Part of the series on Libertarianism

Schools of thought Agorism Anarcho-capitalism Autarchism Christian libertarianism Geolibertarianism Green libertarianism Individualist anarchism Left-libertarianism Libertarian socialism Libertarian feminism Free-market anarchism Market socialism Minarchism Mutualism Neolibertarianism Paleolibertarianism Progressive libertarianism Propertarianism Right-libertarianism Rights libertarianism Voluntaryism Origins Objectivism Austrian School Chicago School Classical liberalism Individualist anarchism Ideas Civil liberties Counter-economics Decriminalization Economic freedom Free markets Free trade Free will Freedom of contract Homestead principle Humanism Individualism Laissez-faire Liberty Natural rights Night watchman state Non-aggression Non-interventionism Private property Self-government Self-ownership Subjectivism Tax resistance Topics History Movement Controversies within libertarianism Parties Theories of law Views of rights Criticism of libertarianism Related Civil libertarianism Constitutionalism Libertarian Democrat Libertarian Republican Libertarian transhumanism Philosophy Portal Politics Portal  v • d • e

Left-libertarianism or left-wing libertarianism is a term in that has been adopted by several different movements and theorists. Libertarianism is a term used by a broad spectrum of political philosophies which prioritize individual Liberty and seek to minimize or even abolish the Agorism is an anarchist Political philosophy founded by Samuel Edward Konkin III that holds the ultimate goal as bringing about a society in which Anarcho-capitalism (also known as Free-market anarchism) is an individualist anarchist Political philosophy that advocates the elimination Autarchism (from Greek, "belief in self rule" is a Political philosophy that upholds the principle of Individual liberty, rejects compulsory Christian libertarianism should not be confused with Libertarian Christianity. Geolibertarianism is a Political movement that strives to reconcile Libertarianism and Georgism (or geoism) Green libertarianism is a Political philosophy that has developed in the United States. Individualist anarchism refers to any of several traditions that hold that "individual conscience and the pursuit of self-interest should not be constrained by any collective Libertarian socialism is a group of political philosophies that aim to create a society without political economic or social hierarchies – a society in which all violent Individualist feminism (sometimes also grouped with libertarian feminism or ifeminism) is a term for feminist ideas which seek to celebrate Free-market anarchism (sometimes called market anarchism) refers to an Individualist anarchist Philosophy that harmonizes the abolition of the state with Market socialism is a term used to denote two different Economic system (s based in Socialism which operate according to Market principles In Civics, minarchism, sometimes called minimal Statism, small government, or limited-government Libertarianism Mutualism, is an Anarchist school of thought, can be traced to the writings of Pierre-Joseph Proudhon that envisioned a society where each person might possess a Neolibertarianism is a political philosophy combining elements of Libertarian and Neoconservative thought that embraces Incrementalism domestically Paleolibertarianism is a school of thought within American Libertarianism founded by Lew Rockwell and Murray Rothbard, and closely associated Right-libertarianism or right libertarianism is a phrase used to either describe non- Collectivist forms of Libertarianism or a variety of different libertarian Voluntaryism is a Philosophy that opposes anything that it sees as unjustifiably invasive and Coercive. Objectivism is a Philosophy developed by Ayn Rand in the 20th century that encompasses positions on Metaphysics, Epistemology, The Austrian School, also known as the “ Vienna School ” or the “ Psychological School ” is a heterodox school of economics that advocates Classical liberalism (also known as traditional liberalism, Laissez-faire liberalism, Market liberalism or in much of the world Individualist anarchism refers to any of several traditions that hold that "individual conscience and the pursuit of self-interest should not be constrained by any collective thumb| |Broken Liberty Istanbul Archaeology Museum Civil liberties are freedoms that protect the Individual from the Government. Counter-economics is a term originally coined by Samuel Edward Konkin III, a radical Libertarian activist and theorist who defined it as " the study and/or Decriminalization is the reduction or abolition of criminal penalties in relation to certain acts but regulated permits or fines might still apply (for contrast Economic freedom is freedom to produce trade and consume any goods and services acquired without the use of force fraud or theft A free market is a Market in which property rights are voluntarily exchanged at a price arranged completely by the mutual consent of sellers and buyers Free trade is a system in which the trade of goods and services between or within countries flows unhindered by government-imposed restrictions The question of free will Freedom of contract or contractualism is the idea that individuals should be free to bargain among themselves the terms of their own contracts without government interference The homestead principle (or original appropriation) is part of libertarian and anarcho-capitalist Ethics. Humanism is a broad category of ethical philosophies that affirm the dignity and worth of all people based on the ability to determine right and wrong by appealing to universal Methodological individualism is a philosophical method aimed at explaining and understanding broad society-wide developments as the aggregation of decisions by individuals Laissez-faire ( pronunciation: French,; English,) is a French phrase literally meaning Let do (“allow to do” Liberty, the freedom to act or believe without being stopped by unnecessary force A night watchman state, or a minimal state, is a Form of government in Political philosophy where the government's responsibilities are so minimal they The non-aggression principle (also called the non-aggression axiom, anticoercion principle, or zero aggression principle) is a Deontological Nonintervention or non-interventionism is a foreign policy which holds that political rulers should avoid alliances with other nations and avoid all wars not related to direct Property is any physical or virtual entity that is owned by an individual Self-governance is an abstract concept that refers to several scales of Organization. Self-ownership (or sovereignty of the individual, individual sovereignty or individual autonomy) is the moral or natural right (aka Freedom of a person The subjective theory of value (or theory of subjective value) is an economic theory of value that holds that "to possess value an object must be both useful A tax resister resists or refuses payment of a Tax because of opposition to the institution collecting the tax or to some of that institution’s policies The libertarian movement consists of the various individuals and institutions who expound or promote the ideas and causes of Libertarianism. Libertarianism is a Political philosophy that emphasises the Liberty of the individual and seeks to minimize or even abolish the State. Many countries and subnational political entities have libertarian political parties. Libertarian theories of law build upon classical liberal and individualist anarchist doctrines Adherents of different ideologies have criticized Libertarianism for various reasons Civil libertarianism is a strain of political thought that supports Civil liberties, or who emphasizes the supremacy of Individual rights and Personal freedoms For the revolt in Brazil, see Constitutionalist Revolution. The term Constitutionalism is a word with a variety of meanings A libertarian Democrat is a person who subscribes to libertarian philosophy while typically voting for and being involved with the United States Democratic Party. A libertarian Republican (LR is a person who subscribes to libertarian philosophy while typically voting for and being involved with the United States Republican Party Libertarian transhumanism is a Political philosophy synthesizing Libertarianism and Transhumanism.

