490 Gouda (population 71797 in 2004 is a city and municipality in the western Netherlands, in the province of South Holland. Counts of Holland ruled over the county of Holland in the Low Countries between the 10th and the 16th century Jacqueline of Wittelsbach ( 16 August 1401 &ndash 8 October 1436, Dutch Jacoba van Beieren, French Jacqueline de Bavière Duke William II of Bavaria-Straubing was also count William VI of Holland, count William IV of Hainaut and count William V of The army was well equipped and had some guns. Burgrave Filips of Wassenaar and the other local Hoekse noblemen assumed that the duke would besiege Leiden first and send small units out to conquer the surrounding citadels. But John of Bavaria chose to attack the citadels first. He rolled the cannons with his army but one too heavy went per ship. By firing at the walls and gates with iron balls the citadels fell one by one. Within a week John of Bavaria conquered the castles of Poelgeest, Ter Does, Hoichmade, de Zijl, ter Waerd, Warmond and de Paddenpoel.
On June 24 the army appeared before the walls of Leiden. Events 972 - Battle of Cedynia, the first documented victory of Polish forces takes place On August 17, 1420, after a two-month siege the city surrendered itself to John of Bavaria. Events 986 - A Byzantine army was destroyed in the pass of Trajan's Gate by the Bulgarians under the Comitopuli The citadel earl Filips of Wassenaar was stripped of his offices and rights and lived out his last years in captivity.
16th and 17th centuries
.JPG/300px-Herengracht_(Leiden).JPG)
Leiden flourished in the 16th and 17th century. At the close of the 15th century the weaving establishments (mainly broadcloth) of Leiden were very important, and after the expulsion of the Spaniards Leiden cloth, Leiden baize and Leiden camlet were familiar terms. This article describes textile weaving For other senses of this word see Weaving (disambiguation. A textile is a flexible material comprised of a network of natural or artificial Fibres often referred to as thread or Yarn. Baize is a coarse Woollen (or in cheaper variants Cotton) Cloth, sometimes called " Felt " in American English based on a Camlet, also commonly known as camelot or camblet, is a woven fabric that might have originally been made of camel or Goat 's hair In the same period, Leiden developed an important printing and publishing industry. The influential printer Christoffel Plantijn lived there at one time. One of his pupils was Lodewijk Elzevir (1547–1617), who established the largest bookshop and printing works in Leiden, a business continued by his descendants. Lodewijk Elzevir (c 1540 Leuven — 4 February 1617, Leiden) originally Lodewijk or Louis Elsevier or Elzevier, was a significant
In 1572, the city sided with the Dutch revolt against Spanish rule and played an important role in the Eighty Years' War. Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. The Dutch Revolt, Eighty Years' War or the Revolt of the Netherlands (1568—1648 was the revolt of the Seventeen Provinces in the Low Countries Besieged from May until October 1574 by the Spanish, Leiden was relieved by the cutting of the dikes, thus enabling ships to carry provisions to the inhabitants of the flooded town. The Siege of Leiden occurred during the Eighty Years' War in 1573 and 1574, when the Spanish attempted to capture the rebellious city but ultimately LeveeEmbankmentDitch A dike (or dyke) levee, levée, embankment, floodbank or stopbank is a natural or artificial As a reward for the heroic defence of the previous year, the University of Leiden was founded by William I of Orange in 1575. Leiden University (Universiteit Leiden located in the city of Leiden, is the oldest University in The Netherlands. William I Prince of Orange ( April 24 1533 — July 10 1584) also widely known as William the Silent (Willem de Zwijger or simply Yearly on October 3, the end of the siege is still celebrated in Leiden. Events 42 BC - First Battle of Philippi: Triumvirs Mark Antony and Octavian fight an indecisive battle with Caesar's Tradition tells that the citizens were offered the choice between a university and a certain exemption from taxes.
Leiden is also known as the place where the Pilgrims (as well as some of the first settlers of New Amsterdam) [1] [2] lived for a time in the early 17th century before their departure to Massachusetts and New Amsterdam in the New World [3]. Pilgrims, or Pilgrim Fathers (or Pilgrim Mothers) is a name commonly applied to the early settlers of the Plymouth Colony in present-day Plymouth New Amsterdam (Nieuw Amsterdam was a 17th-century Dutch colonial settlement that later became New York City. The New World is one of the names used for the non-Eurasian/non-African parts of the Earth specifically the Americas and Australia.
