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A lecture on linear algebra at the Helsinki University of Technology
A lecture on linear algebra at the Helsinki University of Technology

A lecture is an oral presentation intended to present information or teach people about a particular subject, for example by a university or college teacher. Linear algebra is the branch of Mathematics concerned with Helsinki University of Technology ( TKK) ( Finnish: Teknillinen korkeakoulu; Swedish: Tekniska högskolan) is the premier technical Presentation is the process of showing and explaining the content of a topic to an audience A university is an institution of Higher education and Research, which grants Academic degrees in a variety of subjects College ( Latin collegium) is a term most often used today to denote an Educational Institution. In Education, a teacher is one who helps Students or pupils often in a School, as well as in a Family, religious or Lectures are used to convey critical information, history, background, theories and equations. A politician's speech, a minister's sermon, or even a businessman's sales presentation may be similar in form to a lecture. Usually the lecturer will stand at the front of the room and recite information relevant to the lecture's content.

Though lectures are much criticized as a pedagogical method, universities have not yet found practical alternative teaching methods for the large majority of their courses. Pedagogy (ˈpɛdəgɒdʒi or paedagogy is the Art or Science of being a Teacher. Critics point out that lecturing is mainly a one-way method of communication that does not involve significant audience participation. Communication is the process of conveying information from a sender to a receiver with the use of a medium in which the communicated information is understood the same way Therefore, lecturing is often contrasted to active learning. Active learning is an umbrella term that refers to several models of instruction that focus the responsibility of learning on learners But lectures delivered by talented speakers can be highly stimulating; at the very least, lectures have survived in academia as a quick, cheap and efficient way of introducing large numbers of students to a particular field of study.

Lectures have a significant role outside the classroom, as well. Academic and scientific awards routinely include a lecture as part of the honor, and academic conferences often center around "keynote addresses", i. A keynote in Literature, Music or Public speaking is the principal underlying theme e. , lectures. The public lecture has a long history in the sciences and in social movements. A public lecture is one means employed for educating the public in the Sciences and Medicine. Social movements are a type of group action. They are large informal groupings of Individuals and/or Organizations focused on specific Union halls, for instance, historically have hosted numerous free and public lectures on a wide variety of matters. Similarly, churches, community centers, libraries, museums, and other organizations have hosted lectures in furtherance of their missions or their constituents' interests. A library is a collection of information sources resources and services and the structure in which it is housed it is organized for use and maintained by a public body an institution A museum is a "permanent institution in the service of society and of its development open to the public which acquires conserves researches communicates and exhibits the

Contents

Etymology

The noun "lecture" dates from 14th century, meaning "action of reading, that which is read," from the Latin lectus, pp. Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. of legere "to read. " Its subsequent meaning as "a discourse on a given subject before an audience for purposes of instruction" is from the 16th century. The verb "to lecture" is attested from 1590. The noun "lectern" refers to the reading desk used by lecturers. In British English and several other languages the noun "lecture" must grammatically be the object of the verb "to read. "

History

A lecture at a medieval university (1350s) showing the lecturer reading a text from the lectern to students.
A lecture at a medieval university (1350s) showing the lecturer reading a text from the lectern to students.

The practice in the medieval university was for the instructor to read from an original source to a class of students who took notes on the lecture. This article is about Western European institutions See also Medieval university (Asia and Byzantine university Medieval university The reading from original sources evolved into the reading of glosses on an original and then more generally to lecture notes. Throughout much of history, the diffusion of knowledge via handwritten lecture notes was an essential element of academic life.

Rembrandt's The Anatomy Lecture of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp
Rembrandt's The Anatomy Lecture of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp

Even in the twentieth century the lecture notes taken by students, or prepared by a scholar for a lecture, have sometimes achieved wide circulation (see, for example, the genesis of Ferdinand de Saussure's Cours de linguistique générale). Ferdinand de Saussure (fɛʁdinɑ̃ də soˈsyːʁ ( November 26, 1857 – February 22, 1913) was a Swiss linguist Many lecturers were, and still are, accustomed to simply reading their own notes from the lectern for exactly that purpose. Nevertheless, modern lectures generally incorporate additional activities, e. g. writing on a chalk-board, exercises, class questions and discussions, or student presentations.

