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Lauraceae
Lindera triloba leaves
Lindera triloba leaves
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Division: Magnoliophyta
Class: Magnoliopsida
Order: Laurales
Family: Lauraceae
Juss.
Genera

Many; see text

The Lauraceae or Laurel family comprises a group of flowering plants included in the order Laurales. Plants are living Organisms belonging to the kingdom Plantae. The flowering plants or angiosperms ( Angiospermae or Magnoliophyta) are the most widespread group Magnoliopsida is the Botanical name for a class of Flowering plants By definition the class will include the family Magnoliaceae, but its The Laurales are an order of Flowering plants They are a basal group of Dicots related to and formerly sometimes included in the Magnoliales. Antoine Laurent de Jussieu ( April 12, 1748 - September 17, 1836) was a French Botanist, notable as the first to propose The flowering plants or angiosperms ( Angiospermae or Magnoliophyta) are the most widespread group The Laurales are an order of Flowering plants They are a basal group of Dicots related to and formerly sometimes included in the Magnoliales. The family contains about 55 genera and over 2000 (perhaps as many as 4000) species world-wide, mostly from warm or tropical regions, especially Southeast Asia and Brazil. |utc_offset = -2 to -4 |time_zone_DST = BRST |utc_offset_DST = -2 to -5 |cctld Most are aromatic evergreen trees or shrubs, but Sassafras and one or two other genera are deciduous, and Cassytha is a genus of parasitic vines. In Botany, an Evergreen plant is a plant having leaves all year round Botany Autumn leaf color. See --> In Botany and Horticulture, deciduous Plants, including Parasitism is a type of symbiotic relationship between Organisms of different Species. A vine is any plant of Genus Vitis (the Grape plants or by extension any similar climbing or trailing plant

Trees of the laurel family predominate in the world's laurel forests, which occur in a few humid subtropical and mild temperate regions of the northern and southern hemispheres, including the Macaronesian islands, southern Japan, Madagascar, and central Chile. Laurel forest is a subtropical or mild temperate Forest, found in areas with high humidity and relatively stable and mild temperatures Macaronesia is a modern collective name for several groups of Islands in the North Atlantic Ocean near Europe and North Africa belonging For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. Madagascar, or Republic of Madagascar (older name Malagasy Republic) is an Island nation in the Indian Ocean off the southeastern Chile, officially the Republic of Chile ( Spanish:) is a country in South America occupying a long and narrow Coastal strip wedged between the

There are three main economical uses for this family. A high content of ethereal oils are found in many Lauraceae. An essential oil is a concentrated Hydrophobic Liquid containing volatile Aroma compounds from Plants They are also known as volatile Ethereal oils are important sources for spices and perfumes. Avocados are important oil-rich fruit that are now planted in warm climates across the world. The hard wood of several species is a source for timber around the world. Wood is hard fibrous lignified structural tissue produced as secondary Xylem in the stems of Woody plants notably trees but also shrubs

The following genera include species with commercial value and are consequently among the best known:

Classification

Classification within the Lauraceae remains unresolved. Cinnamomum is a genus of evergreen trees and shrubs belonging to the Laurel family Lauraceae. Cinnamon ( Cinnamomum verum, synonym C zeylanicum) is a small Evergreen Tree 10–15 metres (32 Cinnamomum camphora (commonly known as Camphor tree, Camphorwood or camphor laurel) is a large Evergreen Tree that This article is about the Laurus tree For information on the church hierarch see Metropolitan Laurus. The Bay Laurel ( Laurus nobilis, Lauraceae) also known as True Laurel, Sweet Bay, Grecian Laurel, Laurel, or Lindera is a genus of about 80-100 species of Flowering plants in the family Lauraceae, mostly native to eastern Asia but with three species Lindera is a genus of about 80-100 species of Flowering plants in the family Lauraceae, mostly native to eastern Asia but with three species Persea is a Genus of about 150 species of Evergreen Trees belonging to the laurel family Lauraceae. The avocado ( Persea americana) (from Nahuatl āhuacatl) also known as aguacate ( Spanish) butter pear or Sassafras is a genus of three Sassafras trees grow from 15–35 m (50–120 feet tall and 70–150 cm (2 Multiple classification schemes base on a variety of morphological and anatomical characteristics have been proposed but none are fully accepted. According to Judd et al. (2007) [1], the suprageneric classification proposed by van der Werff and Richter (1996)[2] is currently the authority. However, due to an array of molecular and embryological evidence that disagrees with the groupings, it is not fully accepted by the scientific community. Their classification is based on both inflorescence structure and wood and bark anatomy. It divides Lauraceae into two subfamilies, Cassythoideae and Lauroideae. The Cassythoideae is comprised of a single genus, Cassytha, and is defined by its herbaceous, parasitic habit. The Lauroidaeae is then divided into three tribes: Laureae, Perseeae, and Cryptocaryeae.