In the 17th century, Leiden prospered, in part because of the impetus to the textile industry by refugees from Flanders. Flanders (Vlaanderen Flandre Flandern is a geographical region located in parts of present day Belgium, France, and the Netherlands. While the city had lost about a third of its 15000 citizens during the siege of 1574, it quickly recovered to 45000 inhabitants in 1622, and may have come near to 70000 circa 1670. During the Dutch Golden Era, Leiden was the second largest city of Holland, after Amsterdam.
From the late 17th century onwards Leiden slumped, mainly because of decline of the cloth industries. In the beginning of the 19th century the baize manufacture was altogether given up, although industry remained central to Leiden economy. This decline is painted vividly by the fall in population. The population of Leiden had sunk to 30,000 between 1796 and 1811, and in 1904 was 56,044.
19th and 20th century
On 12 January 1807, a catastrophe struck the city when a boat loaded with 17,400 kg of gunpowder blew up in the middle of Leiden. Events 475 - Basiliscus becomes Byzantine Emperor, with a coronation ceremony in the Hebdomon palace in Constantinople Year 1807 ( MDCCCVII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common 151 persons were killed, over 2000 were injured and some 220 homes were destroyed. King Louis Bonaparte personally visited the city to provide assistance to the victims. Early life Louis was born Luigi Buonaparte in Ajaccio, Corsica.
In 1842, the railroad from Leiden to Haarlem was inaugurated and one year later the railway to Den Haag was completed, resulting in some improvements to the social and economic situation. But the number of citizens was still not much above 50000 in 1900. Not until 1896 did Leiden begin to expand beyond its 17th century moats. After 1920, new industries were established in the city, such as the canning and metal industries. Canning is a method of preserving food in which the food is processed and sealed in an airtight container
During World War II, Leiden was hit hard by Allied bombardments. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including The areas surrounding the railway station and Marewijk were almost completely destroyed.
Leiden today
Today Leiden forms an important part of Dutch history. The end of the Spanish siege in 1574 is celebrated on 3 October by an annual parade, a day off, a fair and eating the traditional food of herring and white bread and hutspot. Hutspot ( is a dish of boiled and mashed potatoes, Carrots and Onions with a long history in traditional Dutch cuisine. However, the most important piece of Dutch history contributed by Leiden was the Constitution of the Netherlands. The Constitution of the Netherlands is the Fundamental law of the European territory of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. Johan Rudolf Thorbecke (1798–1872) wrote the Dutch Constitution in April 1848 in his house at Garenmarkt 9 in Leiden. ( January 14, 1798 – June 4, 1872) was one of the most important Dutch politicians
Leiden has important functions as a shopping and trade center for communities around the city. The University of Leiden is famous for its many developments including the famous Leyden jar, a capacitor made from a glass jar, invented in Leiden by Pieter van Musschenbroek in 1746. The Leyden jar is a simple device that "stores" static electricity in large amounts Pieter (Petrus van Musschenbroek ( 14 March 1692, Leiden - 19 September 1761, Leiden was a Dutch scientist who is credited (It was actually first invented by Ewald Georg von Kleist in Germany the year before, but the name "Leyden jar" stuck. Ewald Georg (or Jürgen von Kleist ( 10 June 1700 &ndash December 11, 1748) was a German Jurist, Lutheran cleric ) Another development was in cryogenics: Heike Kamerlingh Onnes (1913 Nobel prize winner in physics) liquefied helium for the first time (1908) and later managed to reach a temperature of less than one degree above the absolute minimum. Cryogenics is often used incorrectly to refer to Cryonics, cryopreserving humans or animals Heike Kamerlingh Onnes ( September 21, 1853 &ndash February 21, 1926) was a Dutch Physicist. The Nobel Prize in Physics (Nobelpriset i fysik is awarded once a year by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. Helium ( He) is a colorless odorless tasteless non-toxic Inert Monatomic Chemical Absolute zero is the point at which molecules do not move (relative to the rest of the body more than they are required to by a quantum mechanical effect called Zero-point Albert Einstein also spent some time at Leiden University during his early to middle career.
