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The Latin Empire or Latin Empire of Constantinople (original Latin name: Imperium Romaniae, "Empire of Romania") is the name given by historians to the Crusader state founded by the leaders of the Fourth Crusade on lands captured from the Byzantine Empire after their sack of Constantinople in 1204 and ended in 1261. Throughout the world there are many cities that were once national Capitals but no longer have that status because the country ceased to exist the capital was moved or the capital Constantinople (Κωνσταντινούπολις Konstantinoúpolis, or gr ἡ Πόλις hē Polis, Latin: la CONSTANTINOPOLIS Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. Old French was the Romance Dialect continuum spoken in territories which span roughly the northern half of modern France and parts of modern Belgium Greek (el ελληνική γλώσσα or simply el ελληνικά — "Hellenic" is an Indo-European language, spoken today by 15-22 million people mainly A state religion (also called an official religion, established church or state church) is a religious body or Creed officially The Greek Orthodox Church ( Greek: Ἑλληνορθόδοξη Ἐκκλησία Hellēnorthódoxē Ekklēsía) is formed by several autocephalous churches For the government of parliamentary systems see Executive (government. A monarchy is a Form of government in which supreme power is actually or nominally lodged in an individual who is the Head of state, often for life or An emperor (from the Latin " Imperator " is a (male Monarch, usually the sovereign ruler of an Empire or another type of Baldwin I (July 1172 &ndash 1205 Bulgaria) the first emperor of the Latin Empire of Constantinople, as Baldwin IX Count of Flanders Henry (c 1174 &ndash 1216 was the second emperor of the Latin Empire of Constantinople. Yolanda of Flanders (1175 &ndash 1219 ruled the Latin Empire in Constantinople for her husband Peter II of Courtenay from 1217 to 1219 Robert of Courtenay (died 1228 emperor of the Latin Empire, or of Constantinople, was a younger son of the emperor Peter II of Courtenay, and a descendant John of Brienne (c 1170 – 27 March, 1237) was a French nobleman who became King of Jerusalem by marriage and was later invited to become Latin Baldwin II of Courtenay (French Baudouin II de Courtenay, 1217 &ndash October 1273) was the last emperor of the Latin Empire of Constantinople The High Middle Ages was the period of European history in the 11th 12th and 13th centuries (AD 1000&ndash1299 Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. The Crusader states were a number of mostly 12th- and 13th-century feudal states created by Western European Crusaders in Asia Minor, Greece and The Fourth Crusade (1202&ndash1204 was originally designed to conquer Muslim Jerusalem by means of an invasion through Egypt. Constantinople (Κωνσταντινούπολις Konstantinoúpolis, or gr ἡ Πόλις hē Polis, Latin: la CONSTANTINOPOLIS The Empire was intended to supplant the Byzantine Empire as titular successor to the Roman Empire in the east, with a Western Catholic emperor enthroned in place of the orthodox Byzantine Greeks. The Roman Empire was the post-Republican phase of the ancient Roman civilization, characterised by an autocratic form of government and large territorial The Eastern Orthodox Church is the second largest single Christian Communion in the world Byzantine Greeks or Byzantines or Romaioi, is a conventional term used by modern historians to refer to the medieval Greek or Hellenized citizens Baldwin IX, Count of Flanders, was crowned Emperor as Baldwin I on 16 May 1204. Baldwin I (July 1172 &ndash 1205 Bulgaria) the first emperor of the Latin Empire of Constantinople, as Baldwin IX Count of Flanders counts of Flanders were the Rulers over the county of Flanders from the 9th century until the abolition of the Countship by the French revolutionaries Events 1204 - Baldwin IX Count of Flanders is crowned as the first Emperor of the Latin Empire.
During the Middle Ages, the Latin Empire was one factor increasing tensions between Eastern and Western Christianity.
