Laudanum (ˈlȯd-nəm or ˈlȯ-də-nəm), also known as opium tincture or tincture of opium, is an alcoholic herbal preparation of opium. Opium is a Narcotic formed from the Latex (ie sap released by lacerating (or "scoring" the immature seed pods of opium poppies ( In Medicine, a tincture is an Alcoholic Extract (eg of leaves or other plant material or Solution of a non- volatile substance In Medicine, a tincture is an Alcoholic Extract (eg of leaves or other plant material or Solution of a non- volatile substance Opium is a Narcotic formed from the Latex (ie sap released by lacerating (or "scoring" the immature seed pods of opium poppies ( In Chemistry, an alcohol is any Organic compound in which a Hydroxyl group ( - O[[hydrogen H]]) is bound to a Carbon Herbalism is a traditional Medicinal or Folk medicine practice based on the use of Plants and Plant extracts Herbalism is also known as Opium is a Narcotic formed from the Latex (ie sap released by lacerating (or "scoring" the immature seed pods of opium poppies ( It is thus made by combining ethanol with opium. Opium is a Narcotic formed from the Latex (ie sap released by lacerating (or "scoring" the immature seed pods of opium poppies ( The term "laudanum," however, should be applied only to a specific tincture of opium containing approximately 10 milligrams of morphine per milliliter. Medical uses Morphine can be used as an analgesic in hospital settings to relieve pain in Myocardial infarction pain in The litre or liter (see spelling differences) is a unit of Volume. There are several versions of laudanum including Paracelsus' laudanum, Sydenhams Laudanum (also known as tinctura opii crocata), benzoic laudanum (tinctura opii benzoica) ^[1], and deodorized tincture of opium (discussed below), among others. Paracelsus (11 November or 17 December 1493 in Einsiedeln Switzerland – 24 September 1541 in Salzburg, Austria) was an alchemist, Thomas Sydenham (or Syndenham ( September 10, 1624 &ndash December 29, 1689) was an English Physician. In addition, besides well-known versions, some people have begun making their own version of laudanum and naming it ^[2]. Depending on the version, additional amounts of the substances and additional active ingredients (e. g. saffron, sugar, eugenol) are added, modifying its effects (e. Saffron ( Kurdish/Persian زَعْفَرَان is a Spice derived from the dried Stigma of the Flower of the saffron crocus ( Crocus sativus Sugar is a class of edible Crystalline substances mainly Sucrose, Lactose, and Fructose. Eugenol (C10H12O2 is an allyl chain-substituted Guaiacol. Eugenol is a member of the Phenylpropanoids class of chemical compounds g. , amount of sedation, or anti-tussive properties). Sedation is a Medical procedure involving the administration of Sedative drugs generally to facilitate a medical procedure with Local anaesthesia. A cough medicine is a medicinal drug used to treat Coughing and related conditions Care should be used not to confuse laudanum with paregoric, which is also known as camphorated tincture of opium (tinctura opii camphorata) (see discussion below). Paregoric, or Camphorated Tincture of Opium, also known as tinctura opii camphorata, is a Medication known for its Antidiarrheal Paregoric, or Camphorated Tincture of Opium, also known as tinctura opii camphorata, is a Medication known for its Antidiarrheal

Bottle of Laudanum/Opium Tincture. Note the bright red "POISON" on the label given the potency of the drug and potential for overdose.

Preparation and maximum dosage

Regular opium tincture (or tinctura opii) is made by combining ethanol (of 70%) with opium so that a liquid containing 10 milligrams of morphine per milliliter is created. In Medicine, a tincture is an Alcoholic Extract (eg of leaves or other plant material or Solution of a non- volatile substance Opium is a Narcotic formed from the Latex (ie sap released by lacerating (or "scoring" the immature seed pods of opium poppies ( Medical uses Morphine can be used as an analgesic in hospital settings to relieve pain in Myocardial infarction pain in The litre or liter (see spelling differences) is a unit of Volume. ^[3] The maximum dosage is 1,5 to 5 grams.

Sydenham's laudanum is made by combining^[4]:

• 50 parts of opium extract
• 150 parts of saffron tincture
• 1 part of cinnamon oil
• 1 part eugenol
• 798 parts ethanol (of 60% purity)

The maximum dosage is 1,5 to 5 grams. Saffron ( Kurdish/Persian زَعْفَرَان is a Spice derived from the dried Stigma of the Flower of the saffron crocus ( Crocus sativus Eugenol (C10H12O2 is an allyl chain-substituted Guaiacol. Eugenol is a member of the Phenylpropanoids class of chemical compounds

Benzoic laudanum is made by combining ^[5]:

• 50 parts of opium tincture
• 5 parts of benzoic acid
• 5 parts of campher
• 2 parts of anise oil
• 940 parts of ethanol (70% pure)

The maximum dosage is 30 to 100 grams. Opium is a Narcotic formed from the Latex (ie sap released by lacerating (or "scoring" the immature seed pods of opium poppies ( '''Anise''' or Aniseed, less commonly anís (stressed on the second syllable ( Pimpinella anisum) is a Flowering plant in the family Apiaceae An oil is a substance that is in a viscous Liquid state ( "oily") at ambient temperatures or slightly warmer and is

