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This article is about the right of return in Israel. For the equivalent laws in other countries, see Right of return. The term right of return refers to the principle in International law that members of an Ethnic or National group have a right to Immigration
The Law of Return is also another name for the Wiccan Rule of Three
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The Law of Return (Hebrew: חוק השבות, ḥok ha-shvūt) is Israeli legislation, originating in 1950, when the memory of World War II and the Holocaust were still fresh, that gives Jews, being those with a Jewish mother or grandmother, or a spouse of such a Jew, or a convert to Judaism (Orthodox, Reform, or Conservative - not secular - though Reform and Conservative conversions must take place outside the state, similar to civil marriages) the right to migrate to and settle in Israel and gain citizenship. The Rule of Three (also threefold law or law of return) is a tenet of the Neopagan religion of Wicca. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Israel topics. Politics of Israel takes place in a framework of a parliamentary representative democratic Republic, whereby the Prime Minister of Israel is The Basic Laws of Israel (חוקי יסוד Hokei Yesod) are a key component of Israel 's Unwritten constitution. The Jerusalem Law is a common name of Basic Law Jerusalem Capital of Israel passed by the Knesset on July 30, 1980 (17th The President of the State of Israel (נשיא המדינה Nesi HaMedina, lit (שמעון פרס born Szymon Perski on August 2 1923, is the ninth President of the State of Israel. The Prime Minister of Israel is the head of the Israeli government and is the most powerful political officer in Israel (the President of Israel being a titular figurehead Ehud Olmert (אהוד אולמרט ɛˈhud ˈolmeʁt born September 30, 1945) is the 12th and current Prime Minister of Israel and the former leader The Cabinet of Israel is a formal body composed of government officials chosen and led by a Prime Minister. The power of the Knesset to supervise and review government policies and operations is exercised mainly through the state Comptroller (מבקר המדינה Mevaker For Beit Knesset a Jewish Place of worship, see Synagogue. The Knesset (כנסת lit The Speaker of the Knesset is the presiding officer in the Knesset, Israel 's Parliament and also fills the role of the President when he or she Dalia Itzik (דליה איציק born 20 October 1952, is an Israeli politician affiliated with the Kadima party The following is a list of the Members of the 17th Knesset elected on 28 March 2006 and inaugurated 4 May 2006, and their replacements Israel elects its national legislature the Knesset, by Proportional representation on a national list basis Elections for the 16th Knesset were held in Israel on 28 January 2003. The Elections for the 17th Knesset were held in Israel on 28 March 2006. Israel's Political system is based on Proportional representation which allows for a Multi-party system with numerous parties Knesset Elections Law is crucial legal document governing the process of elections in the Israeli parliament or the Knesset. The Israeli Central Elections Committee (ועדת הבחירות המרכזית Va'adet HaBehirot HaMerkazit) is the highly controversial body charged under the Knesset The Israeli judicial system (or judicial branch in Israel, is an independent branch of the government which includes both secular and religious courts. The Supreme Court ( Hebrew: בית המשפט העליון Beit haMishpat ha'Elyon) is at the head of the court system in the State of Israel. The Attorney General of Israel (היועץ המשפטי לממשלה HaYoetz HaMishpati LaMemshala, lit Menachem Mazuz (מנחם מזוז born 1955 better known in Israel as "Meni Mazuz" is an Israeli Jurist, currently the Israeli Attorney General There are six main administrative districts of Israel, known in Hebrew as mehozot (מחוזות singular mahoz) and fifteen The local governments of Israel (רשות מקומית also known as local authorities are the set of bodies charged with providing services such as Urban planning, A City council (עירייה Iriya) is the official designation of a city within Israel's system of local government. Local councils (מועצה מקומית moetza mekomit) are one of the three types of Local government found in Israel, with the other two being Regional councils are one of the three types of Local government recognised by the found in Israel, with the other two being cities and local The State of Israel joined the United Nations on May 11, 1949. United Nations article Please do not remove -->Issues relating to the Relations between Israel and the European Union are generally positive Current Israeli Ambassadors Ambassadors to International Organizations Current ambassadors from Israel to international organizations Consuls General Current Information on politics by country is available for every Country, including both De jure and De facto independent World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including The Holocaust (from the Greek el ''ὁλόκαυστον'' (el-Latn holókauston holos, "completely" and kaustos, "burnt" also known as PLEASE TAKE NOTE************ For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Israel topics.