Byzantines under Emperor Michael VIII Palaiologos recaptured the city and sent its leadership into exile in 1261. Michael VIII Palaiologos or Palaeologus ( Greek: Μιχαήλ Η΄ Παλαιολόγος Mikhaēl VIII Palaiologos) (1223 &ndash December 11
Contents |
History
Creation of the Latin Empire
By arrangement among the crusaders, Byzantine territory was divided, in the Partitio terrarum imperii Romanie, signed on 1 October 1204, with three eighths - including Crete and other islands - going to the Republic of Venice. Events 331 BC - Alexander the Great defeats Darius III of Persia in the Battle of Gaugamela. Crete ( Greek: Κρήτη transliteration: Krētē, modern transliteration Kriti) is the largest of the Greek islands and the The Most Serene Republic of Venice ((Serenìsima Repùblica Vèneta or Repùblica de Venesia Serenissima Repubblica The Latin Empire claimed the remainder, and did exert control over areas of Greece, divided into vassal fiefs: the Kingdom of Thessalonica, the Principality of Achaea, the Duchy of Athens, the Duchy of the Archipelago and the short-lived duchies of Nicaea, Philippopolis, and Philadelphia. Greece (Ελλάδα transliterated: Elláda, historically, Ellás,) officially the Hellenic Republic (Ελληνική Δημοκρατία A vassal (also called feodary or fedary) in the terminology that both preceded and accompanied the feudalism of Medieval Europe, Under the system of Feudalism, a fiefdom, fief, feud, feoff, or fee, often consisted of inheritable lands or revenue-producing The Kingdom of Thessalonica was a short-lived Crusader State founded after the Fourth Crusade over the conquered Byzantine lands The Principality of Achaea or of the Morea was one of the three Vassal states of the Latin Empire which replaced the Byzantine Empire The Duchy of Athens was one of the Crusader States set up in Greece after the conquest of the Byzantine Empire during the Fourth Crusade, The Duchy of the Archipelago (Ducato dell'arcipelago Δουκάτον Αρχιπελάγους) or also Duchy of Naxos (Ducato di Nasso Δουκάτον Νάξου Louis I of Blois (1172 &ndash April 14, 1205) was Count of Blois from 1191 to 1205 Renier of Trit was the first Frankish duke of Philippopolis (modern Plovdiv, Bulgaria) from 1204 to 1205 Alaşehir ( Greek: Philadélphia (Φιλαδέλφεια is a town and district of Manisa Province in the Aegean region of Turkey The Doge of Venice did not rank as a vassal to the Empire, but his position in control of 3/8 of its territory and of parts of Constantinople itself, ensured Venice's influence in the Empire's affairs. The Doge ( Venetian language, also Doxe, derived from Latin Dux military leader duke cf However, much of the former Byzantine territory remained in the hands of rival successor states led by Byzantine Greek aristocrats, such as the Despotate of Epirus, the Empire of Nicaea, and the Empire of Trebizond, which were bent on reconquest from the Latins. Succession of states is a theory in International relations regarding the recognition and acceptance of a newly created State by other states based on The Principality of Epirus can also refer to the pashalik of Ali Pasha The Despotate or Principality of Epirus (Δεσποτάτο της The Empire of Nicaea ( Greek: Βασίλειον τῆς Νίκαιας Turkish: İznik İmparatorluğu) was the largest of the Byzantine The Empire of Trebizond ( was a Byzantine Greek successor state of the Byzantine Empire founded in 1204 as a result of the capture of Constantinople
The crowning of Baldwin and the creation of the Latin Empire had the curious effect of creating three so-called Roman Empires in Europe at the same time, the others being the Holy Roman Empire and the remnants of the Byzantine Empire (the direct successor of the ancient Roman Empire), none of which actually controlled the city of Rome. The Holy Roman Empire ( HRE; German Heiliges Römisches Reich (HRR, Latin Sacrum Romanum Imperium (SRI was a union of territories in Rome ( Roma ˈroma Roma is the capital city of Italy and Lazio, and is Italy's largest and most populous city with more than 2
The Empire in Asia Minor
The initial campaigns of the crusaders in Asia Minor resulted in the capture of most of Bithynia by 1205, with the defeat of the forces of Theodore I Lascaris at Poemanenum and Prusa. Description Several major cities sat on the fertile shores of the Propontis (which is now known as Sea of Marmara) Nicomedia, Chalcedon, Cius Theodoros I Komnenos Laskaris (Θεόδωρος Α' Λάσκαρις Theodōros I Laskaris) (c Latin successes continued, and in 1207 a truce was signed with Theodore, newly proclaimed Emperor of Nicaea. The Latins inflicted a further defeat on Nicaean forces at the Ryndakos river in October 1211, and three years later the treaty of Nymphaeum recognized their control of most of Bithynia and Mysia. Mysia (Μυσία was a region in the northwest of ancient Asia Minor or Anatolia (part of modern Turkey)
The peace was maintained until 1222, at which point the resurgent power of Nicaea felt sufficiently strong to challenge the Latin Empire, by that time weakened by constant warfare in its European provinces. At the battle of Poemanenum in 1224, the Latin army was defeated, and by the next year Emperor Robert of Courtenay was forced to cede all his Asian possessions to Nicaea, save Nicomedia and the territories directly across Constantinople. Robert of Courtenay (died 1228 emperor of the Latin Empire, or of Constantinople, was a younger son of the emperor Peter II of Courtenay, and a descendant Nicomedia ( Greek: Νικομήδεια modern İzmit) was founded by Nicomedes I of Bithynia at the head of the Gulf of Astacus which opens Nicaea turned also to the Aegean, capturing the islands awarded to the Empire. Etymology In ancient times there were various explanations for the name Aegean. In 1235, finally, the last Latin possessions fell to Nicaea.