History

In the 16th century, Paracelsus experimented with the medical value of opium. Paracelsus (11 November or 17 December 1493 in Einsiedeln Switzerland – 24 September 1541 in Salzburg, Austria) was an alchemist, He decided that its medical (analgesic) value was of such magnitude that he called it laudanum, from the Latin laudare, to praise, or from labdanum, the term for a plant extract. Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. He did not know of its addictive properties. The term " addiction " is used in many contexts to describe an obsession compulsion or excessive Physical dependence or psychological dependence such as

In the 19th century, laudanum was used in many patent medicines to "relieve pain. Patent medicine is the somewhat misleading term given to various medical Compounds sold under a variety of names and labels though they were for the most part actually Pain, in the sense of physical pain, is a typical sensory experience that may be described as the unpleasant awareness of a noxious stimulus or bodily harm . . to produce sleep. Sleep is a Natural state of bodily rest observed throughout the animal kingdom . . to allay irritation. . . to check excessive secretions. . . to support the system. . . [and] as a soporific". Sleep is a Natural state of bodily rest observed throughout the animal kingdom ^[6] The limited pharmacopoeia of the day meant that opium derivatives were among the most efficacious of available treatments, so laudanum was widely prescribed for ailments from colds to meningitis to cardiac diseases, in both adults and children. Pharmacopoeia (literally the art of the drug compounder in its modern technical sense is a book containing directions for the identification of samples and the preparation of compound Acute viral nasopharyngitis or acute coryza, usually known as the common cold, is a highly contagious viral Infectious disease of the Meningitis is Inflammation of the protective membranes covering the Brain and Spinal cord, known collectively as the Meninges. The heart is a muscular organ in all Vertebrates responsible for pumping Blood through the Blood vessels by repeated rhythmic A disease is an abnormal condition of an organism that impairs bodily functions and can be deadly Laudanum was used during the yellow fever epidemic. Yellow fever (also called yellow jack, black vomit or sometimes American Plague) is an acute viral disease

The Romantic and Victorian eras were marked by the widespread use of laudanum in Europe and the United States. Romanticism is a complex artistic literary and intellectual movement that originated in the second half of the 18th century in Western Europe, and gained strength during the Culture The Victorian fascination with novelty resulted in a deep interest in the relationship between modernity and cultural continuities The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Initially a working class drug, laudanum was cheaper than a bottle of gin or wine, because it was treated as a medication for legal purposes and not taxed as an alcoholic beverage. Gin is a spirit flavoured with Juniper berries. Distilled gin is made by redistilling white grain spirit which has been flavoured with juniper Wine is an Alcoholic beverage made from the fermentation of Grape juice Literary figures of note who used laudanum include:

• Lord Byron
• Jane Johnston Schoolcraft, the early American Indian writer
• Kate Chopin
• Samuel Taylor Coleridge, who was addicted for much of his adult life
• Thomas de Quincey, who turned his addiction into literary success with the publication of Confessions of an English Opium Eater
• Percy Bysshe Shelley, used laudanum to dull the pain of chronic nephritis from which he suffered. Jane Johnston Schoolcraft (January 31 1800-May 22 1842 is the first known American Indian literary writer although she did not publish her own work Kate Chopin (born Katherine O'Flaherty on February 8, 1851 – August 22, 1904) was an American Author Samuel Taylor Coleridge ( 21 October 1772 &ndash 25 July 1834) was an English Poet, Critic and philosopher Thomas de Quincey (15 August 1785 &ndash 8 December 1859 was an English author and intellectual best known for his Confessions of an English Opium-Eater Confessions of an English Opium-Eater ( 1821) is an autobiographical account written by Thomas De Quincey, about his Laudanum ( Percy Bysshe Shelley (August 4 1792 – July 8 1822 ˈpɝːsɪ ˈbɪʃ ˈʃɛlɪ was one of the major English Romantic poets and is widely considered to be among
• John Keats
• Lewis Carroll
• Iolo Morgannwg, the Welsh antiquarian
• Charles Dickens
• Antonin Artaud
• Henry Wadsworth Longfellow
• Edgar Allan Poe, who is known to have used it once in 1848
• Mattie Blaylock (common law wife of Wyatt Earp)
• Charles Baudelaire^[7]
• Branwell Brontë (brother of the Brontë sisters). Charles Lutwidge Dodgson (ˈdɒdsən (27 January 1832 &ndash 14 January 1898 better known by the Pen name Lewis Carroll (/ˈkærəl/ was an English Iolo Morganwg (or Morgannwg in modern spelling ˈjolo morˈganːug was the Bardic name of Edward Williams ( March 10 1747 &ndash Antoine Marie Joseph Artaud, better known as Antonin Artaud ( September 4, 1896, in Marseille – March 4, 1948 in Henry Wadsworth Longfellow (February 27 1807 &ndash March 24 1882 was an American educator and Poet whose works include " Paul Revere's Ride " Edgar Allan Poe (January 19 1809 – October 7 1849 was an American poet, short-story Writer, editor and Literary critic, Celia Ann (Mattie Blaylock (1850 to July 3 1888 was the romantic companion of Old West Lawman and Gambler Wyatt Earp. Patrick Branwell Brontë (ˈbrɒntɪ 26 June 1817 &ndash 24 September 1848) was a painter and poet the only son of the Brontë
• Mary Todd Lincoln, wife of President Abraham Lincoln, misprescribed for sleep problems, which caused anxiety and hallucinations. Mary Ann Todd Lincoln ( December 13, 1818 &ndash July 16, 1882) was the wife of the 16th President of the United States, Abraham

Upon increase of these hallucinations, more laudanum and chloral hydrate was administered, which increased the problem and led to her eventual commitment to an asylum. Chloral hydrate is a Sedative and Hypnotic drug as well as a Chemical reagent and precursor