The subfamily, Cassythoideae, is not fully supported. Backing has come from matK sequences of chloroplast genes [3] while a questionable placement of Cassytha has been concluded from analysis of intergenetic spacers of chloroplast and nuclear genomes [4]. Embryological studies also appear contradictory. One study by Heo et al. (1998)[5] supports the subfamily. It found that Cassytha develops an ab initio cellular type endosperm and rest of the family (with one exception) develops a nuclear type endosperm. Kimoto et al. (2006) [6] suggests that Cassytha should be placed in the Cryptocaryeae tribe because it shares a glandular anther tapetum and an embryo sac protruding from the nucellus with other members of the Cryptocaryeae.

The Laureae and Perseeae tribes are not well supported by any molecular or embryological studies. Sequences of the matK chloroplast gene [3] as well as sequences of chloroplast and nuclear genomes[4] reveal close relationships between the two tribes. Embryological evidence does not support a clear division between the two tribes either. Genera such as Caryodaphnopsis and Aspidostemon that share embryological characteristics with one tribe and wood and bark characteristics or inflorescence characteristics with another tribe blur the division of the these groups [5]. All available evidence, except for inflorescence morphology and wood and bark anatomy, fails to support separate Laureae and Perseeae tribes.

The Cryptocaryeae tribe is partially supported by molecular and embryological studies. Chloroplast and nuclear genomes supports a tribal grouping that contains all the genera circumscribed by van der Weff and Richter (1996)[2] as well as three additional genera [4]. Partial support for the tribe is also attained from the matK sequences of chloroplast genes [3] as well as embryology [7].

Challenges in Lauraceae classification

The knowledge of all individuals comprising the Lauraceae is incomplete. As of 1991, approximately 25-30% of neotropical Lauraceae species had not been described [8]. As of 2001, embryological studies had only been completed on individuals from 26 genera yielding a 38. 9% level of knowledge, in terms of embryology, for this family [7]. Additionally, the huge amount of variation within the family for any potential defining characteristic poses a major challenge for developing a reliable classification [2] [8]. It is impossible to describe even one genus or tribe by a single well-defined character [8]. For this reason, all proposed classifications rely on a set of characteristics where the combination presents the most frequently observed traits for the group [2] [8].

Genera

(*: Machilus is often included in Persea as a subgenus)