Contents

Law

On July 5, 1950, the Knesset, Israel's Parliament enacted item 5710-1950, the Law of Return. Events 1295 - Scotland and France form an alliance the beginnings of the Auld Alliance, against England. Year 1950 ( MCML) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. For Beit Knesset a Jewish Place of worship, see Synagogue. The Knesset (כנסת lit [1] Follow-up legislation on immigration matters as they pertain to Jews and non-Jews is enshrined in the Nationality Law passed in 1952. Israel's nationality law defines the terms through which one can be granted Citizenship of the state of Israel. These two pieces of legislation combine religion, history, nationalism, and democracy, in a way unique to Israel. A religion is a set of Tenets and practices often centered upon specific Supernatural and moral claims about Reality, the Cosmos The term nationalism can refer to an Ideology, a sentiment, a form of Culture, or a Social movement that focuses on the Nation Democracy is a form of government in which the supreme power is held completely by the people under a free electoral system Together, the legislation grants special rights to Jews with the aim of facilitating their immigration to the Jews' ancestral homeland. PLEASE TAKE NOTE************ Immigration refers to the movement of people among countries While the movement of people has existed throughout human history at various levels modern immigration implies long-term

The Law of Return declares that Israel constitutes a home not only for the inhabitants of the State, but also for all members of the Jewish people everywhere - be they living in poverty and fear of persecution or in affluence and safety.

Purpose

The purpose of the Law of Return, like that of the Zionist Movement, was to provide a solution to the Jewish people's problem--to re-establish a home for the entire Jewish people in Eretz Yisrael, the Land of Israel. For other uses see Israel (disambiguation The Land of Israel ( Hebrew: אֶרֶץ יִשְׂרָאֵל Eretz Yisrael) is In the Law of Return, the State of Israel put into practice the Zionist Movement's "credo" as pledged in Israel's Declaration of Independence and recognized by the League of Nations in 1922, when charging Britain with the duty of establishing a Jewish National Home, and by the United Nations within the Partition Plan of 1947 which provided for establishment of Israel as an independent Jewish state. The Israeli Declaration of Independence (הכרזת העצמאות Hakhrazat HaAtzma'ut or מגילת העצמאות Megilat HaAtzma'ut) made on 14 May The League of Nations was an International organization founded as a result of the Treaty of Versailles in 1919–1920 Year 1922 ( MCMXXII) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located The Palestine Mandate, was a set of protocols or articles that formed a multilateral legal and administrative agreement The United Nations ( UN) is an International organization whose stated aims are to facilitate cooperation in International law, International security The United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine or United Nations General Assembly Resolution 181 was a plan approved by the General Assembly on November 29 Year 1947 ( MCMXLVII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1947 calendar of the Gregorian calendar.

A religious and cultural vision

Jewish immigration to "Eretz Israel" (The Land of Israel) was not only seen as the fulfillment of a religious cultural vision, but was portrayed as the only viable option for Jews seeking refuge from anti-Semitic persecution. Antisemitism (alternatively spelled anti-semitism or anti-Semitism; also rarely known as judeophobia) is the Prejudice against or hostility While other states had denied the mass immigration of Jewish refugees, Zionist advocates in Palestine worked to make a tangible political reality out of the yearning for a Jewish homeland, putting it forward as an immediate means for continued survival. History of Zionism|Timeline of Zionism|World Zionist Organization|Zionist political violence Zionism is an international political movement that originally supported the The terms " Jewish state " and " homeland of the Jewish people " are used to describe the State of Israel and refer to its status as a Nation-state

Eligibility requirements

Those who are eligible to immigrate under the Law of Return are immediately granted citizenship. Controversy has arisen as to whether all those claiming citizenship rights under the Law of Return should be registered as "Jewish" citizens for census purposes. Jewish status is traditionally granted according to the halakhic definition of being Jewish-- if your mother is Jewish, you are Jewish as well or if you convert to Judaism (though conversions to Reform and Conservative Judaism streams are generally not recognized by many people in Israel). Halakha ( הלכה; alternative transliterations include Halocho and Halacha) is the collective body of Jewish Religious law Hi and welcome to Wikipedia! Please understand that this article is frequently subjected to vandalism and the insertion of personal opinions Conservative Judaism (also known as Masorti Judaism in Israel and Europe) is a modern stream of Judaism that arose out However, any Jew regardless of affiliation may return and claim citizenship in Israel.