• Thomas Wolfgang Schultz
• Elizabeth Barrett Browning

Political figures who used the drug included George Washington, Patrick Henry, William Wilberforce and Meriwether Lewis. Elizabeth Barrett Browning ( March 6, 1806 &ndash June 29, 1861) was one of the most respected Poets of the Victorian era George Washington (February 22 1732 December 14 1799 served as the first President of the United States of America (1789&ndash1797 and led the Patrick Henry ( May 29, 1736 June 6, 1799) was a prominent figure in the American Revolution, known and remembered for his " William Wilberforce (24 August 1759 – 29 July 1833 was a British Politician, a Philanthropist Meriwether Lewis ( August 18, 1774 &ndash October 11, 1809) was an American Explorer, Soldier, and public administrator Innumerable Victorian women were prescribed the drug for relief of menstrual cramps and vague aches and used it to achieve the pallid complexion associated with tuberculosis (frailty and paleness were particularly prized in women at the time). Tuberculosis (abbreviated as TB for tubercle bacillus or T u' b' erculosis Bacillus --> is a common Nurses also spoon-fed laudanum to infants. The Pre-Raphaelite muse Elizabeth Siddal died of a laudanum overdose. The Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood (also known as the Pre-Raphaelites) was a group of English painters Poets, and critics founded in 1848 by Elizabeth Eleanor Siddal ( 25 July 1829 – 11 February 1862) was a British artists' model, Poet and