Rivers, canals and parks
The two branches of the Old Rhine, which enter Leiden on the east, unite in the centre of the town. For the Oude Rijn branch in Gelderland Province see Oude Rijn (Gelderland. The town is further intersected by numerous small canals with tree-bordered quays. Canals are artificial channels for water There are two types of canals water conveyance canals which are used for the conveyance and delivery of water and Waterways A quay, pronounced 'key' is a Wharf or bank where Ships and other vessels are loaded On the west side of the town, the Hortus Botanicus and other gardens extend along the old Singel, or outer canal. The Hortus Botanicus of Leiden is the oldest Botanical garden of the Netherlands, and one of the oldest in the world The Van der Werff Park is named after the mayor Pieter Adriaanszoon van der Werff, who defended the town against the Spaniards in 1574. A park is a protected area of Land and Water, usually in its natural or semi-natural (landscaped state and set aside for some purpose often to do with human The town was beleaguered for months and many died from hunger. According to legend van der Werff was accused by a frantic crowd of secretly hiding food reserves. He denied this vehemently and to prove his sincerity offered to cut off his arm to serve as food for those who nearly died from hunger. This made people back off, ashamed of their mistrust. The open space for the park was formed by the accidental explosion of a ship loaded with gunpowder in 1807, which destroyed hundreds of houses, including that of the Elsevier family of printers. An explosion is a sudden increase in Volume and release of Energy in an extreme manner usually with the generation of high Temperatures and the release Gunpowder is a an explosive mixture of Sulfur, Charcoal and Potassium nitrate (also known as saltpetre/saltpeter that burns rapidly producing volumes Elsevier, the world's largest Publisher of Medical and Scientific literature, forms part of the Reed Elsevier group A printer is a company that provides commercial Printing services often also offering Typesetting and Book-binding services
Buildings of interest
Because of the economic decline from the 17th to the early 20th century, much of the 16th and 17th century town centre is still intact.
Fortifications
At the strategically important junction of the two arms of the Old Rhine stands the old castle De Burcht, a circular tower built on an earthen mound. A castle is a defensive structure seen as one of the main symbols of the Middle Ages. The mound probably was a refuge against high water before a small wooden fortress was built on top of it in the 11th century. The citadel is a so-called motte-and-bailey castle. nA motte-and-bailey is a form of Castle. Many were built in Britain, Ireland and France in the 11th and 12th centuries favored as a relatively Of Leiden's old city gates only two are left, the Zijlpoort and the Morspoort, both dating from the end of the 17th century. A city gate is a Gate which is or was set within a City wall. Apart from one small watch tower on the Singel nothing is left of the town's city walls. See also List of cities with defensive walls A defensive wall is a Fortification used to defend a city or settlement from potential aggressors Another former fortification is the Gravensteen. Fortifications are Military Constructions and Buildings designed for defense in Warfare Humans have constructed defensive works for Built as a fortress in the 13th century it has since served as house, library and prison. Fortifications are Military Constructions and Buildings designed for defense in Warfare Humans have constructed defensive works for Presently it is one of the University's buildings.