Left-libertarianism is usually regarded as doctrine that has a strong commitment to personal liberty and has an egalitarian view concerning natural resources, believing that it is illegitimate for anyone to claim private ownership of resources to the detriment of others. Egalitarianism (derived from the French word égal, meaning equal) is a political doctrine that holds that all people should be treated as equals and have Natural resources are naturally occurring substances that are considered valuable in their relatively unmodified ( natural) form Property is any physical or virtual entity that is owned by an individual ^[1][2] Left libertarians include anarcho-communists^[3] such as Kropotkin and anarcho-Collectivists such as Bakunin. Collectivist anarchism (also known as anarcho-collectivism) is an umbrella term embracing two Anarchist schools of thought the first school is Socialist Mikhail Alexandrovich Bakunin ( - July 1 1876) was a well-known Russian Revolutionary and theorist of Collectivist anarchism. ^[4] Forms of left libertarianism are defended by contemporary theorists such as Peter Vallentyne, Hillel Steiner, and Michael Otsuka. Michael Otsuka (b September 15 1964 in Palo Alto California) is Professor of Philosophy at University College London. ^[5] Most left-libertarians support some form of income redistribution on the grounds of a claim by each individual to be entitled to an equal share of natural resources. ^[6] Noam Chomsky refers to himself as a left libertarian. Avram Noam Chomsky (noʊm ˈtʃɑmski born December 7 1928 is an American linguist, Philosopher, cognitive scientist, Political ^[7] The term is sometimes used synonymously with libertarian socialism. Libertarian socialism is a group of political philosophies that aim to create a society without political economic or social hierarchies – a society in which all violent ^[8]