Depictions in fiction

Literature

• In Herman Hesse's book Steppenwolf, "an unusually strong tincture of laudanum" pg. Hermann Hesse (ˈhɛʀman ˈhɛsə ( 2 July, 1877 — 9 August, 1962) was a German - Swiss poet novelist and painter 80 1963 Bantum Books,NY, USA
• In Elizabeth Stuart Phelps's "The True Story of Guenever", Guenever enters a delusion because of the laudanum and believes that she ran off with Launcelot.
• In C. S. Forrester's book Lieutenant Hornblower, part of the Horatio Hornblower series, Captain James Sawyer is declared unfit for duty and kept bound in his cabin. Lieutenant Hornblower (published 1952) is a Horatio Hornblower novel written by C Admiral of the Fleet Horatio Hornblower 1st Baron Hornblower, GCB, is a fictional protagonist of a series of Novels by C His overthrowers give him laudanum to keep him quiet.
• In William Faulkner's 1935 novel Pylon, the reporter tries to buy absinthe, but is given gin with laudanum in it. William Faulkner (born William Cuthbert Falkner) ( September 25, 1897 – July 6, 1962) was an American Author Pylon is a novel by the American author William Faulkner. Published in 1935 is one of his few novels set outside Yoknapatawpha County, his favorite Absinthe is traditionally a distilled, highly alcoholic (45%-75% ABV) beverage Gin is a spirit flavoured with Juniper berries. Distilled gin is made by redistilling white grain spirit which has been flavoured with juniper
• In Thomas Harris's 2006 novel Hannibal Rising, Hannibal Lecter is asked by a condemned prisoner to give him laudanum before facing death by guillotine, in exchange for allowing his body to be used in a Paris medical school. Thomas Harris (born April 11, 1940) is an American Author of crime Novels most notably The Silence Hannibal Rising is a novel written by Thomas Harris, the fourth in a series featuring his most famous character Hannibal Lecter. Origin and development Thomas Harris has given few interviews and has never explained where he got inspiration for Hannibal Lecter but in a documentary for Hannibal Rising The guillotine ( pronounced /ˈgijətin/ or /ˈgɪlətin/ in English in French was a device used for carrying out executions by Decapitation. It is later suggested that this was common practice at the time.
• In Patrick O'Brian's Aubrey–Maturin series of novels, the ship's surgeon, Stephen Maturin, both uses the drug professionally and battles his own addiction to it. Patrick O'Brian, CBE ( 12 December 1914 &ndash 2 January 2000; born as Richard Patrick Russ) was an English The Aubrey–Maturin series is a sequence of Historical novels — 20 completed and one unfinished — by Patrick O'Brian, set during the Napoleonic
• In Alan Moore's The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen, Allan Quatermain, opium-addicted, uses his bottle of laudanum to paralyze Edward Hyde. Alan Moore (born November 18 1953 in Northampton) is an English Writer most famous for his influential work in Comics, including the acclaimed The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen is a Comic book series written by Alan Moore and illustrated by Kevin O'Neill. Allan Quatermain is a Fictional character, the Protagonist of H Edward Hyde may refer to Edward Hyde 1st Earl of Clarendon (1609-1674 English historian and statesman Edward Hyde 3rd Earl of Clarendon
• In Joanne Harris's 1993 novel Sleep Pale Sister, Effie was fed laudanum to keep her out of "hysterics" and also so that she could sleep. Joanne Michèle Sylvie Harris (b 3 July 1964, Barnsley, Yorkshire) is a British author Hysteria in its colloquial use describes a state of Mind, one of unmanageable Fear or Emotional excesses
• The character of Oscar Hopkins in Peter Carey's novel Oscar and Lucinda (1988) uses laudanum, initially under duress, to dull his hydrophobia during his expedition from Sydney. Peter Carey may refer to Peter Carey (footballer, Australian rules player for Glenelg Peter Carey (historian, British historian of south-east Oscar and Lucinda is a Novel by Peter Carey, which won the 1988 Booker Prize, and the 1989 Miles Franklin Award. Hydrophobia may refer to Rabies especially a set of symptoms of the later stages of an infection in which the victim has difficulty swallowing shows panic when presented with liquids to drink Sydney (ˈsɪdniː is the most populous city in Australia, with a Metropolitan area population of approximately 4
• Mary Shelley's character Victor Frankenstein uses laudanum to help him sleep after the death of his friend, Henry Clerval. Mary Shelley ( Née Mary Wollstonecraft Godwin; 30 August Frankenstein or The Modern Prometheus, generally known as Frankenstein, is a Novel written by the British author Mary Shelley
• In E.L. Doctorow's Ragtime, Harry K. Edgar Lawrence Doctorow (born January 6, 1931, New York New York) is an American Author whose critically acclaimed and award winning fiction Ragtime is a 1975 Novel by E L Doctorow. This work of Historical fiction is mostly set in New York City from about Thaw is said to have once drank an entire bottle of laudanum.
• In Jack Finney's Time and Again, the main character, Si Morley, wonders if a live baby in an 1882 display case has been "doped up with one of the laudanum preparations I'd seen advertised in Harpers. Jack Finney ( October 2, 1911 – November 14, 1995) was an American author Time and Again is a 1970 illustrated novel by Jack Finney. The many illustrations in the book are real though as explained in an endnote not Harper's Magazine (also Harper's) is a monthly general-interest Magazine of literature politics culture finance and the arts "
• Laudanum is also used as a means to circumvent Speck magic in the Soldier Son Trilogy by Robin Hobb. The Soldier Son Trilogy is a Fantasy novel series by Robin Hobb. Robin Hobb is the second Pen name of novelist Margaret Astrid Lindholm Ogden (born 1952 in California) who produces primarily Fantasy fiction
• Laudanum is mentioned frequently in William S. Burroughs' Naked Lunch, and The Nova Trilogy, beginning with The Soft Machine. William Seward Burroughs II ( – ˈbʌroʊz was an American Novelist, Essayist, Social critic, painter and Spoken word Naked Lunch (sometimes referred to as The Naked Lunch) is a novel by William S The Nova Trilogy, The Nova Epic or The Cut-up Trilogy is a name commonly given by critics to a series of three experimental prose Novels by William The Soft Machine is the title of a Novel by William S Burroughs, first published in 1961 and was Burroughs' first novel after the groundbreaking
• In the fourteenth chapter of James Joyce's Ulysses, Haines is depicted drinking laudanum from a phial. James Augustine Aloysius Joyce (2 February 1882 &ndash 13 January 1941 was an Irish expatriate writer widely considered to be one of the most influential writers of the Ulysses is a novel by James Joyce, first serialized in parts in the American journal The Little Review from March 1918 to December 1920 ^[8]
• In Octavia E. Butler's Kindred, Rufus' mother uses laudanum as a medicine to relieve her pain. Octavia Estelle Butler ( June 22, 1947 – February 24, 2006) was an American Science fiction Writer, one Kindred is a 1979 novel by Octavia Butler. While most of Butler's work is classified as Science fiction, Kindred is often
• In Wilkie Collins' The Moonstone (1868), a valuable diamond, the Moonstone, is stolen by a character in a laudanum-induced stupor. William Wilkie Collins ( 8 January 1824 &ndash 23 September 1889) was an English Novelist, Playwright, and The Moonstone (1868 by Wilkie Collins is a 19th-century, British, Epistolary novel, generally considered the first