Churches
The chief of Leiden's numerous churches are the Hooglandsche Kerk (or the church of St Pancras, built in the 15th century and containing a monument to Pieter Adriaanszoon van der Werff) and the Pieterskerk (church of St Peter (1315) with monuments to Scaliger, Boerhaave and other famous scholars. For things named after Saint Pancras see the disambiguation page St Pancras. Joseph Justus Scaliger ( August 5 1540 &ndash January 21 1609) was a French religious leader and scholar known for expanding the Herman Boerhaave ( Voorhout, December 31, 1668 - Leiden, September 23, 1738) was a Dutch botanist humanist From a historical perspective the Marekerk is interesting too. Arent van 's Gravesande designed the church in 1639. Other fine examples of his work in Leiden are De Lakenhal, in which the municipal museum is located, and the Bibliotheca Thysiana. Leiden University Library ( Leiden, The Netherlands) is a library founded in 1575 in Leiden, the Netherlands. The growing town needed another church and the Marekerk was the first church to be built in Leiden (and in Holland) after the Reformation. The Protestant Reformation was a reform movement in Europe that began in 1517 though its roots lie further back in time It is an example of Dutch Classicism. For the works or study of works from classical antiquity see Classics Classicism, in the arts, refers generally to In the drawings by Van 's Gravesande the pulpit is the centrepiece of the church. A pulpit (from Latin pulpitum "scaffold" "platform" "stage" is a small elevated platform where a member of the clergy stands The pulpit is modelled after the one in the Nieuwe Kerk at Haarlem (designed by Jacob van Campen). in the past usually Harlem in English is a city in the Netherlands. Jacob van Campen ( February 2 1596, Haarlem - September 13 1657, Amersfoort) was a Dutch artist and architect The building was first used in 1650, and is still in use. Marekerk
University buildings
The town centre contains many buildings that are in use by the University of Leiden. Leiden Observatory ( Sterrewacht Leiden in Dutch is an astronomical Observatory in the city of Leiden in The Netherlands. Leiden University (Universiteit Leiden located in the city of Leiden, is the oldest University in The Netherlands. The Academy Building is housed in a former 16th century convent. A convent is a community of Priests religious brothers religious sisters or Nuns or the building used by the community particularly in the Roman Catholic Church Among the institutions connected with the university are the national institution for East Indian languages, ethnology and geography; the botanical gardens, founded in 1587; the observatory (1860); the museum of antiquities (Rijksmuseum van Oudheden); and the ethnographical museum, of which P. F. von Siebold's Japanese collections was the nucleus (Rijksmuseum voor Volkenkunde). Ethnology (from the Greek ἔθνος, ethnos meaning "habit custom convention" is the branch of Anthropology that compares and Geography (from Greek γεωγραφία - geografia) is the study of the Earth and its lands features inhabitants and phenomena The Hortus Botanicus of Leiden is the oldest Botanical garden of the Netherlands, and one of the oldest in the world Leiden Observatory ( Sterrewacht Leiden in Dutch is an astronomical Observatory in the city of Leiden in The Netherlands. The Rijksmuseum van Oudheden is the Dutch National Museum of Antiquities located in Leiden, The Netherlands. Ethnography ( Greek ethnos = people and graphein = writing is a genre of writing that uses Fieldwork to provide a descriptive Philipp Franz Balthasar von Siebold ( February 17, 1796 in Würzburg - October 18, 1866 in Munich) was a German physician For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. The National Museum of Ethnology, also known as the Rijksmuseum voor Volkenkunde ( RMV) in the Netherlands is located in the university city of Leiden The Bibliotheca Thysiana occupies an old Renaissance building of the year 1655. Leiden University Library ( Leiden, The Netherlands) is a library founded in 1575 in Leiden, the Netherlands. The Renaissance (from French Renaissance, meaning "rebirth" Italian: Rinascimento, from re- "again" and nascere It is especially rich in legal works and vernacular chronicles. Vernacular refers to the Native language of a country or a locality Noteworthy are also the many special collections at Leiden University Library among which those of the Society of Dutch Literature (1766) and the collection of casts and engravings. Leiden University Library ( Leiden, The Netherlands) is a library founded in 1575 in Leiden, the Netherlands. In recent years the university has built the Bio Science Park at the city's outskirts to accommodate the Science departments.