Originally, the Law of Return was restricted to Jews only. A 1970 amendment, however, stated that, "The rights of a Jew under this Law and the rights of an oleh under the Nationality Law. Year 1970 ( MCMLXX) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link shows full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Aliyah ( refers to Jewish Immigration to the Land of Israel (and since its establishment in 1948 the State of Israel) . . are also vested in a child and a grandchild of a Jew, the spouse of a Jew, the spouse of a child of a Jew and the spouse of a grandchild of a Jew" (Law of Return).

The Nuremberg parallel

One explanation for this amendment is that the Law of Return attempts to provide sanctuary as a citizen in Israel to anyone who would be persecuted under the Nuremberg Laws. The Nuremberg Laws ( German: Nürnberger Gesetze) of 1935 were denaturalization laws passed in Nazi Germany. As the Nuremberg Laws did not use a halakhic definition in its definition of Who is a Jew, the Law of Return definition for citizenship eligibility is not halakhic, either. Halakha ( הלכה; alternative transliterations include Halocho and Halacha) is the collective body of Jewish Religious law " Who is a Jew? " (Mihu Yehudi? ?מיהו יהודי is a basic question about Jewish identity. The Law of Return provides sanctuary to anyone covered by the definition under the Nuremberg Laws, but does not automatically presume that the person is halakhicly Jewish for the purposes of citizenship laws.

The demographic explanation

A second explanation is that in order to increase immigration levels so as to offset the "demographic threat" posed by the continuing presence and growth of the Palestinian population, the law expanded the base group of those eligible to immigrate to Israel. The phrase demographic threat, (or demographic bomb) is used in Israeli politics to describe the perceived threat that the growth of its Arab citizenry [2]

The secular explanation

A third explanation promoted by religious Jews is that the overwhelmingly secular leadership in Israel sought to undermine the influence of religious elements in Israeli politics and society by allowing more secular Jews and their non-Jewish spouses to immigrate. [3]

Exceptions

A Jew can be excluded from Israeli citizenship under the Law of Return if he or she is considered to be dangerous to the welfare of the State of Israel. Jews who have a past that involves a serious crime, such as murder, or who are fugitives in another country for any felony (unless they are labeled such as persecution victims) can be denied the right of return, (e. g. Meyer Lansky, Victor Vancier). Meyer Lansky (born Majer Suchowliński, July 4, 1902 &ndash January 15, 1983) was a gangster who with Charles The Jewish Task Force ( Hebrew: הימין האמיתי HaYamin HaAmiti lit [4] Also Jews converting to other religions lose their right to citizenship under the Law of Return, (e. g. Brother Daniel). Oswald Rufeisen (1922-1998 known popularly as Brother Daniel, was born to a Jewish family living in Poland, near Oświęcim.

Messianic Jews

Specifically excluded from the Law of Return are any "person who has been a Jew and has voluntarily changed his religion. ". The Supreme Court of Israel ruled in 1989 that Messianic Judaism constituted another religion, and that Jews who had become Messianic Jews were not therefore eligible for Aliyah. The Supreme Court ( Hebrew: בית המשפט העליון Beit haMishpat ha'Elyon) is at the head of the court system in the State of Israel. Messianic Judaism is a Christian movement that emphasizes the Jewish roots of the Christian religion The government of Israel used this ruling to exclude anyone who was a Messianic Jew. [5]

On April 16, 2008, the Supreme Court of Israel ruled in a case brought by a number of people with Jewish fathers and grandfathers whose applications for citizenship had been rejected on the grounds that they were Messianic Jews. The Supreme Court ( Hebrew: בית המשפט העליון Beit haMishpat ha'Elyon) is at the head of the court system in the State of Israel. The argument was made by the applicants that they had never been Jews according to halacha, and were not therefore excluded by the conversion clause. This argument was upheld in the ruling[6] [7] , and the government agreed to reprocess their applications.