• It is mentioned in Sarah Waters' Tipping the Velvet as a way a nanny calmed the child Cyril, and thus an argument for Nancy to stay with that family and watch the child during the day. Sarah Waters is a British Novelist. She is best known for her novels set in Victorian society, such as Tipping the Velvet and For the TV serial based on the novel see Tipping the Velvet (TV serial Tipping the Velvet is a 1998 novel written
• The character Cassy in Uncle Tom's Cabin kills one of her children with laudanum to prevent it from growing up in slavery. Uncle Tom's Cabin; or Life Among the Lowly is an anti- Slavery novel by American author Harriet Beecher Stowe.
• Hannibal Sefton, a tuberculosis-afflicted violinist in Barbara Hambly's Benjamin January mystery series, is addicted to laudanum, and uses it as a means of self-medication. Tuberculosis (abbreviated as TB for tubercle bacillus or T u' b' erculosis Bacillus --> is a common Barbara Hambly (born August 28, 1951) is an award winning and prolific American Novelist and Screenwriter within the genres of
• It appears in the hard-boiled detective novels of Dashiell Hammett and Raymond Chandler, including Red Harvest and The Big Sleep, respectively. Samuel Dashiell Hammett ( May 27, 1894 — January 10, 1961) was an American Author of Hardboiled detective Raymond Thornton Chandler ( July 23, 1888 &ndash March 26, 1959) was an American Author of crime stories and novels This article deals with the Dashiell Hammett novel called Red Harvest The Big Sleep is a 1939 novel by Raymond Chandler, with two film versions one filmed in 1945, and another filmed in 1978.
• In Charles Dickens' novel The Mystery of Edwin Drood it is the drink of choice for the sinister uncle Jasper. The Mystery of Edwin Drood is the final Novel by Charles Dickens.
• In Love in the Time of Cholera by Gabriel Garcia Marquez, laudanum is the drink that America Vicuna uses to kill herself. Love in the Time of Cholera (El amor en los tiempos del cólera is a novel by Nobel Prize winning Colombian author Gabriel García Márquez Gabriel José de la Concordia García Márquez (born March 6 1927 is a Colombian
• In One Hundred Years of Solitude by Gabriel Garcia Marquez, Amaranta decides to poison her adopted sister Rebeca with laudanum in order to prevent the latter's marriage to Pietro Crespi, whom Amaranta secretly loves. One Hundred Years of Solitude (Cien años de soledad is a novel by Nobel Prize winning Colombian author Gabriel García Márquez that was first Gabriel José de la Concordia García Márquez (born March 6 1927 is a Colombian Instead, Amaranta inadvertently poisons her innocent sister-in-law Remedios Mascote.
• In "Kal" by Judy Nunn, the character "Carmelina" is given laudanum by Lewis as a sexual enhancement; (p568)"Just a sip, my darling, just for fun", He'd said the first time he offered her the spoon. Judy Nunn (born 13 April 1945 in Perth, Australia) is an Australian Actress . . . . and of course, she'd obeyed.
• In Affinity (novel) by Sarah Waters, protagonist Margaret Prior takes laudanum as advised by her doctor. Affinity is a 1999 Historical fiction Novel by Sarah Waters. It is the author's second novel following Tipping the Sarah Waters is a British Novelist. She is best known for her novels set in Victorian society, such as Tipping the Velvet and
• In Cloud Atlas, one of the protagonists Adam Ewing is made to become addicted to laudanum after being fed it as medicine by another passenger without being aware of its nature. Cloud Atlas is a 2004 novel the third book by British author David Mitchell.
• In Bram Stoker's Dracula several maids are incapacitated by a mixture of laudnum and wine, administered by Count Dracula in the course of his recurring nightly attacks on the weakening Lucy Westenra. Abraham "Bram" Stoker (8 November 1847 – 20 April 1912 was an Irish writer of novels and short stories who is best known today for his 1897 horror Dracula is an 1897 novel by Irish author Bram Stoker, featuring as its primary Antagonist the vampire Count Dracula.
• In Titus Alone, the second book in Mervyn Peake's Gormenghast Trilogy, Sepulchrave - the 76th Earl of Gormenghast - is briefly mentioned to be a laudanum user. Titus Alone is a novel written by Mervyn Peake and first published in 1959 Biography Mervyn Peake was born of British parents in Kuling ( Lushan) in Jiangxi Province of central China in 1911 only three months before the revolution
• In Interview with the Vampire (from The Vampire Chronicles series by Anne Rice), Claudia gives a deadly dose of absinthe and laudanum to two orphans whom Lestat is tricked into feeding upon, thus poisoning him. Interview with the Vampire is a Vampire Novel by Anne Rice written in 1973 and published in 1976 The Vampire Chronicles is a series of Novels by Anne Rice that revolves around the Fictional character Anne Rice (born Howard Allen O'Brien on October 4, 1941) is a best-selling American Author of gothic and religious-themed
• In The House of the Scorpion by Nancy Farmer, the protagonist, Matt is accused of killing the dog of his friend, Maria, by adding laudanum to its meat. The House of the Scorpion is a Science fiction novel by Nancy Farmer published in 2002. Nancy Farmer (born 1941 is an acclaimed children's author from the United States.
• In Alice Munro's short story "Meneseteung", Almeda Roth, an eccentric spinster, is imagined (by the narrator) to have taken laudanum ("Many ladies did", Munro writes. Alice Ann Munro ( Née Laidlaw; born 10 July 1931) is a Canadian short-story writer and three-time winner of Canada's )
• In Libba Bray's novels A Great and Terrible Beauty, Rebel Angels and The Sweet Far Thing, Gemma's father is addicted to laudanum as a result of the death of his wife. Libba Bray (born Martha E Bray on March 11 1964 in Alabama) is an author of young adult novels including the books A Great and Terrible Beauty, A Great and Terrible Beauty is the first novel in the Gemma Doyle Trilogy by Libba Bray. Rebel Angels is the second book in a fantasy trilogy by Libba Bray. The Sweet Far Thing is a novel by Libba Bray that was released on December 26, 2007.
• Samuel Taylor Coleridge wrote the poem fragment Kubla Khan immediately on waking from a laudanum-induced dream. Samuel Taylor Coleridge ( 21 October 1772 &ndash 25 July 1834) was an English Poet, Critic and philosopher
• In Robery Hicks novel The Widow of the South laudanum is mentioned by Carrie McGavock as a method of controlling grief in women whose husbands and sons had gone to war.
• Also in the novel Freaks: Alive, on the Inside, author Annette Curtis Klause has a character by the name of Ceecee harboring a dangerous secret of laudanum addiction. Annette Curtis Klause (born 1953 is an American Author and Librarian, specializing in young adult Fiction.
• Dirk Gently's Holistic Detective Agency by Douglas Adams references Samuel Taylor Coleridge's use of Laudanum. Dirk Gently's Holistic Detective Agency is a novel by Douglas Adams. Douglas Noël Adams (11 March 1952 &ndash 11 May 2001 was an English author comic Radio dramatist Samuel Taylor Coleridge ( 21 October 1772 &ndash 25 July 1834) was an English Poet, Critic and philosopher
• In Asterix, Laudanum is one of the four Roman encampments surrounding the protagonists' village. The Adventures of Asterix ( French: Astérix or Astérix le Gaulois) is a series of French The Gallic Wars were a series of Military campaigns waged by the Roman proconsul Julius Caesar against several Gallic tribes, lasting from
• In Secrets and Sacrifices by Diane Wylie, Confederate surgeon Captain Daniel Reid gives injured soldier laudanum to kill their pain.
• in the Bloody Jack series by LA Meyer there are copiuose references to tincture of opium. and its is used numerouse times throughout the series