Other buildings
Some other interesting buildings are the town hall (Stadhuis), a 16th century building that was badly damaged by a fire in 1929); the Gemeenslandshuis van Rynland (1596, restored in 1878); the weigh house (Waag), built by Pieter Post; the former court-house (Gerecht); a corn-grinding windmill, now home to a museum (Molen de Valk) (1743); the old gymnasium (Latijnse School) (1599) and the city carpenter's yard and wharf (Stadstimmerwerf) (1612), both built by Lieven de Key (c. A weigh house or weighing house is a building at or within which goods and the like are weighed Pieter Jansz Post (baptised May 1 1608, Haarlem &ndash buried May 8 1669, The Hague) was a Dutch A gymnasium (pronounced with ɡ- in several languages is a type of school providing Secondary education in some parts of Europe, comparable to English grammar A wharf is a landing place or Pier where ships may tie up and load or unload Lieven de Key (1560 Ghent &mdash July 17, 1627, Haarlem) was a famous architect in The Netherlands. 1560–1627). Another building of interest is the "pesthuis", which was built at that time just outside the city for curing patients suffering the bubonic plague. Bubonic plague is the best-known manifestation of the bacterial disease plague, caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis (formerly known as However, after it was built the feared disease did not occur in the Netherlands anymore so it was never used for its original purpose, it now serves as the entrance of Naturalis, one of the largest natural history museums in the world. The National Natural History Museum, or Naturalis, is the national Natural history museum for the Netherlands, based in Leiden. Natural history is the Scientific research of Plants or Animals leaning more towards the Observational than Experimental methods Oudt Leyden, the so called oldest pancake house (pannekoekenhuis in Dutch) in Europe is home to its famous large pancakes and Delft crockery, it's also known for serving the likes of Winston Churchill and the Dalai Lama. Dutch ( is a West Germanic language spoken by around 24 million people 22 million of which are from the Netherlands, Belgium and Suriname Delft is a city and Municipality in the province of South Holland (Zuid-Holland the Netherlands. Sir Winston Leonard Spencer-Churchill, KG, OM, CH, TD, FRS, PC, PC (Can ( 30 November 1874 The Dalai Lama is the spiritual and political leader of the Tibetan people according to Tibetan Buddhism.
Public transport
Bus lines
- Connexxion Region West: [4]
Railway
- Rail transport departure schedules (see also http://www.ns.nl ):
- Tracks on Train station Leiden Centraal
- RijnGouweLijn Light rail project (planned to be realised in 2010)
Railway Den Haag (The Hague) to Leiden (part of line 10), with stations (with municipalities bolded), and official station abbreviations:
|
Railway Leiden Centraal to Schiphol (part of line 10), with stations (municipalities in bold) and official station abbreviations:
|
Railway Leiden Centraal to Haarlem (part of line 10), with stations (municipalities in bold) and official station abbreviations:
|
Railway Leiden Centraal to Utrecht (line 14), with stations (with municipalities bolded), and official station abbreviations:
edit |
Leiden is on the planned route of the RijnGouweLijn, the Netherland's first Light rail project. Alphen aan den Rijn (population 70927 in 2006 is a town and municipality in the western Netherlands, in the province of South Holland, between Bodegraven (population 19478 in 2004 is a town and municipality in the western Netherlands, in the province of South Holland. The RijnGouweLijn (The Rhine - Gouwe Line or RGL is a Light rail project in South Holland, Netherlands. For specific light rail systems many of which use the words "light rail" as part of their name see List of light-rail transit systems. Within Leiden its route would have been: Leiden Lammenschans - Korevaarstraat - Breestraat - stop Haarlemmerstraat - Stationsplein - Joop Walenkamptunnel - Albinusdreef (LUMC) - Sandfortdreef - Zernikedreef (Hogeschool) - (Einsteinweg) - Ehrenfestweg - (Plesmanlaan) - Transferium A44. The Leiden University Medical Center (Dutch Leids Universitair Medisch Centrum) or LUMC, is the university hospital affiliated with Leiden University, This route, however, has been rejected by Leiden citizens in a referendum. A referendum (plural referendums or referenda) ballot question, or plebiscite (from Latin plebiscita
Famous inhabitants
- See also People from Leiden
The following is a selection of important Leidenaren throughout history:
- Armin van Buuren, 1976- , World's number one DJ (trance) in 2007 by the DJMag
- Johann Bachstrom, 1688–1742, writer, scientist and Lutherian theologian. Armin van Buuren (born December 25, 1976) is a Trance music producer and DJ Jan Fryderyk or Johann Friedrich Bachstrom, ( 24 December, 1688, near Rawicz - June 1742 Niesviez) was a Silesian born writer
- Herman Boerhaave, 1668–1738, humanist and physician. Herman Boerhaave ( Voorhout, December 31, 1668 - Leiden, September 23, 1738) was a Dutch botanist humanist
- Bernhard Siegfried Albinus, 1697–1770, anatomist. Bernhard Siegfried Albinus (originally Weiss ( February 24, 1697 – September 9, 1770) was a German Anatomist.