A different definition of "left-libertarianism" is used - one originally popularized by some prominent members of the US libertarian movement, including Samuel Edward Konkin III^[9] and Roderick T. Long. Libertarianism is a term used by a broad spectrum of political philosophies which prioritize individual Liberty and seek to minimize or even abolish the Samuel Edward Konkin III (aka SEK3) ( July 8, 1947 - February 23, 2004) was the author of The New Libertarian Manifesto ^[10] Classically, "left" was used to denote opposition to the Ancien Régime. Ancien Régime ( pronounced: /ɑ̃sjɛ̃ ʁeʒim/ refers primarily to the aristocratic social and political system established in In the revolutionary French assemblies, some free-marketers such as Frederic Bastiat sat on the Left. Claude Frédéric Bastiat ( June 30, 1801 December 24, 1850) was a French classical liberal theorist political economist According to Konkin, it was Murray Rothbard's idea to call his and Konkin's radical free-market libertarianism "Left," in order to appeal to the New Left and solidify an alliance with them and because they wanted to distinguish themselves as being interested in building counter-economic enterprises. Murray Newton Rothbard (March 2 1926 – January 7 1995 was an American economist of the Austrian School who helped define modern Libertarianism The New Left were the Left-wing movements in different countries in the 1960s and 1970s that unlike the earlier leftist focus on union activism instead adopted a Counter-economics is a term originally coined by Samuel Edward Konkin III, a radical Libertarian activist and theorist who defined it as " the study and/or In this view that considers radical libertarians Left, libertarians based in minarchism, gradualism, conservatism, and reformism are considered to be on the "Right^[11] This labeling of market anarchism being left-wing libertarianism is not accepted by scholars, such as David DeLeon, who regard anarchism that stresses "the individualism of the unregulated marketplace" to be right-wing libertarianism. In Civics, minarchism, sometimes called minimal Statism, small government, or limited-government Libertarianism Gradualism is the belief that changes occur or ought to occur slowly in the form of gradual steps (see also Incrementalism) Politics and society In Politics Conservatism is a term used to describe political philosophies that favour Tradition, where tradition refers to various religious cultural or nationally defined Socialist Reformism is the belief that gradual democratic changes in a Society can ultimately change a society's fundamental economic relations and political structures ^[12]

In analytic philosophy

Political theorist Philippe Van Parijs has contributed to the academic literature on left-libertarianism

Left-libertarianism combines the libertarian premise that each person possesses a natural right of self-ownership with the egalitarian premise that natural resources should be shared equally. This is a list of political philosophers, including some who may be better known for their work in other areas of philosophy Philippe Van Parijs ( Brussels, 23 May, 1951) is a Belgian philosopher and political economist mainly known as a proponent and main defender In Discourse and Logic, a premise is a claim that is a reason (or element of a set of reasons for or objection against some other claim Self-ownership (or sovereignty of the individual, individual sovereignty or individual autonomy) is the moral or natural right (aka Freedom of a person Egalitarianism (derived from the French word égal, meaning equal) is a political doctrine that holds that all people should be treated as equals and have Left-libertarianism holds that unappropriated natural resources are either unowned or owned in common, believing that private appropriation is only legitimate if everyone can appropriate an equal amount, or if private appropriation is taxed to compensate those who are excluded from natural resources. This contrasts with right libertarians who argue for a right to appropriate unequal parts of the external world, such as land. ^[13]