Controversy

Critics claim that the Law of Return is part of a larger system of discrimination whereby Israeli Jews are given superior civil and social rights over Israeli Arabs. Arab citizens of Israel refers to Arabs or Arabic -speaking people who are Citizens of Israel who are not Jewish. [8] They further claim that the Law of Return runs counter to the claims of a democratic state[9][10] and that Israeli support for the Law of Return for the Jews, "excuses and maintains the act of ethnic cleansing that dispossessed the Palestinian refugees more than half a century ago. "[11]

Critique of the Law of Return by Palestinians and advocates for Palestinian refugees is often linked to the Palestinian demand for a right of return. Palestinian people or Palestinians ( الشعب الفلسطيني, ash-sha`b al-filasTīni; الفلسطينيون, al-filasTīnīyyūn The term right of return refers to the principle in International law that members of an Ethnic or National group have a right to Immigration [12] The Law of Return, as contrasted against the as-yet unfulfilled right of return is cited by Palestinians and their supporters as a deep offense that amounts to asking them to accept what they see as institutionalized ethnic discrimination that privileges the rights of Jews. List of racism-related topics|Racism by country Racism, by its simplest definition is the belief that race is the primary determinant of human traits and capacities and that [13]

Arguments in support of the Law of Return

  1. The Law of Return is only one way of acquiring citizenship. It is not the only way. There are other ways to acquire citizenship for non-Jews, such as naturalization, residence, or marrying an Israeli citizen; for instance, naturalization is available under certain circumstances for the non-Jewish parents of a citizen who has completed his or her army service[14]. The Law of Return is meant to deal only with the Jewish problem of homelessness and worldwide persecution. [15] [16]
  2. That special privileges are granted to one group (i. e. , Jews) does not necessarily or automatically discriminate against another. Jewish foreigners along with their relatives are eligible for "positive" discrimination because they can obtain automatic naturalization. Naturalization is the acquisition of Citizenship or Nationality by somebody who was not a citizen or national of that country when he or she was born Israel has residency and citizenship laws for non-Jews that are equivalent to those in other liberal democracies. It is argued that these kinds of laws are common and consistent with International Law, including the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination Article I(3) which allows for preferential immigration treatment of some groups, provided there is no discrimination against a specific group. International law is the term commonly used for referring to the system of implicit and explicit agreements that bind together nation-states in adherence to recognized values and standards The International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (ICERD is a United Nations convention. [17] Others point to the legal barring of Jews from several Arab states, with Jordan going so far as to enshrine that principle in its constitution. Jordan, officially the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan (الأردنّ al-Urdunn) is an Arab country in Southwest Asia spanning the southern [18][19]
  3. That while the purpose of the Law of Return is to keep Israel predominantly Jewish, the policy that it represents is legitimate and justified. In a world where Jews have been persecuted, the concept of maintaining a Jewish state is necessary for the survival of the Jewish people generally and to provide a safe haven for Jewish refugees in specific cases. Persecution is the systematic mistreatment of an individual/group by another group The terms " Jewish state " and " homeland of the Jewish people " are used to describe the State of Israel and refer to its status as a Nation-state Here again, defenders cite the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination Article I(4), which allows for preferential treatment for some groups in order to remedy past discrimination. [17]
A stamp in a passport issuing holder Israeli citizenship based on Law of Return
A stamp in a passport issuing holder Israeli citizenship based on Law of Return

Similar laws in other countries

In addition to Israel, several other countries (e. g. Germany[20]) provide immigration privileges to individuals with ethnic ties to these countries (so-called leges sanguinis). Jus sanguinis ( Latin for "right of blood" is a Social policy by which Nationality or Citizenship is not determined by place of birth (See Right of return and Repatriation laws. The term right of return refers to the principle in International law that members of an Ethnic or National group have a right to Immigration Repatriation laws have been created in many countries to enable Diasporas to immigrate ("return" to their "kin-state" ) These citizenship laws seem to have been enacted by states wishing to guarantee a safe-haven to diaspora populations assumed to be living under precarious conditions. The term Diaspora (in Greek, διασπορά &ndash " a scattering or sowing of seeds " refers any population sharing common ethnic