Film

• In the 2001 movie From Hell laudanum plays an important role: Jack the Ripper is shown using it to numb his victims, while Inspector Frederick Abberline (played by Johnny Depp) uses a laudanum and absinthe mixture to see visions of the future or past. From Hell is a 2001 film based on the Graphic novel of the same name by Alan Moore and Eddie Campbell. Jack the Ripper is an alias given to an unidentified Serial killer active in the largely impoverished Whitechapel area and adjacent districts of London Frederick George Abberline (8 January 1843 in Blandford Forum, Dorset – 10 December 1929 was a Chief Inspector for the London Metropolitan John Absinthe is traditionally a distilled, highly alcoholic (45%-75% ABV) beverage
• In John Wayne's final movie The Shootist, his character J. John Wayne ( May 26, 1907 &ndash June 11, 1979) was an Academy Award and Golden Globe Award -winning American The Shootist is a Novel written by Glendon Swarthout and published in 1975. B. Books is suffering from terminal cancer, and his doctor E. W. Hostetler (played by James Stewart) prescribes laudanum to relieve the pain. James Maitland Stewart (20 May 1908 – 2 July 1997 popularly known as Jimmy Stewart, was an American Film and stage Actor
• In Amazing Grace, the William Wilberforce Story, there are numerous scenes of Wilberforce being given laudanum to relieve symptoms of colitis. William Wilberforce (24 August 1759 – 29 July 1833 was a British Politician, a Philanthropist Colitis is a chronic digestive disease characterized by Inflammation of the colon.
• In Cold Mountain the main character Inman gets a drink with laudanum from the old woman who killed her goat to feed him. Cold Mountain is a 2003 film written and directed by Anthony Minghella, and stars Jude Law, Nicole Kidman, Renée Zellweger,
• In Master and Commander: The Far Side of the World, the doctor issues laudanum to a boy whose arm is to be amputated. Master and Commander The Far Side of the World is a 2003 Film directed by Peter Weir and starring Russell Crowe as Jack Aubrey, with
• In the 1971 movie The Beguiled, Geraldine Page's character used laudanum to sedate Clint Eastwood's character when she amputated his leg. Geraldine Sue Page ( November 22, 1924 – June 13, 1987) was an American actress Clinton "Clint" Eastwood Jr (born May 31 1930 is a four-time Academy Award winning American Actor and Filmmaker.
• In Shadow of the Vampire F.W. Murnau (played by John Malkovich) is discovered using laudanum by his cinematographer. Shadow of the Vampire is a movie that opened in the United States on December 29, 2000. Friedrich Wilhelm Murnau, better known as F W Murnau ( December 28, 1888 &ndash March 11, 1931) was one of the most influential John Gavin Malkovich (born December 9, 1953) is an Emmy Award -winning two-time Academy Award -nominated American Actor
• In Tombstone, Mattie Blaylock, Wyatt Earp's common law wife, is depicted as a laudanum addict, true to her real-life addiction. Tombstone is a 1993 Western movie written by Kevin Jarre and directed by its star Kurt Russell, with credited director George P Celia Ann (Mattie Blaylock (1850 to July 3 1888 was the romantic companion of Old West Lawman and Gambler Wyatt Earp. Wyatt Berry Stapp Earp ( March 19, 1848 &ndash January 13, 1929) was an American farmer Teamster, sometime buffalo
• In the 1995 Ang Lee adaptation of Jane Austen's Sense and Sensibility, Doctor Harris (Oliver Ford Davies) gives Laudanum to a heartbroken Marianne Dashwood (Kate Winslet) to bring down an infectious fever after she ventures out in a storm to see Willoughby's Estate. Ang Lee ( (born October 23, 1954) is an Academy Award -winning Film director from Taiwan. Jane Austen (16 Sense and Sensibility is a Novel by the English novelist Jane Austen. Sense and Sensibility is a Novel by the English novelist Jane Austen. Kate Elizabeth Winslet (born 5 October 1975 is a five-time Academy Award -nominated Golden Globe -nominated Emmy Award -nominated
• In the movie House of Mirth, Gillian Anderson's character Lily Bart uses laudanum to escape her troubles.
• In the film Interview with the Vampire: The Vampire Chronicles, Claudia poisons two young boys with laudanum to keep their blood warm and fool Lestat into drinking from them. Interview with the Vampire The Vampire Chronicles is a 1994 film based on the 1976 novel Interview with the Vampire by Anne Rice Claudia is a fictional character in Anne Rice 's novels Interview with the Vampire, The Vampire Lestat, The Queen of the
• In the 1986 movie Gothic, Lord Byron pours Bysshe Shelley a glass of wine which he refers to as "opiate," probably Laudanum
• In the 2002 made-for-TV film Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde, a shabby and degenerate Dr Jekyll is told he "looks like a Laudanum addict"

Television

• Alma Garrett (played by Molly Parker) was addicted to laudanum in Deadwood. Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde is a Novella written by the Scottish author Robert Louis Stevenson and first published in 1886 Molly Parker (born mid-June 1972 in Maple Ridge, British Columbia, Canada) is a Canadian Actress, notable for her roles Deadwood is an American western &ndash Drama Television series created produced and almost entirely written by David Milch