The Empire in Europe
Unlike in Asia, where the Latin Empire faced only an initially weak Nicaea, in Europe it was immediately confronted with a powerful enemy: the Bulgarian tsar Kaloyan. The Second Bulgarian Empire ( Bulgarian: Второ българско царство Vtorо Balgarskо Tsartsvo) was a Medieval Bulgarian state Kaloyan the Romanslayer (Калоян Ромеоубиец Ivan I (Иван I also Йоан I Ioan I, in English John I) ruled as emperor ( When Baldwin campaigned against the Byzantine lords of Thrace, they called upon Kaloyan for help. Thrace (Тракия Trakiya or "Trakija" or Trakia, Θράκη Thráki, Trakya is a historical and geographic area in southeast Europe At the Battle of Adrianople on 14 April 1205, the Latin heavy cavalry was lured into an ambush by Kaloyan's troops, and Emperor Baldwin was captured. The Battle of Adrianople occurred on April 14 1205 between Bulgarians under Tsar Kaloyan of Bulgaria, and Crusaders Events 43 BC - Battle of Forum Gallorum: Mark Antony, besieging Julius Caesar 's assassin Decimus Junius Brutus in He was imprisoned in the Bulgarian capital Tărnovo until his death later in 1205. Luckily for the new Latin Emperor, Henry of Flanders, Kaloyan was killed a couple of years later (1207) during a siege of Thessalonica, and the Bulgarian threat conclusively defeated with a victory the following year, which allowed Henry to reclaim most of the lost territories in Thrace until 1210, when peace was concluded with the marriage of Henry to Maria of Bulgaria, tsar Kaloyan's daughter. Henry (c 1174 &ndash 1216 was the second emperor of the Latin Empire of Constantinople. Thessaloniki (Θεσσαλονίκη), Thessalonica, or Salonica is the second-largest city in Greece and the capital of Macedonia Maria of Bulgaria was the second Empress consort of Henry of Flanders, Latin Emperor of Constantinople. Kaloyan the Romanslayer (Калоян Ромеоубиец Ivan I (Иван I also Йоан I Ioan I, in English John I) ruled as emperor (
At the same time, another Greek successor state, the Despotate of Epirus, under Michael I Komnenos Doukas, posed a threat to the Empire's vassals in Thessalonica and Athens. The Principality of Epirus can also refer to the pashalik of Ali Pasha The Despotate or Principality of Epirus (Δεσποτάτο της Michael I Komnenos Doukas or Comnenus Ducas ( Greek: Μιχαήλ Α΄ Κομνηνός Δούκας Mikhaēl I Komnēnos Doukas) often inaccurately called Henry demanded his submission, which Michael provided, giving off his daughter to Henry's brother Eustace in the summer of 1209. This alliance allowed Henry to launch a campaign in Macedonia, Thessaly and Central Greece against the rebellious Lombard lords of Thessalonica. Macedonia is a Geographical and historical region of the Balkan peninsula in southeastern Europe whose area was re-defined in the early 20th century Thessalia redirects here For the Butterfly Genus, see Thessalia (butterfly. Continental Greece ( Στερεά Ελλάδα - Stereá Elláda, earlier Χέρσος Ελλάς) or Central Greece ( Κεντρική Ελλάδα However, Michael's attack on the Kingdom of Thessalonica in 1210 forced him to return north to relieve the city and to force Michael back into submission.