- William Brewster, 1567–1644, pilgrim. William Brewster may refer to William Brewster (Pilgrim (1567-1644 Pilgrim and Mayflower passenger William Brewster (ornithologist
- Gerard Dou, 1613–1675, painter. Gerard Dou, also known as Gerrit and Douw or Dow ( April 7, 1613 &ndash February 9, 1675) was a Dutch Golden
- Cornelius Engelbrechtszoon, 1468–1533, painter. Cornelis Engelbrechtsen (ca 1468 Leiden - 1533 Leiden was a Dutch painter
- Jan van Goyen, 1596–1656, painter. Jan Josephszoon van Goyen ( January 13, 1596, Leiden - April 27, 1656, The Hague) was a Dutch landscape painter
- John of Leiden, 1509?–1536, leader of the Anabaptist Münster Rebellion. John of Leiden ( Dutch: Jan van Leiden, Jan Beukelsz or Jan Beukelszoon; aka John Bockold or John Bockelson Anabaptists ( Greek ανα (again twice + βαπτιζω (baptize thus "re-baptizers" are Christians of the Radical Reformation The Münster Rebellion was an attempt by radical Anabaptists to establish a Theocracy in the German city of Münster.
- Lucas van Leyden, 1494–1533, engraver and painter. Lucas van Leyden ( Leiden, 1494 &ndash August 8 1533 in Leiden also named either Lucas Hugensz or Lucas Jacobsz, was a
- Marinus van der Lubbe, 1909–1934, accused of setting fire to the Reichstag in Berlin. Marinus (Rinus van der Lubbe ( 13 January, 1909 – 10 January, 1934) was a Dutch council communist accused of and eventually On 27 February 1933, the Reichstag building was subject to an arson attack and as a result seen as the pivotal event in the establishment of Nazi Germany Berlin is the capital city and one of sixteen states of Germany.
- Gabriel Metsu, 1629–1667, painter. Gabriel Metsu (January 1629 Leiden - buried Oct 24 1667, Amsterdam) Dutch painter, was the son of the Flemish painter
- Frans Post, 1612–1680, painter. Frans Janszoon Post ( Leiden, 1612 &mdash Haarlem, 1680 was a Dutch painter
- Rembrandt van Rijn, 1606–1669, painter. Rembrandt Harmenszoon van Rijn (July 15 1606 &ndash October 4 1669 was a Dutch painter and etcher.
- Pieter de Ring, ca 1615-1660, painter
- Jan Steen, 1626–1679, painter. Pieter de Ring (1615 – Leiden, 22 September 1660 was probably born in Ypres in Flanders, but the Ypres Archives were destroyed Jan Havickszoon Steen (c 1626 – buried February 3 1679) was a Dutch genre painter of the 17th century (also known as the Dutch
- Theo van Doesburg, 1883–1931, painter, architect, writer. Theo van Doesburg ( Utrecht, August 30, 1883 &ndash Davos, March 7, 1931) was a Dutch artist practicing in
- Willebrord Snell, 1580–1626, astronomer and mathematician. “Snellius” redirects here For the lunar crater named Snellius see Snellius (crater.
- Johannes Diderik van der Waals, 1837–1923, physicist. Johannes Diderik van der Waals ( November 23, 1837 &ndash March 8, 1923) was a Dutch Scientist and Thermodynamicist
- Hendrik Lorentz, 1853–1928, physicist. Hendrik Antoon Lorentz ( July 18, 1853 &ndash February 4, 1928) was a Dutch Physicist who shared the 1902 Nobel
- Heike Kamerlingh Onnes, 1853–1926, physicist. Heike Kamerlingh Onnes ( September 21, 1853 &ndash February 21, 1926) was a Dutch Physicist.