• In the Hornblower television movies "The Mutiny" and "Retribution", Dr. Hornblower is the umbrella title of a series of Television Drama programmes based on C Clive (played by David Rintoul) freely dispensed laudanum to injured or beaten seamen, to the mentally unstable Captain Sawyer (played by David Warner), and to himself. David Rintoul (born David Wilson on 29 November 1948 in Aberdeen, Scotland) is a stage and Television Actor Seaman as a rate refers to one of the lowest rates in a Navy. David Warner (born July 29, 1941) is an Emmy Award-winning English Actor who is known for playing sinister or evil characters

• In an episode of the Little House on the Prairie television series titled "Blizzard", several children are experiencing pain in their hands and feet as they are warmed up in the schoolhouse after suffering from partial hypothermia and frostbite. The following is a list of episodes for the television show Little House on the Prairie. Little House on the Prairie is an American one-hour dramatic Television program that aired on the NBC network from September 11 1974 to Hypothermia is a condition in which an organism's temperature drops below that required for normal Metabolism and bodily functions Frostbite ( congelatio in Medical terminology) is the Medical condition whereby damage is caused to Skin and other tissues To help them with the pain, Dr. Baker issues laudanum, but "just half a teaspoon!".

• In the first episode of the 19th season of The Simpsons, entitled "He Loves To Fly And He D'oh's", Mr. Burns has a shopping list on which "laudanum" is first on the list. " He Loves to Fly and He D'ohs " also known as " He Loves to Fly " is the season premiere of The Simpsons ’ nineteenth season Charles Montgomery Burns, also referred to as Mr Burns is a recurring Fictional character and Antagonist in the animated television series Followed by: "cotton gin", "spats", "cell phone" and "Brooklyn Dodgers. A Cotton Gin' (short for cotton engine) is a machine that quickly and easily separates the Cotton fibers from the seedpods and the sometimes sticky seeds a job Spats are a type of Shoe Accessory worn in the late 19th and early 20th century The Los Angeles Dodgers are a Major League Baseball team based in Los Angeles California, USA "

• In episode seven of the first season of Bramwell, Lady Cora Peters (played by actress Michele Dotrice) suffered acute stomach pains which turned out to be appendicitis inaccurately diagnosed as tifilitis by her doctor who prescribed a small bottle of laudanum to ease her pain. Bramwell is a British television series starring Jemma Redgrave as Dr Michele Dotrice (born September 27 1948 in Cleethorpes, Lincolnshire) is a British actress best known for her portrayal Appendicitis (or epityphlitis) is a condition characterized by Inflammation of the appendix.

• In many episodes of the series"Gunsmoke," Doc Adams gives laudanum to his patients. Gunsmoke is an American radio and television Western drama series created by director Norman MacDonnell and writer John Meston

Music

• Avec Laudenum is the title of the fifth release by the ambient group Stars of the Lid. Avec Laudenum is the fifth studio album released by Stars of the Lid. Stars of the Lid is a duo specializing in drone-based Ambient music.
• "Laudanum" is the title of the fifth track on the CD Wholesale Meats and Fish by Letters to Cleo. Wholesale Meats and Fish is the second album by the alternative rock band Letters To Cleo. Letters to Cleo were an Alternative rock band from Boston Massachusetts.
• Laudanum is the title of the debut album by austrian goth rock band Whispers in the Shadow.
• Laudanum is mentioned in the song "The Legionnaire's Lament" by The Decemberists.
• Laudanum is mentioned in the song "Death Rydes Under the Frozen Moon" by Holy Ghost Revival.
• Laudanum is the name of a song by Montreal Guitar Prodigy Domininc Cifarelli's "The Chronicles of Israfel"
• Laudanum is also mentioned in the songs "Tortured Soul Asylum" and "The Byronic Man" by British band Cradle of Filth on their 2006 and 2000 albums, Thornography and Midian respectively. Thornography is the seventh full-length studio album by Cradle of Filth released through Roadrunner Records in October 2006
• Laudanum and Poitín are mentioned in the song "The Snake With Eyes of Garnet" by Shane MacGowan (Shane MacGowan and The Popes) on his 1994 album, The Snake. Poitín or Poteen (IPA, also potcheen) is a traditional Irish distilled, highly alcoholic beverage (90%-95% ABV Shane Patrick Lysaght MacGowan (born 25 December 1957 is a musician and singer best known as the original singer and songwriter of The Pogues. The Snake is the first Solo album by Shane MacGowan with backing band The Popes, featuring Maire Brennan (Track 8 Sinéad
• Laudanum is used by the character Mrs. Sedley in Benjamin Britten's opera, Peter Grimes. Edward Benjamin Britten Baron Britten, OM CH (22 November 1913 – 4 December 1976 was an English Composer, conductor, Peter Grimes is an Opera by Benjamin Britten, with a Libretto adapted by Montagu Slater from the Peter Grimes section of
• "Halcion laudanum and Opium" is a line in Josh Ritter's song "Thin Blue Flame". Triazolam (marketed under brand names Halcion, Novodorm, Songar) is a Benzodiazepine derivative drug Opium is a Narcotic formed from the Latex (ie sap released by lacerating (or "scoring" the immature seed pods of opium poppies ( Josh Ritter (born October 21 1976 is an American Singer-songwriter.
• In the song "I Met Everybody I Knew" by Mark Sheridan, he describes his ennui with life and wishes to end it with laudanum
• Laudanum is the title of the ninth track on the Gutter Jones (see myspace. com/gutterjones) album called "Number Two"
• Laudanum is the title of the fourth track on Velvet Cacoon's album "Genevieve"