A Spanish law decreed under the rule of Miguel Primo de Rivera states that Sephardi Jews have the right to apply for Spanish citizenship. Miguel Primo de Rivera y Orbaneja 2 Marqués de Estella ( Jerez de la Frontera, January 8, 1870 - Paris, Sephardi Jews ( Hebrew: ספרדי, Standard Səfardi Tiberian Səp̄arədî; plural This law was applied to thousands of Holocaust refugees during the Second World War and even to Sarajevo Jews during the War of Bosnia. The War in Bosnia and Herzegovina, commonly known as the Bosnian War, was an international armed conflict that took place between March 1992 and November 1995

Debate in Israel

In Israel, a debate continues over the Law of Return. Some people wish to retain it as it stands, others want to modify it, and a small minority wants to abolish the Law completely. Those who would abolish the Law believe that it grants Jews rights that members of other groups governed by the State of Israel do not have,[21] a situation which would be contrary to the spirit of a modern liberal democracy. Democracy is a form of government in which the supreme power is held completely by the people under a free electoral system They further claim that although the law did indeed contribute to immigration and absorption when Israel was established, it is no longer needed. Proponents state that Israel is "Jewish and democratic" not just democratic, that it was established as a Jewish state and a refuge for the Jewish people, not as a pale copy of other world states.

In September 2007, the discovery of a violent Neo-Nazi cell in Petah Tikva, made up of teenage immigrants from the former Soviet Union, led to renewed calls amongst politicians to amend the Law of Return. The term neo-Nazism refers to post- World War II Political movements Social movements and ideologies seeking to revive Nazism, Petah Tikva (פֶּתַח תִּקְוָה "Opening of Hope" known as Em HaMoshavot ("Mother of the Moshavot " is a city in the The post-Soviet states, also commonly known as former Soviet republics, are the 15 independent nations that split off from the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics [22] Effi Eitam of the National Religious Party and the National Union, which represent the religious Zionist movement and have previously attempted to advance bills to amend the Law of Return, stated that Israel has become "a haven for people who hate Israel, hate Jews, and exploit the Law of Return to act on this hatred. Efraim "Effi" Eitam (אפרים "אפי" איתם born July 25, 1952) is an Israeli politician The National Religious Party (מפלגה דתית לאומית Miflaga Datit Leumit, commonly known in Israel by its Hebrew acronym Mafdal, (Hebrew מפד"ל The National Union (האיחוד הלאומי HaIhud HaLeumi) is a right wing political party in Israel and consists of an alliance of History of Zionism|Timeline of Zionism|World Zionist Organization|Zionist political violence Zionism is an international political movement that originally supported the "[23] On the other end of the political spectrum, MK Ahmed Tibi of United Arab List and Ta'al criticized the system's double-standard, stating that, "people immigrated to Israel and received automatic citizenship under the Law of Return, while citizens of Nazareth and Taibe are not allowed to visit their own relatives merely due to the fact that they are Arabs. Dr Ahmad Tibi (أحمد الطيبي אחמד טיבי sometimes spelt Ahmed Tibi, born 19 December 1958) is an Israeli politician and leader of The United Arab List (ألقائمة العربية الموحدة Al-Qā'imah al-'Arabiyyah al-Muwaẖadah רשימה ערבית מאוחדת Reshima Aravit Meuhedet Ta'al (תע"ל an acronym for Tnu'a Aravit LeHithadshut (תנועה ערבית להתחדשות lit Nazareth (ˈnæzərəθ (נָצְרַת Hebrew Natz'rat or Natzeret, الناصرة an-Nāṣira or an-Naseriyye) is the capital and largest For the Bedouin village in the Jezreel Valley see Taibe Galilee Tayibe (طيّبة Ṭayyibaḧ טַיִּבָּה also spelled Taibeh The araB gene Promoter is a bacterial promoter activated by e L-arabinose binding "[23]

Applicability

See also Who is a Jew?