A number of Anglo-American political philosophers argue for the validity and necessity of some social welfare programs within the context of libertarian self-ownership theory. Analytic philosophy (sometimes analytical philosophy) is a generic term for a style of Philosophy that came to dominate English-speaking countries in the 20th century "Social welfare" redirects here For other uses see Welfare A social welfare provision refers to any program which seeks to provide Peter Vallentyne and Hillel Steiner edited a primer, The Origins of Left-Libertarianism: An Anthology of Historical Writings. This text places Hugo Grotius, Thomas Jefferson, Thomas Spence, Thomas Paine, John Stuart Mill, Herbert Spencer and Henry George in the left libertarian tradition. Hugo Grotius or Huig de Groot, or Hugo de Groot; ( Delft, 10 April 1583 Rostock, 28 August 1645 Thomas Jefferson (April 13 1743 – July 4 1826 was the third President of the United States (1801–1809 the principal author of the Declaration of Independence Thomas Spence ( June 21, 1750 &ndash September 8, 1814) was a Radical democrat and advocate of the common ownership of land Thomas Paine (January 29 1737 &ndash June 8 1809 was an English Pamphleteer, Revolutionary, radical, Inventor, and Intellectual John Stuart Mill (20 May 1806 &ndash 8 May 1873 British Philosopher, political economist, civil servant and Member of Parliament, was an influential Herbert Spencer ( April 27, 1820 – December 8, 1903) was an English Philosopher; prominent classical liberal Henry George ( September 2, 1839 &ndash October 29, 1897) was an American Political economist and the most influential proponent of ^[14] Steiner himself wrote An Essay on Rights, a pioneering look at rights and justice from a left-libertarian perspective.

Philippe Van Parijs has written extensively on what he calls "real libertarianism", an approach very similar to Steiner and Otsuka's, and usually subsumed under the rubric of left-libertarianism. Philippe Van Parijs ( Brussels, 23 May, 1951) is a Belgian philosopher and political economist mainly known as a proponent and main defender More recently, Michael Otsuka published Libertarianism Without Inequality, where he argues for incorporating egalitarian ideas into libertarian rights schemes. Michael Otsuka (b September 15 1964 in Palo Alto California) is Professor of Philosophy at University College London.

Though not left-libertarians themselves, G. A. Cohen, John Roemer, and Jon Elster have also written extensively about the notions of self-ownership and equality, which provide the basis for this branch of left libertarian thought. Gerald Allan "Jerry" Cohen, (born 1941 is a marxist political philosopher presently the Chichele Professor of Social and Political Theory, All Souls College John E Roemer is an American Economist and Political scientist. Jon Elster (born 1940 is a Norwegian social and Political theorist who has authored works in the Philosophy of social science and Rational choice This self-styled left-libertarianism's historical roots in the school of analytical Marxism has cast a cloud of doubt over it for both leftists and libertarians of more conventional stripe. Analytical Marxism refers to a style of thinking about Marxism that was prominent amongst English-speaking philosophers and social scientists during the 1980s

Property and natural resources

Henry George (1839 – 1897) proposed the abolition of all taxes except those on land value. Henry George ( September 2, 1839 &ndash October 29, 1897) was an American Political economist and the most influential proponent of Land value taxation (LVT (or site value taxation) is an Ad valorem tax where only the value of land itself is taxed

Pro-capitalist libertarian theory is sometimes called "right-libertarianism. Right-libertarianism or right libertarianism is a phrase used to either describe non- Collectivist forms of Libertarianism or a variety of different libertarian " It places a very strong emphasis on private property. Property is any physical or virtual entity that is owned by an individual Unrestricted capitalism and free markets are advocated by all right-libertarians, with some of them believing that property rights are the most basic rights of all, or that all genuine rights can be understood as property rights rooted in self-ownership (right-libertarians can and do differ on the notion of intellectual property). Capitalism is the Economic system in which the Means of production are owned by private Persons and operated for Profit and where A free market is a Market in which property rights are voluntarily exchanged at a price arranged completely by the mutual consent of sellers and buyers Intellectual property ( IP) is a legal field that refers to creations of the mind such as musical literary and artistic works inventions and symbols names However, Vallentyne and some other left-libertarian philosophers take a more moderate – and, in their view, realistic - approach. They differ from mainstream right-libertarians on the issue that Robert Nozick calls the "original acquisition of holdings". Robert Nozick ( November 16, 1938  &ndash January 23, 2002) was an American Philosopher and Pellegrino University That is the question of how property rights came about in the first place, and how property was originally acquired.