Modern status

Contrary to popular belief, laudanum is still available by prescription in the United States. Velvet Cacoon is a so-called Artist collective and multi-genre band from Portland Oregon, USA. A prescription (℞ is a health-care program implemented by a Physician or other medical practitioner in the form of instructions that govern the plan of care for an individual The United States of America —commonly referred to as the It is classified as a Schedule II drug under the Controlled Substances Act. The Controlled Substances Act ( CSA) was enacted into law by the Congress of the United States as Title II of the Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Its most common formulation is known as "deodorized tincture of opium", (or DTO or tinctura opii deodorati), and is manufactured in the United States by Ranbaxy Pharmaceuticals. Ranbaxy Pharmaceuticals Inc is a wholly owned US Subsidiary of Ranbaxy Laboratories Limited India 's largest Pharmaceutical company Deodorized or "denarcotized" opium means that narcotine, one of the most prevalent alkaloids in opium, has been removed, usually by a petroleum distillate. Noscapine (also known as Narcotine or Anarcotine) is an Alkaloid Opioid Agonist from plants of the Papaveraceae family Petroleum ( L petroleum, from Greek πετρέλαιον, lit Narcotine has no analgesic properties, and frequently causes nausea and stomach upset; hence the preference for denarcotized opium. ^[9] Bottles of opium tincture are required by FDA to bear a bright red "POISON" label given the potency of the drug and the potential for overdose (see discussion about confusion with paregoric below). In the context of Biology, poisons are substances that can cause damage, Illness, or Death to Organisms usually by

Confusion with Paregoric

In the United States, deodorized opium tincture contains 10 mg per mL of anhydrous morphine, which represents the equivalent of 100 mg per mL of powdered opium. Paregoric, or Camphorated Tincture of Opium, also known as tinctura opii camphorata, is a Medication known for its Antidiarrheal As a general term a substance is said to be anhydrous if it contains no Water. Medical uses Morphine can be used as an analgesic in hospital settings to relieve pain in Myocardial infarction pain in By contrast, laudanum's weaker cousin, paregoric, also known as camphorated tincture of opium, is 1/25th the strength of laudanum, containing only 0. Paregoric, or Camphorated Tincture of Opium, also known as tinctura opii camphorata, is a Medication known for its Antidiarrheal 4 mg of morphine per mL, which is the equivalent of 4 mg per mL of powdered opium. Caution should be employed so as not to confuse opium tincture (laudanum) with camphorated opium tincture (paregoric), since overdose may occur if the former is used when the latter has been indicated. Laudanum is almost always dosed in drops, or fractions of a mL, or less commonly, in minims, while paregoric is dosed in teaspoons. The minim (abbreviated min or ♏) is a unit of Volume in both the imperial and US customary systems of measurement Further, the United States Pharmacopia recommends that the abbreviation "DTO" never be used in place of "deodorized tincture of opium", since DTO is sometimes erroneously employed to abbreviate "diluted tincture of opium", which is a 1:25 dilution of opium tincture and water commonly employed to treat withdrawal symptoms in newborns whose mothers are addicted to heroin or other opiates. Heroin ( INN: diacetylmorphine, BAN: diamorphine) is a semi-synthetic opioid synthesized from Morphine, a derivative For other uses see Opiate (disambiguation, or for the class of drugs see Opioid. Several infants have died of morphine overdose where a pharmacist has interpreted DTO to mean deodorized tincture of opium instead of diluted tincture of opium. Further, paregoric's synonym "camphorated tincture of opium" should not be used, since it could easily be confused with "tincture of opium" or "deodorized tincture of opium. " ^[10]

Indications

The only FDA-approved use for laudanum in the United States is the treatment of severe diarrhea that does not respond to mainline therapy or modalities. In Medicine, diarrhea, also spelled diarrhoea (see spelling differences) is frequent loose or liquid Bowel movements Acute diarrhea Common off-label uses of laudanum include the alleviation of pain, and treatment of neonatal withdrawal syndrome when diluted 1:25 (one part opium tincture to 25 parts water). Off-label use is the practice of prescribing drugs for a purpose outside the scope of the drug's approved label most often concerning the drug's indication. Pain, in the sense of physical pain, is a typical sensory experience that may be described as the unpleasant awareness of a noxious stimulus or bodily harm Withdrawal, also known as withdrawal/abstinence syndrome, refers to the characteristic signs and symptoms that appear when a drug that causes Physical dependence is

The usual adult dosage of laudanum for the treatment of diarrhea is 0. 6 mL (equivalent to 6 mg of morphine) by mouth four times a day. ^[11]. However, refractory cases may require larger doses; for example, the Clinical Guide to Supportive & Palliative Care for People with HIV/AIDS states that "Severe, chronic diarrhea may respond only to opioids such as oral tincture of opium. The usual starting dose is 6 drops (0. 6 cc) in two ounces of water every four hours. The dose should then be titrated until symptom control is achieved. There is no maximum ceiling for tincture of opium. " ^[12]. The dose of laudanum for pain is generally the same as for morphine -- 1 mL (10 mg of morphine) by mouth, sublingually, or in the buccal space every four hours in opioid-naïve patients, titrated upward as needed to control the pain. Patients already habituated to opioids may require higher starting doses.

See also

• Paregoric
• Poppy tea
• Thomas Sydenham

References

^[1]