Amongst those who are in favor of retaining the Law, controversy exists over its wording. " Who is a Jew? " (Mihu Yehudi? ?מיהו יהודי is a basic question about Jewish identity. The Law's definition of a "Jew" and "Jewish people" are subject to debate. Israeli and Diaspora Jews differ with each other as groups and among themselves as to what this definition should be for the purposes of the Law of Return. Additionally, there is a lively debate over the meaning of the terms "Jewish State" and "State of the Jews".

Discussion around the Law and its wording constantly reappears on private and public agendas in Israel and in the Diaspora. The Knesset has repeatedly debated proposals to amend the Law of Return, and it has indeed been amended a number of times over the years. These modifications reflect the changes that have taken place in Israeli society, the shifts that have taken place in political dialogue both inside Israel itself, and the political discourse between Israel and the Diaspora. The present law constitutes an expression of permanent trends as well as of the Israeli legislative system's ability to adapt itself to changing circumstances.

It is not only the Knesset, however, which has been repeatedly obliged to directly or indirectly address these issues. Over the years, many of Israel's interior ministers have examined the issue of the Law of Return and wavered as to how to apply it. The judiciary has also been called upon to express an opinion on matters relating to the Law. This burning and recurrent question in the country's political dialogue not only reveals but also exacerbates differences of opinion between Israelis.

One central issue is who has the authority over determining the validity of conversions to Judaism for purposes of immigration and citizenship. For historical reasons, the Chief Rabbinate of Israel, under the Israeli Ministry of Religious Affairs, made this determination, but this arrangement is in question. The Chief Rabbinate of Israel ( הרבנות הראשית לישראל) is the supreme Jewish religious governing body in the state of Israel. This practice has met opposition among non-Orthodox religious leaders both within Israel and in the diaspora. Several attempts have been made to resolve the issue, the most recent being the Ne'eman Commission, but an impasse persists.

On March 31, 2005, the Israeli Supreme Court ruled 7-4 that all conversions performed outside of Israel would be recognized by the authorities under the Law of Return, notwithstanding the Ne'eman Commission's view that a single body should determine eligibility for immigration. Events 307 - After divorcing his wife Minervina, Constantine marries Fausta, the daughter of the retired Roman Emperor Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The Supreme Court ( Hebrew: בית המשפט העליון Beit haMishpat ha'Elyon) is at the head of the court system in the State of Israel. Orthodox religious leaders objected vehemently to this ruling, arguing that it would lead to fraudulent immigration applications.