Right-libertarians hold that "wilderness" is unowned, and that unowned resources are made into property by use. Wilderness is generally defined as a Natural environment on Earth that has not been significantly modified by Human activity This is generally referred to as homesteading. Broadly defined homesteading is a lifestyle of simple agrarian Self-sufficiency. According to John Locke, when a person "mixes his labor" with a previously unowned object, it becomes his. John Locke (29 August 1632 – 28 October 1704 was an English Philosopher. A person who cultivates a field in the wilderness, by virtue of "mixing his personality" with the land, becomes the rightful owner of it (subject to the Lockean proviso that equally-good land remains free for the taking for others). The Lockean Proviso is a portion of John Locke's Labor theory of property which says that though individuals have a right to acquire private property from nature that they

Vallentyne and some other left-libertarians hold that "wilderness" is commonly owned by all the people in a given area. Common ownership is a principle according to which the assets of an enterprise or other organization are held indivisibly rather than in the names of the individual members or Since there is no predetermined distribution of land and (they argue) since there is no reason to believe that, all things being equal, some people deserve more property than others, it makes sense to think of resources as commonly owned. Thus this brand of left-libertarianism denies that first use or "mixing labor" has any bearing on ownership. As such, it argues that any theory of left-libertarianism must structure its social and legal system around enforcing this idea of common ownership. Different proponents of this school of thought have different ideas about what can be done with property. Some believe that one must gain some kind of permission from their community in order to use resources. Natural resources are naturally occurring substances that are considered valuable in their relatively unmodified ( natural) form Others argue that people should be allowed to appropriate land in exchange for some kind of rent and they must either pay taxes on the profits made from the appropriated resources or allow the products of those resources to become common property. Appropriation is a non-violent process by which previously unowned Natural resources, particularly land become the Property of a person or group of persons

Historically, the Georgists were a leftist tendency within libertarianism. "Georgist" redirects here For the Romanian political group see National Liberal Party-Brătianu. They believed that all humanity rightfully owned all land in common and that individuals should pay rent to the rest of society for taking sole or exclusive use of that land. People in this movement were often referred to as "single taxers," since they believed that the only legitimate tax was land rent. "Georgist" redirects here For the Romanian political group see National Liberal Party-Brătianu. However, they did believe that private property could be created by applying labor to natural resources. Property is any physical or virtual entity that is owned by an individual Natural resources are naturally occurring substances that are considered valuable in their relatively unmodified ( natural) form

Radical free-marketeers

See also: Libertarian perspectives on political alliances

See also: Left-rothbardianism

Mutualism emerged from early 19th-century socialism, and is generally considered a market-oriented part of the libertarian socialist tradition. Libertarian perspectives on political alliances vary greatly with controversies among libertarians as to which alliances are acceptable or useful to the movement Mutualism, is an Anarchist school of thought, can be traced to the writings of Pierre-Joseph Proudhon that envisioned a society where each person might possess a Mutualists generally accept property rights, but with a short abandonment time period. In other words, a person must make (more or less) continuous use of the item or else he loses ownership rights. This is usually referred to as "possession property" or "usufruct. Personal property is a type of Property. In the Common law systems personal property may also be called chattels or personalty. Usufruct is the legal right to use and derive profit or benefit from Property that belongs to another person as long as the property is not damaged " Thus, in this usufruct system, absentee ownership is illegitimate, and workers own the machines they work with. A machine is any device that uses Energy to perform some activity