In 1214 however, Michael died, and was succeeded by Theodore Komnenos Doukas, who was determined to capture Thessalonica. Theodore Komnenos Doukas or Theodore Comnenus Ducas ( Greek: Θεόδωρος Κομνηνός Δούκας Theodōros Komnēnos Doukas) ruler of On 11 June 1216, while supervising repairs to the walls of Thessalonica, Henry died, and was succeeded by Peter of Courtenay, who himself was captured and executed by Theodore the following year. Events 1184 BC - Trojan War: Troy is sacked and burned according to the calculations of Eratosthenes. Peter of Courtenay (French Pierre de Courtenay died 1219 was emperor of the Latin Empire of Constantinople from 1216-1217 A regency was set up in Constantinople, headed by Peter's widow, Yolanda of Flanders until 1221, when her son Robert of Courtenay was crowned Emperor. Yolanda of Flanders (1175 &ndash 1219 ruled the Latin Empire in Constantinople for her husband Peter II of Courtenay from 1217 to 1219 Robert of Courtenay (died 1228 emperor of the Latin Empire, or of Constantinople, was a younger son of the emperor Peter II of Courtenay, and a descendant Distracted by the renewed war with Nicaea, and waiting in vain for assistance from Pope Honorius III and the King of France Philip II, the Latin Empire was unable to prevent the final fall of Thessalonica to Epirus in 1224. Pope Honorius III (1148 &ndash March 18 1227) born Cencio, was Pope from 1216 to 1227 Philip II Augustus (Philippe Auguste ( 21 August[[ 165]] &ndash 14 July 1223) was the King of France from 1180 until his death Epirote armies then conquered Thrace in 1225-26, appearing before Constantinople itself. The Latin Empire was saved for the time by the threat posed to Theodore by the Bulgarian tsar Ivan II Asen, and a truce was concluded in 1228. Ivan Asen II (Иван Асен II iˈvan aˈsɛn ˈftɔri also Йоан Асен II Yoan Asen II) in English sometimes known as John Asen II,
Decline and Fall
After Robert of Courtenay died in 1228, a new regency under John of Brienne was set up. John of Brienne (c 1170 – 27 March, 1237) was a French nobleman who became King of Jerusalem by marriage and was later invited to become Latin After the disastrous Epirote defeat by the Bulgarians at the Battle of Klokotnitsa, the Epirote threat to the Latin Empire was removed, only to be replaced by Nicaea, which started acquiring territories in Greece. The Battle of Klokotnitsa (Битката при Клокотница Bitkata pri Klokotnitsa) occurred on 9 March 1230 near the village of Klokotnitsa Emperor John III Doukas Vatatzes of Nicaea concluded an alliance with Bulgaria, which in 1235 resulted in joint campaign against the Latin Empire, and an unsuccessful siege of Constantinople the next year. John III Doukas Vatatzes or Ducas Vatatzes ( Greek: Ιωάννης Γ΄ Δούκας Βατάτζης Iōannēs III Doukas Batatzēs) (c In 1237, Baldwin II attained majority and took over the reins of a much-diminished state. Baldwin II of Courtenay (French Baudouin II de Courtenay, 1217 &ndash October 1273) was the last emperor of the Latin Empire of Constantinople The Empire's precarious situation forced him to travel often to Western Europe seeking aid, but largely without success. In order to gain money, he was forced to resort to desperate means, from removing the lead roofs of the Great Palace and selling them, to handing over his only son, Philip, to Venetian merchants as a guarantee for a loan. The Byzantine Great Palace of Constantinople, (Μέγα Παλάτιον Turkish: Büyük Saray also known as the Sacred Palace ( Latin