- Pieter Zeeman, 1865–1943, physicist. Pieter Zeeman ( Zonnemaire, May 25, 1865 &ndash Amsterdam, October 9, 1943) (ˈzeːmɑn was a Dutch
- Willem de Sitter, 1872–1934, mathematician, physicist, astronomer. Willem de Sitter ( May 6 1872 &ndash November 20 1934) was a Dutch mathematician physicist and astronomer
- Paul Ehrenfest, 1880–1933, physicist. Paul Ehrenfest ( January 18, 1880 – September 25, 1933) was an Austrian Physicist and Mathematician, who
- Hendrik Casimir, 1909–2000, physicist. Hendrik Brugt Gerhard Casimir ( July 15, 1909 in 's-Gravenhage, Netherlands &ndash May 4, 2000 in Heeze
- Jan Hendrik Oort, 1900–1992, astronomer. Jan Hendrik Oort ( April 28, 1900 &ndash November 5, 1992) was a Dutch Astronomer.
- Willem Einthoven, 1860–1927, physician, physiologist. Willem Einthoven ( Semarang, May 21, 1860 &ndash Leiden, September 29, 1927) was a Dutch doctor and physiologist
- Pieter Adriaanszoon van der Werff, 1529–1604, mayor of Leiden.
- William II, 1228–1256, count of Holland, later also king of Germany. William II of Holland, (February 1228 - 28 January 1256) was a Count of Holland and Zeeland (1235-1256
- Gottfried van Swieten, diplomat, friendship and collaboration with several great composers. Baron Gottfried van Swieten ( Leiden, October 29, 1733 - Vienna, March 29, 1803) was a diplomat librarian and government
Town twinning
Leiden's twin towns are:
Buffalo City, South Africa
Juigalpa, Nicaragua
Krefeld, Germany
Oxford, England (United Kingdom)
Toruń, Poland
Miscellaneous
- The coat of arms of Leiden is two red keys, crossed in an X-shape on a white background. For the Buffalo City in Wisconsin see Buffalo City Wisconsin. The Republic of South Africa (also known by other official names) is a country located at the southern tip of the continent of Africa Juigalpa is the capital city of the Chontales Department of Nicaragua. Nicaragua (ˌnɪkəˈrɑgwə officially the Republic of Nicaragua () is a representative democratic republic and the largest nation in Central America History The origins of the town were in Roman times when the legions founded the military camp of Gelduba (today the borough of Gellep Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Oxford is currently bidding for the 2010 Wikimania Conference Oxford () is a city, and the County town of Oxfordshire, England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located Toruń Lublin Voivodeship Toruń (Thorn Torń Thorunium see also other names) is a city in northern Poland, on the Vistula River with population Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland These keys are those to the gates of heaven held by St. Peter, for whom a large church in the city center is named.
- For a time Leiden held the title "The Coldest Place on Earth": in a laboratory, because of the developments in cryogenics that have happened there. Cryogenics is often used incorrectly to refer to Cryonics, cryopreserving humans or animals Heike Kamerlingh Onnes (1913 Nobel prize winner in physics) liquefied helium for the first time (1908), and later managed to reach a temperature of less than one degree above Absolute zero. Heike Kamerlingh Onnes ( September 21, 1853 &ndash February 21, 1926) was a Dutch Physicist. Helium ( He) is a colorless odorless tasteless non-toxic Inert Monatomic Chemical Absolute zero is the point at which molecules do not move (relative to the rest of the body more than they are required to by a quantum mechanical effect called Zero-point
- The following places and things are named after this city:
- Leyden, New York, USA
- Leyden, Massachusetts, USA
- Leyden High School District 212 in Franklin Park, Illinois, USA. Leyden is a Town in Lewis County, New York, United States. The population was 1792 at the 2000 census Leyden is a town in Franklin County, Massachusetts, United States. The Leyden High School District 212, named after Leiden, operates two High schools (9-12 in Cook County Illinois, USA. Franklin Park is a village in Cook County, Illinois, United States.