Some more recent market-oriented anarchist philosophies are considered left-libertarian. Mutualism, initially developed in the 19th century, has reemerged, incorporating modern economic ideas such as marginal utility theory. Mutualism, is an Anarchist school of thought, can be traced to the writings of Pierre-Joseph Proudhon that envisioned a society where each person might possess a In Economics, the marginal utility of a good or of a service is the Utility of the specific use to which an agent would put a given increase Kevin A. Carson's book Studies in Mutualist Political Economy was influential in this regard, updating the labor theory of value with Austrian economics. The labor theories of value (LTV are theories in Economics according to which the values of Commodities are related to the labor needed to The Austrian School, also known as the “ Vienna School ” or the “ Psychological School ” is a heterodox school of economics that advocates Agorism^[15], an anarchist tendency founded by Samuel Edward Konkin III, advocates counter-economics, working in untaxed black or grey markets, and boycotting as much as possible the unfree taxed market with the intended result that private voluntary institutions emerge and outcompete statist ones. Agorism is an anarchist Political philosophy founded by Samuel Edward Konkin III that holds the ultimate goal as bringing about a society in which Samuel Edward Konkin III (aka SEK3) ( July 8, 1947 - February 23, 2004) was the author of The New Libertarian Manifesto Counter-economics is a term originally coined by Samuel Edward Konkin III, a radical Libertarian activist and theorist who defined it as " the study and/or A grey market or gray market is the trade of a commodity through distribution channels which while legal are unofficial unauthorized or unintended by the original manufacturer Geoanarchism, an anarchist form of Henry George's philosophy, is considered left-libertarian because it assumes land to be initially owned in common, so that when land is privately appropriated the proprietor pays rent to the community. Geolibertarianism is a Political movement that strives to reconcile Libertarianism and Georgism (or geoism) Henry George ( September 2, 1839 &ndash October 29, 1897) was an American Political economist and the most influential proponent of These philosophies share similar concerns and are collectively known as left-libertarianism. ^[16]

Rapprochement with the Left

The first attempt at rapprochement between the postwar American libertarian movement and the Left came in the 1960s, when Austrian-School economist Murray Rothbard came to question libertarianism's traditional alliance with the Right in light of the Vietnam War. Libertarianism is a term used by a broad spectrum of political philosophies which prioritize individual Liberty and seek to minimize or even abolish the The Austrian School, also known as the “ Vienna School ” or the “ Psychological School ” is a heterodox school of economics that advocates Murray Newton Rothbard (March 2 1926 – January 7 1995 was an American economist of the Austrian School who helped define modern Libertarianism The Vietnam War, also known as the Second Indochina War, or the Vietnam Conflict, occurred in Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia During this period, Rothbard came to advocate strategic alliances with the New Left over issues such as the military draft and black power. The New Left were the Left-wing movements in different countries in the 1960s and 1970s that unlike the earlier leftist focus on union activism instead adopted a Conscription (also known as the draft, the call-up or national service) is a general term for involuntary labor demanded by some established authority Black Power is a racially based Political slogan and a name for various associated ideologies

Karl Hess

Working with radicals like Ronald Radosh, Rothbard argued that the consensus view of American economic history, wherein government has stepped in as a countervailing interest to corporate predation, is fundamentally flawed. Ronald Radosh (b 1937, New York City) is an American historian specializing in the Cold War. Rather, he argued, government intervention in the economy has largely benefited established players at the expense of marginalized groups, to the detriment of both liberty and equality. Moreover, the "Robber Baron Period", adulated by the right and despised by the left as a laissez-faire haven, was not laissez-faire at all but in fact a time of massive state privilege accorded to capital. Laissez-faire ( pronunciation: French,; English,) is a French phrase literally meaning Let do (“allow to do” Rothbard criticized the "frenzied nihilism" of left-libertarians but also criticized right-wing libertarians who were content to rely only on education to bring down the state; he believed that libertarians should adopt any non-immoral tactic available to them in order bring about liberty. A tactic is a conceptual action used by a military unit of no larger than a division to implement a specific mission and achieve a specific objective or to advance toward a Liberty, the freedom to act or believe without being stopped by unnecessary force ^[17]

Rothbard's initial leftward impulse was maintained by Karl Hess, picked up by activists like Samuel Edward Konkin III (founder of the Movement of the Libertarian Left) and Roderick Long. Karl Hess ( May 25 1923 April 22 1994) was an American Speechwriter, editor, Welder, Motorcycle Samuel Edward Konkin III (aka SEK3) ( July 8, 1947 - February 23, 2004) was the author of The New Libertarian Manifesto These left-libertarians agree with Rothbard that presently-existing capitalism does not even vaguely resemble a free market, and that most presently-existing corporations are the beneficiaries and chief supporters of statism. Capitalism is the Economic system in which the Means of production are owned by private Persons and operated for Profit and where A free market is a Market in which property rights are voluntarily exchanged at a price arranged completely by the mutual consent of sellers and buyers A corporation is a separate legal entity usually used to conduct business By this line of reasoning, libertarianism should make common cause with the anti-corporate left. Rapprochement with the left has led many left-libertarians to reject some traditional libertarian stances, such as hostility to labor unions and support for intellectual property, or even to limit valid real-property rights to use-and-occupancy. A trade union or labour union is an organization of workers who have banded together to achieve common goals in key areas such as wages hours and working conditions forming Intellectual property ( IP) is a legal field that refers to creations of the mind such as musical literary and artistic works inventions and symbols names