References

  1. ^ Judd, Walter, S. Actinodaphne is a Genus of the family Lauraceae or Laurel family that comprises a group of flowering plants within in the order Laurales UserPolbot. --> Aiouea is a genus of Plant in family Lauraceae. UserPolbot. --> Alseodaphne is a genus of Plant in family Lauraceae. UserPolbot. --> Aniba is a genus of Plant in family Lauraceae. UserPolbot. --> Beilschmiedia is a genus of Trees and Shrubs in family Lauraceae. UserPolbot. --> Caryodaphnopsis is a genus of Plant in family Lauraceae. Cassytha L (1753 is a genus of 17 species of parasitic Vines in the family Lauraceae, mainly native to Australia, but with a Chlorocardium rodiei ( Greenheart) is a member of the family Lauraceae. Cinnamomum is a genus of evergreen trees and shrubs belonging to the Laurel family Lauraceae. Cryptocarya is a Genus of Evergreen Trees belonging to the Laurel family Lauraceae. Dicypellium is a genus of two species of Flowering plants in the family Lauraceae, native to tropical South America, in Amazon Basin Endiandra is a Genus of approximately 100 species of plants mainly Trees in the laurel family Lauraceae. UserPolbot. --> Eusideroxylon is a genus of Plant in family Lauraceae. UserPolbot. --> Hexapora is a genus of Plant in family Lauraceae. This article is about the Laurus tree For information on the church hierarch see Metropolitan Laurus. UserPolbot. --> Licaria is a genus of Plant in family Lauraceae. Lindera is a genus of about 80-100 species of Flowering plants in the family Lauraceae, mostly native to eastern Asia but with three species Litsea is a genus of Evergreen or Deciduous trees or shrubs belonging to the Laurel family Lauraceae. Persea is a Genus of about 150 species of Evergreen Trees belonging to the laurel family Lauraceae. UserPolbot. --> Mezilaurus is a genus of Plant in family Lauraceae. UserPolbot. --> Nectandra is a genus of Plant in family Lauraceae. Plant genus belonging to the Lauraceae. Species List Neocinnamomum camphora - Camphor Tree Neocinnamomum Neolitsea is a genus of 80 species of Evergreen Shrub and small Tree in the laurel family Lauraceae. UserPolbot. --> Nothaphoebe is a genus of Plant in family Lauraceae. Ocotea is a genus of Flowering plants belonging to the family Lauraceae. Persea is a Genus of about 150 species of Evergreen Trees belonging to the laurel family Lauraceae. Phoebe is a genus of Evergreen trees and shrubs belonging to the Laurel family Lauraceae. UserPolbot. --> Phyllostemonodaphne is a genus of Plant in family Lauraceae. UserPolbot. --> Pleurothyrium is a genus of Plant in family Lauraceae. UserPolbot. --> Potameia is a genus of Plant in family Lauraceae. UserPolbot. --> Povedadaphne is a genus of Plant in family Lauraceae. Ravensara aromatica (sometimes called clove nutmeg) is a member of the Lauraceae ( Laurel) family and originates in Madagascar. Sassafras is a genus of three Sassafras trees grow from 15–35 m (50–120 feet tall and 70–150 cm (2 Umbellularia californica is a Tree native to coastal forests of western North America. UserPolbot. --> Urbanodendron is a genus of Plant in family Lauraceae. ; Christopher Campbell, Elizabeth Kellog, Peter Stevens, and Michael Donoghue (2007 location= Massachusetts, USA). Plant Systematics a Phylogenetic Approach, third edition. Sinauer Associates, Inc. . ISBN 978-0-87893-407-2.  
  2. ^ a b c d H van der Werff and J. G. Richter (1996). Toward an improved classification of Lauraceae. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 83: 409-418.  
  3. ^ a b c Rohwer, J. G. (2000). Toward a phylogenetic classification of the Lauraceae: evidence from matK sequences. Systematic Botany 25: 60-71. doi:10.2307/2666673. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document.  
  4. ^ a b c Chanderbali, A. S. ,van der Werff,H. and Renner, S. S. (2001). Phylogeny and historical biogeography of Lauraceae: Evidence from the chloroplast and nuclear genomes. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 88: 104-134. doi:10.2307/2666133. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document.  
  5. ^ a b Heo,K. ,van der Werff, H. , and Tobe, H. (1998). Embryology and relationships of Lauraceae(Laurales). Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 126: 295-322. doi:10.1006/bojl.1997.0138. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document.  
  6. ^ Kimoto,Y. ,Utame N. , and Tobe, H. (2006). Embryology of Eusideroxylon (Cryptocaryeae, Lauraceae) and character evolution in the family. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 150: 187-201. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2006.00458.x. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document.  
  7. ^ a b Kimoto,Y. ,and H. Tobe (2001). Embryology of Laurales: a review and perspectives. Journal of Plant Research 114: 247-261. doi:10.1007/PL00013988. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document.  
  8. ^ a b c d Rohwer, J. G. ,H. Richter, and H. van der Werff (1991). Two new genera of neotropical Lauraceae and critical remarks on the generic delimitation. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 78: 388-4oo. doi:10.2307/2399568. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document.  
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