- Leiden scale, for measuring extreme low temperatures. The Leiden scale was used to calibrate low-temperature indirect measurements in the early twentieth century by providing conventional values (in Kelvins then termed "degrees
- Factor V Leiden is named after the city of Leiden where it was discovered in 1994. Factor V Leiden (sometimes Factor VLeiden) is the name given to a variant of human Factor V that causes a hypercoagulability disorder
- The Leyden jar, a capacitor made from a glass jar, was invented here by Pieter van Musschenbroek in 1746. The Leyden jar is a simple device that "stores" static electricity in large amounts A capacitor is a passive electrical component that can store Energy in the Electric field between a pair of conductors Pieter (Petrus van Musschenbroek ( 14 March 1692, Leiden - 19 September 1761, Leiden was a Dutch scientist who is credited It was actually first invented by Ewald Georg von Kleist the year before, but the name "Leyden jar" stuck. Ewald Georg (or Jürgen von Kleist ( 10 June 1700 &ndash December 11, 1748) was a German Jurist, Lutheran cleric
See also
External links
- Official site
- City Of Leiden
- 360 degree panoramas of Leiden
- Municipality guide (in Dutch)
- Map showing the neighborhoods and the grouping into quarters (districts) and the town parts Noord, Midden, West and Zuid (pdf) (note that one quarter is partly in one town part, partly in another one)
- Statistics in Dutch (pdf) - with (towards the end) a map showing the neighborhoods and (a few pages further) the population figures etc. Wireless Leiden is a Wireless community network in Leiden, Netherlands. as well as the grouping into quarters
- leiden.boogolinks.nl
- City plan
- Leiden.NU: Cultural site + Agenda
- Pictures of Leiden
- Tall buildings in Leiden
- Leiden CityPoem and about the Leiden City Wall Poem project
- Matilo
- Entries for Leiden in Gazetteers: Alexandria Digital Library Getty Thesaurus Global Gazetteer Tageo World Gazetteer
Museums and libraries
- Stedelijk Museum de Lakenhal Municipal Museum
- Rijksmuseum van Oudheden National Museum of Antiquities
- Naturalis National Museum of Natural History
- Rijksmuseum Volkenkunde National Museum of Ethnology
- Museum Boerhaave National Museum of the History of Science and Medicine
- Molen de Valk (site in Dutch) Museum Windmill
- Hortus Botanicus Hortus Botanicus Leiden
- Leiden American Pilgrim Museum museum dedicated to the Pilgrim Fathers
- Penningkabinet National Museum of Coins and Medals
- Universiteitsbibliotheek Leiden Leiden University Library
- Siebold House
Region
Adjacent municipalities
Clockwise:
Archaeology, archeology, or archæology (from Greek grc ἀρχαιολογία archaiologia – grc ἀρχαῖος archaīos Ethnology (from the Greek ἔθνος, ethnos meaning "habit custom convention" is the branch of Anthropology that compares and Science (from the Latin scientia, meaning " Knowledge " or "knowing" is the effort to discover, and increase human understanding Medicine is the art and science of healing It encompasses a range of Health care practices evolved to maintain and restore Human Health by the A windmill is a machine that is powered by the energy of the wind The Hortus Botanicus of Leiden is the oldest Botanical garden of the Netherlands, and one of the oldest in the world Pilgrims, or Pilgrim Fathers (or Pilgrim Mothers) is a name commonly applied to the early settlers of the Plymouth Colony in present-day Plymouth main - title Coin keywords numismatics coin review A medal is usually a Coin -like sculpted object of metal or other material that has been engraved with an Insignia, Portrait or other artistic rendering Leiden University Library ( Leiden, The Netherlands) is a library founded in 1575 in Leiden, the Netherlands. Oegstgeest (population 21188 in 2004 is a town and municipality in the province of South Holland in the western Netherlands. Teylingen is a municipality in the province of South Holland, the Netherlands Leiderdorp (population 26182 in 2004 is a town and municipality in the western Netherlands, in the province of South Holland near the city of Zoeterwoude ( is a municipality in the western Netherlands, in the province of South Holland. Leidschendam-Voorburg (population 73832 in 2004 is a municipality in the western Netherlands, in the province of South Holland. Voorschoten (population 22505 in 2004 is a town and municipality in the western Netherlands, in the province of South Holland. Note parts of this article have been translated from the Dutchversion of this page Katwijk (population 61292 is a coastal municipality and town in the province of South Holland in the western Netherlands.
Dapyx Software network: MP3 Explorer | Ebook Manager | Zenithic