Cultural politics

Contemporary left-libertarians also show markedly more sympathy than mainstream or paleo-libertarians towards various cultural movements which challenge non-governmental relations of power. For instance, left-libertarians Roderick Long and Charles Johnson have called for a recovery of the nineteenth-century alliance between radical liberalism and feminism. Liberalism is a broad array of related ideas and theories of Government that consider individual Liberty to be the most important political goal Feminism is a discourse that involves various movements theories, and Philosophies which are concerned with the issue of Gender difference, advocate ^[18] Left-libertarians are more likely to take recognizably leftist stances on issues as diverse as feminism, gender and sexuality, sexual freedom, drug policy, race, class, immigration, environmentalism, gun rights, and foreign policy. Feminism is a discourse that involves various movements theories, and Philosophies which are concerned with the issue of Gender difference, advocate Gender comprises a range of differences between men and women extending from the biological to the social Sexual identity is a term that like sex, has two distinctively different meanings A sexual norm can refer to a Personal or a social norm Most cultures have social norms regarding sexuality, and define normal sexuality The prohibition of drugs through sumptuary Legislation or Religious law is a common means of attempting to control Drug use and the Environmentalism is a broad philosophy and Social movement centered on a concern for the conservation and improvement of the environment. The right to keep and bear arms, RKBA, or right to bear arms is the concept that people individually or collectively have a right to Weapons Today this Current writers who have significantly impacted or explored this aspect of left-libertarianism include Chris Sciabarra, Roderick Long, Charles Johnson, Kevin Carson, and Arthur Silber. Chris Matthew Sciabarra (born February 17, 1960) is a scholar and writer living in Brooklyn, New York.

Further reading

• Rothbard, Murray N. (2007). Left and Right: A Journal of Libertarian Thought (Complete, 1965-1968). Left and Right A Journal of Libertarian Thought was a Libertarian Journal published between 1965 and 1968. Auburn, Alabama: Ludwig von Mises Institute, USA.  
• Otsuka, Michael (2005). Libertarianism Without Inequality. City: Oxford University Press, USA. ISBN 9780199280186.  
• Vallentyne, P. , Steiner, H. , & Otsuka, M. (2005). Why Left-Libertarianism is not Incoherent, Indeterminate, or Irrelevant. Philosophy & Public Affairs, 33: 201-15. Full text
• Vallentyne, Peter (2000). Left-Libertarianism and Its Critics. Basingstoke: Palgrave. ISBN 9780312236991.  
• Vallentyne, Peter (2000). The Origins of Left-Libertarianism. Basingstoke: Palgrave. ISBN 9780312235918.  

Notes and references

External links

• Agorism.info, home of the Movement of the Libertarian Left
• Alliance of the Libertarian Left
• An Anarchist FAQ
• ANARCHISM.net, a site attempting to abridge the differences of anarchist factions from a left libertarian point of view
• HolisticPolitics.org, a site reconciling libertarian and liberal sentiments
• LeftLibertarian.org (anti-corporate left-libertarianism) blog aggregator
• leftlibertarianism.org (philosophical left-libertarianism)
• Liberty Search, Specific search engine for classical liberalism and libertarianism
• Mutualist.org, free market anti-capitalism
• Peter Vallentyne's online papers
• Prominent Anarchists and Left-Libertarians
• Spunk Library: Left libertarian critiques of anarcho-capitalism and right-libertarianism
• Martin Huben's page: Left libertarian critiques of anarcho-capitalism and right-libertarianism
• "The Libertarian as conservative" by Bob Black (left libertarian critique of right-libertarianism]