By 1247, the Nicaeans had effectively surrounded Constantinople, with only the city's strong walls holding them at bay, and the Battle of Pelagonia in 1258 signaled the beginning of the end of Latin predominance in Greece. The Walls of Constantinople are a series of stone walls that have surrounded and protected the city of Constantinople (today Istanbul in Turkey) since its The Battle of Pelagonia took place in September of 1259, between the Empire of Nicaea and the Despotate of Epirus, Sicily and the Principality Thus, on July 25, 1261, with most of the Latin troops away on campaign, the Nicaean general Alexios Strategopoulos found an unguarded entrance to the city, and entered it with his troops, restoring the Byzantine Empire for his master, Michael VIII Palaiologos. Events 285 - Diocletian appoints Maximian as Caesar, co-ruler Alexios Strategopoulos ( was a Byzantine general during the reign of Michael VIII Palaiologos, rising to the rank of megas domestikos and Caesar Michael VIII Palaiologos or Palaeologus ( Greek: Μιχαήλ Η΄ Παλαιολόγος Mikhaēl VIII Palaiologos) (1223 &ndash December 11
Titular claimants
For about a century thereafter, the heirs of Baldwin II continued to use the title of Emperor of Constantinople, and were seen as the overlords of the various remaining Latin states in the Aegean. Etymology In ancient times there were various explanations for the name Aegean. They exercised effective authority in Greece only when actually ruling as princes of Achaea, as in 1333–1383. The Principality of Achaea or of the Morea was one of the three Vassal states of the Latin Empire which replaced the Byzantine Empire Although they are generally regarded as titular emperors, the continued existence of Latin states in the Aegean that recognized them as their suzerains makes the term a misnomer; a more accurate description would be emperors-in-exile.
Organization and Society
Administration
The empire was formed and administrated on Western European feudal principles, incorporating some elements of the Byzantine bureaucracy. The Emperor was assisted by a council, composed of the various barons, the Venetian podesta and his six-member council. For information on the phantom island of the same name see Podesta (island. This council had a major voice in the governance of the realm, especially in the periods of regency, where the Regent (moderator imperii) was dependent on their consent to rule. The podesta, likewise, was an extremely influential member, being practically independent of the Emperor. He exercised authority over the Venetian quarters of Constantinople and the Venetian dominions within the Empire, assisted by a separate set of officials. His role was more that of an ambassador and vicegerent of Venice than a vassal to the Empire. Vicegerent is the official administrative deputy of a Ruler or Head of state.
Society
The elite of the empire were the Frankish and Venetian lords, headed by the Emperor, the barons and the lower-ranking vassals and liege lords, including many former Byzantine aristocrats. The bulk of the people were Orthodox Greeks, still divided according to the Byzantine system in income classes based on land ownership. The Eastern Orthodox Church is the second largest single Christian Communion in the world The Greeks ( Greek: Έλληνες) are a Nation and Ethnic group native to Greece, Cyprus and neighbouring regions
Church
As with all Latin states, the Orthodox hierarchy was replaced by Catholic prelates, but not suppressed. A prelate is a high-ranking member of the Clergy who either is an Ordinary or ranks in precedence with ordinaries An expansive Catholic hierarchy was established, under the dual supervision of the Latin archbishop of Constantinople and the Papal legate, until the two offices were merged in 1231. In Christianity, an archbishop is an elevated Bishop. In the Roman Catholic Church, the Anglican Communion and others this means that they lead A Papal Legate – from the Latin authentic Roman title Legatus – is a personal representative of the Pope to Foreign nations or to some part of the Catholic Catholic monastic orders, such as the Cistercians, the Dominicans and the Franciscans were established in the Empire. The Order of Preachers ( Latin: Ordo Praedicatorum) after the 15th century more commonly known as the Dominican Order or Dominicans, is The term Franciscan is commonly used to refer to members of Catholic The Orthodox clergy retained its rites and customs, including its right to marriage, but was demoted to a subordinate position, subject to the local Latin bishops.