The use of multimedia presentation software such as Microsoft PowerPoint has changed the form of lectures, e. Multimedia is media and content that utilizes a combination of different content forms. Microsoft PowerPoint is a proprietary Presentation program developed by Microsoft. g. video, graphics, websites, or prepared exercises may be included. Most commonly, however, only outlines composed of "bullet points" are presented. Critics contend that this style of lecture bombards the audience (as critics such as Edward Tufte [1] put it) with unnecessary and possibly distracting or confusing graphics. Edward Rolf Tufte (ˈtʌfti (1942 is an American Statistician, and Professor Emeritus of Statistics, Information design, Interface design Others simply think this form of lecture is non-spontaneous and boring.

Research

William Hogarth's 1736 engraving, Scholars at a Lecture
William Hogarth's 1736 engraving, Scholars at a Lecture

Bligh, in What's the Use of Lectures? argues that lectures "represent a conception of education in which teachers who know give knowledge to students who do not and are therefore supposed to have nothing worth contributing. William Hogarth (10 November 1697 &ndash 26 October 1764 was a major English painter, printmaker, pictorial satirist, social critic Engraving is the practice of incising a design onto a hard usually flat surface by cutting grooves into it " Based on his review of numerous studies, he concludes that lecturing is as effective, but not more effective, as any other teaching method in transmitting information. Nevertheless, lecturing is not the most effective method for promoting student thought, changing attitudes, or teaching behavioral skills.

Other forms

Many university courses relying on lectures supplement them with smaller discussion sections, tutorials, or laboratory experiment sessions as a means of further actively involving students. A university is an institution of Higher education and Research, which grants Academic degrees in a variety of subjects Academia In British academic parlance a tutorial is a small class of one or only a few Students in which the Tutor (a Lecturer Often these supplemental sections are led by graduate students, tutors, Teaching Assistants or Teaching Fellows rather than senior faculty. See also Postgraduate Training in Education Postgraduate education (synonymous in North America with graduate education, and sometimes described In British Australian New Zealand Italian and some Canadian universities, a tutor is often but not always a Postgraduate Student or a Lecturer A teaching assistant (TA is a junior Scholar employed on a temporary contract by a College or University in teaching-related responsibilities A faculty is a division within a University. The concept of a university with different faculties for different subjects dates back to Al-Azhar University, which had Those other forms of academic teaching include discussion (recitation if conducted by a Teaching Assistant ), seminars, workshops, observation, practical application, case examples/case study, experiental learning/active learning, computer-based instruction and tutorials. Debate ( American English) or debating ( British English) is a formal method of interactive and position representational Argument. Recitation means a repetition of what has been said before It is used in a religious an oratorical and an educational sense Seminar is generally a form of Academic instruction either at a University or offered by a commercial or professional organization A workshop is a room or Building which provides both the area and Tools (or machinery) that may be required for the manufacture or repair Observation is either an activity of a living being (such as a Human) which senses and assimilates the Knowledge of a Phenomenon, or the recording of data Experiential Learning is the process of making meaning from direct experience Active learning is an umbrella term that refers to several models of instruction that focus the responsibility of learning on learners A computer is a Machine that manipulates data according to a list of instructions. Academia In British academic parlance a tutorial is a small class of one or only a few Students in which the Tutor (a Lecturer

In schools the prevalent mode of student-teacher interaction is lessons. A school (from Greek σχολεῖον - scholeion) is an Institution designed to allow and encourage Students (or "pupils" A lesson is a structured period of time where Learning is intended to occur

See also

References

External links

Dictionary

lecture

-noun

  1. A spoken lesson or exposition, usually delivered to group.

-verb

  1. To teach, by giving a speech on a given topic.
  2. To berate, to scold.
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