See also

References

  1. ^ Law of Return 5710-1950
  2. ^ Ian Lustick, "Israel as a Non-Arab State: The Political Implications of Mass Immigration of Non-Jews,” Middle East Journal, 53:3, 101-117, 1999. Aliyah ( refers to Jewish Immigration to the Land of Israel (and since its establishment in 1948 the State of Israel) Politics of Israel takes place in a framework of a parliamentary representative democratic Republic, whereby the Prime Minister of Israel is The Basic Laws of Israel (חוקי יסוד Hokei Yesod) are a key component of Israel 's Unwritten constitution. " Who is a Jew? " (Mihu Yehudi? ?מיהו יהודי is a basic question about Jewish identity. The Citizenship and Entry into Israel Law (Temporary Order 5763 is an Israeli law first passed on 31 July, 2003 and has since been extended until Population transfer is the movement of a large group of people from one region to another by state policy or international authority most frequently on the basis of ethnicity or religion The Palestinian right of return ( Arabic: حق العودة Ḥaqq al-ʿawda; Hebrew: זכות השיבה zkhut hashivah) is a political
  3. ^ Eleonara Poltinnikova-Shifrin. "The Jewish State and the Law of Return. " [1] 1 January 2002. New Year See also New Year The Ancient Romans began their consular year on January 1st since 153 BC See also 2002 (disambiguation Year 2002 ( MMII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar.
  4. ^ Crime Library. [2]
  5. ^ http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=950DEFDB1439F934A15751C1A96F948260
  6. ^ Messianic Ruling. jpost. com. The Jerusalem Post (2008). Retrieved on 2008-04-22. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1500 - Portuguese Navigator Pedro Álvares Cabral becomes the first European to sight Brazil.  “"the petitioners were entitled to automatic new immigrant status and citizenship precisely because. . . they were the offspring of Jewish fathers. "”
  7. ^ Messianic Ruling. cbn. com. CBNnews. com (2008). Retrieved on 2008-04-17. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 69 - After the First Battle of Bedriacum, Vitellius becomes Roman Emperor.  “Myers told CBN News, "The bottom line is that if your father is Jewish or if any of your grandparents are Jewish from your father's side - even if you're a Messianic Jew - you can immigrate to Israel under the law of return or under the law of citizenship if you marry an Israeli citizen. "”
  8. ^ Arab Human Rights Association. "Discrimination in the Israeli Law. [3] Access date=2 October 2006. Events 1187 - Siege of Jerusalem: Saladin captures Jerusalem after 88 years of Crusader rule Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar.
  9. ^ Permanent Observer Mission of Palestine to the United Nations. "UN Economic, Social and Cultural Committee Expresses Grave Concern Over Israel's Discriminatory Practices. " [4] accessed 2 October 2006. Events 1187 - Siege of Jerusalem: Saladin captures Jerusalem after 88 years of Crusader rule Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar.
  10. ^ Press Releases: Occupied Palestinian Territory, The international community is bargaining with the rights of the Palestinians
  11. ^ Jonathan Cook. "Hollow Visions of Palestine's Future. " [5] November 18, 2006, accessed 23 February 2007. Events 326 - The old St Peter's Basilica is consecrated 1302 - Pope Boniface VIII issues the Papal bull Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1455 - Traditional date for the publication of the Gutenberg Bible, the first Western Book printed from Movable Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
  12. ^ Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs. The Law of Return. [6]
  13. ^ return.PDF
  14. ^ Sheleg, Y. 2004. "Not Halakhically Jewish: the Dilemma of Non-Jewish Immigrants in Israel. " Jerusalem: Israeli Democracy Institute, working paper 51 (in Hebrew)
  15. ^ Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs, "Acquisition of Israeli Nationality". [7]
  16. ^ International Convention on the Elimination of all forms of Racial Discrimination, CERD/C/471/Add. 2, 1 September 2005.
  17. ^ a b "From 'Ethnic Cleansing' to Casualty Count, Prof. Qumsiyeh Errs" Committee for Accuracy in Middle East Reporting in America, August 20, 2004. The Committee for Accuracy in Middle East Reporting in America (CAMERA is a Boston -based non-profit pro-Israel media watchdog group which was founded in 1982 Events 636 - Battle of Yarmouk: Arab forces led by Khalid ibn al-Walid take control of Syria and Palestine
  18. ^ http://www.meforum.org/article/263
  19. ^ http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m2501/is_n1_v18/ai_18413376/pg_13
  20. ^ Christian Joppke & Zeev Rosenhek, "Contesting Ethnic Immigration: Germany and Israel Compared", European Journal of Sociology, 43, 301-335, 2003.
  21. ^ Gail J. Boling. "Palestinian Refugees and the Right of Return: An International Law Analysis. " [8] Badil Information & Discussion Brief. 1 January 2001. New Year See also New Year The Ancient Romans began their consular year on January 1st since 153 BC Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar.
  22. ^ Rebecca Anna Stoil, Mark Weiss and Matthew Wagner (9 September 2007). Events 1000 - Battle of Svolder, Viking Age. 1379 - Treaty of Neuberg, splitting the Austrian Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Sheetrit may deport alleged neo-Nazis. The Jerusalem Post. The Jerusalem Post is an Israeli daily English-language Broadsheet Newspaper, founded on December 1, 1932 Retrieved on 2007-09-10. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 506 - The Bishops of Visigothic Gaul meet in the Council of Agde.
  23. ^ a b Roni Singer-Heruti (10 September 2007). Events 506 - The Bishops of Visigothic Gaul meet in the Council of Agde. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Interior Minister: I'll consider revoking neo-Nazis' citizenship. Ha'aretz. (הארץ "The land" referring to the Land of Israel) founded in 1918 is Israel 's oldest Daily newspaper. Retrieved on 2007-09-10. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 506 - The Bishops of Visigothic Gaul meet in the Council of Agde.

External links

(הארץ "The land" referring to the Land of Israel) founded in 1918 is Israel 's oldest Daily newspaper.
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