Religious toleration under the Palaiologoi was notably great. The Palaiologos or Palaeologus ( Greek: Παλαιολόγος pl For instance, Michael VIII Palaiologos largely ended persecution of the Jews and other minorities. Michael VIII Palaiologos or Palaeologus ( Greek: Μιχαήλ Η΄ Παλαιολόγος Mikhaēl VIII Palaiologos) (1223 &ndash December 11 The juridical standing of the Jews of the Byzantine Empire was unique during the entire history of the Empire they did not belong to the Eastern Orthodox Bowman writes the following:
- Michael VIII summoned the Jewish leaders in his realm and invited them to support him as emperor. Thus Michael’s first act toward the Jews […] was the revocation of John Vatatzes’s order of forced baptism. At the same time, however, he made it clear to the Jews that he expected them to show their appreciation for his assistance. [1]
Michael’s road to the throne had been of questionable legality, and that fact earned him many enemies. Additionally, he oversaw an empire which was strongly dependent on foreign powers, and had an immense need for gold to fund its great military expenses. It is not surprising, therefore, that he turned to the Jews and other minorities (most notably the Armenians) as a source of support in an embattled state of affairs, and when the ethnic majority and the mainstream elite had grown unfriendly toward him[2]
List of Emperors
Latin Emperors of Constantinople, 1204–1261
- Baldwin I (1204–1205)
- Henry (1206–1216), his brother
- Peter (1216–1217)
- Yolanda (1217–1219), Henry's sister
- Robert I (1219–1228), crowned 1221, their son
- Baldwin II (1228–1261), crowned 1240, died 1273, his brother, with. Baldwin I (July 1172 &ndash 1205 Bulgaria) the first emperor of the Latin Empire of Constantinople, as Baldwin IX Count of Flanders Henry (c 1174 &ndash 1216 was the second emperor of the Latin Empire of Constantinople. Peter of Courtenay (French Pierre de Courtenay died 1219 was emperor of the Latin Empire of Constantinople from 1216-1217 Yolanda of Flanders (1175 &ndash 1219 ruled the Latin Empire in Constantinople for her husband Peter II of Courtenay from 1217 to 1219 Robert of Courtenay (died 1228 emperor of the Latin Empire, or of Constantinople, was a younger son of the emperor Peter II of Courtenay, and a descendant Baldwin II of Courtenay (French Baudouin II de Courtenay, 1217 &ndash October 1273) was the last emperor of the Latin Empire of Constantinople . .
- John of Brienne, emperor regent (1229–1237), his father-in-law
Latin Emperors of Constantinople in exile, 1261–1383
- Baldwin II (1261–1273), in exile from Constantinople
- Philip I (1273–1283), his son
- Catherine I (1283–1308), his daughter, with. John of Brienne (c 1170 – 27 March, 1237) was a French nobleman who became King of Jerusalem by marriage and was later invited to become Latin Philip I of Courtenay ( 1243, Constantinople &ndash 1283, Viterbo) was titular Emperor of Constantinople 1273 &ndash1283 Catherine I of Courtenay ( 25 November[[ 274]] &ndash 1307/1308 was Titular Empress of Constantinople from 1283 to her death in 1307/8 . .
- Charles of Valois (1301–1308), her husband
- Catherine II (1308–1346), their daughter, with. Charles of Valois ( March 12, 1270 &ndash December 16, 1325) was the fourth son of Philip III of France and Isabella of Aragon Catherine II of Valois (1303 &ndash 1346 was Titular Empress of Constantinople from 1308 to her death Princess Regent of Achaea from 1332 to 1341 . .
- Philip II (1313–1332), her husband
- Robert II (1346–1364), their son
- Philip III (1364–1373), his brother
- James of Baux (1373–1383), his nephew
- James willed his titular claims to Duke Louis I of Anjou, also claimant to the throne of Naples, but Louis and his descendants never used the title. Philip I of Taranto ( November 10, 1278 – December 26 1331) of the Angevin house was titular Emperor of Constantinople Philip II of Taranto (1329 &ndash November 25, 1374) of the Angevin house was Prince of Achaea and Taranto, and titular James of Baux (Jacques des Baux Duke of Andria, was the last titular Latin Emperor of Constantinople from 1374 to 1383 and Prince of Achaea Louis I of Anjou ( July 23, 1339 &ndash September 20, 1384) was the second son of King John II of France and Bonne of Luxembourg Naples ( Napoli, Neapolitan: Nàpule) is a historic City in southern Italy, the Capital of the
References
Bibliography
- Bowman, Steven. The Jews of Byzantium 1204-1453. Tuscaloosa, Alabama: University of Alabama Press, 1985.
External links
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