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Latifundia are pieces of property covering tremendous areas. The latifundia (Latin: lātifundium; lātus, "spacious" + fundus, "farm, estate") of Roman history were great landed estates, specializing in agriculture destined for export: grain, olive oil, or wine. The Roman Empire was the post-Republican phase of the ancient Roman civilization, characterised by an autocratic form of government and large territorial Landed property or landed estates is a Real estate term that usually refers to a property that generates income for the owner without the owner having to They were characteristic of Magna Graecia and Sicily, of Egypt and the North African Maghreb and of Hispania Baetica in southern Spain. Sicily ( Italian and Sicilian: Sicilia) is an autonomous region of Italy. This article is about the country of Egypt For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Egypt topics. The Maghreb (المغرب العربي al-Maġrib al-ʿArabī) also rendered Maghrib (or rarely Moghreb) meaning "place of Sunset Hispania Baetica was one of three Imperial Roman provinces in Hispania, (modern Iberia) The latifundia were the closest approximation to industrialized agriculture in Antiquity, and their economics depended upon slave labour. As a social-economic system slavery is a legal institution under which a Person (called "a slave" is compelled to work for another

Today, latifundia are only found in Latin America and the term is often extended to describe the haciendas of colonial and post-colonial Mexico, Venezuela, Uruguay, Chile (called latifundio or simply fundo) and Argentina. Hacienda is a Spanish word for an estate usually but not always a vast Ranch. The United Mexican States ( or commonly Mexico (ˈmɛksɪkoʊ () is a federal constitutional Republic in North America. Venezuela (ˌvɛnəˈzweɪlə) officially the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela (Spanish República Bolivariana de Venezuela) is a country on the Uruguay.(official full name in República Oriental del Uruguay;, Oriental Republic of Uruguay) is a country located in the southeastern part of South America Chile, officially the Republic of Chile ( Spanish:) is a country in South America occupying a long and narrow Coastal strip wedged between the For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Argentina topics. These originated under colonial law allowing forced labor recruitment and land grants for military services. In post-colonial times, ending the dominance of the latifundia system by implementing agrarian reforms became a popular goal of several governments in the region. Agrarian reform can refer either narrowly to government-initiated or government-backed redistribution of Agricultural land (see Land reform) or can refer more broadly

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Ancient Greece

The landscape of the Greek mainland does not lend itself to large estates. [1] Trade in olive oil and wine were typically the produce of many small groves and vineyards, concentrated in fewer hands at the presses and shipping ports. The grasslands of Thessaly and Macedon were pasture for grazing horses. Thessalia redirects here For the Butterfly Genus, see Thessalia (butterfly. Macedon or Macedonia ( Greek grc Μακεδονία grc-Latn Makedonía) was the name of a kingdom centered in the northern-most Meat was not a staple in Mediterranean diets. [2]

The Hellenistic latifundia were more typical of the export-oriented agriculture of coastal Syria and Ptolemaic Egypt. Syria ( سوريّة or) officially the Syrian Arab Republic (Arabic ar الجمهورية العربية السورية Ptolemaic Egypt began when Ptolemy I Soter declared himself Pharaoh of Egypt in 305 BC and ended with the death of queen Cleopatra

Ancient Rome

The basis of the latifundia in Italy and Sicily was the ager publicus that fell to the dispensation of the state through Rome's policy of war in the 1st century BC and the 1st century AD. The Ager publicus is the Latin language name for the Public land of the Roman Republic and Empire. The 1st century BC started the first day of 100 BC and ended the last day of 1 BC. The 1st century was the Century that lasted from 1 to 100 according the Julian calendar. As much as a third of the arable land of a new province was taken for agri publici and then divided up with at least the fiction of a competitive auction for leaseholdings rather than outright ownership. Later in the Empire, as leases were inherited, ownership of the former common lands became established by tradition, and the leases became taxable.

The first latifundia were accumulated from the spoils of war, confiscated from conquered peoples beginning in the early 2nd century BC. The 2nd century BC started the first day of 200 BC and ended the last day of 101 BC. The prototypical latifundia were the Roman estates in Magna Graecia (the south of Italy) and in Sicily, which distressed Pliny the Younger (died AD 79) as he travelled, seeing only slaves working the land, not the sturdy Roman farmers who had been the backbone of the Republic's army. Sicily ( Italian and Sicilian: Sicilia) is an autonomous region of Italy. Gaius Plinius Caecilius Secundus, born Gaius Caecilius or Gaius Caecilius Cilo (61/63 - ca Year 79 was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Julian calendar. Latifundia expanded with conquest, to the Roman provinces of the maghreb and in Hispania Baetica, the south of Spain. The Maghreb (المغرب العربي al-Maġrib al-ʿArabī) also rendered Maghrib (or rarely Moghreb) meaning "place of Sunset Hispania Baetica was one of three Imperial Roman provinces in Hispania, (modern Iberia) Large villa holdings in the Campania around Rome, in the valley of the Po and in southern Gaul organized populations in a self-sufficient economy, more similar to the haciendas of Latin America, while they produced oil, wine or garum for exportation. Fish sauce is a Condiment that is derived from fish that have been allowed to ferment. The practice of establishing agricultural coloniae as a way to compensate Roman soldiers formed smaller landholdings, which would be accumulated by large landholders in times of want. A Roman colonia (plural coloniae) was originally a Roman outpost established in conquered territory to secure it Thus the direction, over time, was in larger consolidations of landholdings.

Latifundia could be devoted to livestock (sheep and cattle) or to cultivation of olive oil, grain, and wine. Livestock is the term used to refer (singularly or plurally to a Domesticated Animal intentionally reared in an agricultural setting to produce such as Food Cattle, colloquially referred to as cows, are domesticated Ungulates a member of the Subfamily Bovinae of the family However, in Rome, they did not produce grain and Rome had to import grain. Ownership of land, organized in the latifundia, defined the Roman Senatorial class. A senate is a Deliberative body, often the Upper house or chamber of a Legislature or Parliament. It was the only acceptable source of wealth for senators, though Romans of the elite class would set up their freedmen as merchant traders, and participate as silent partners in profits to which senatores were disqualified.

The latifundia quickly started economic consolidation as larger estates achieved greater economies of scale and senators did not pay land taxes. Owners re-invested their profits by purchasing smaller neighbouring farms, since smaller farms had a lower productivity and could not compete, in an ancient precursor of agribusiness. In Agriculture, agribusiness is a generic term that refers to the various Businesses involved in Food production including Farming, Seed By the 2nd century AD, latifundia had in fact displaced small farms as the agricultural foundation of the Roman Empire. The 2nd century is the period from 101 to 200 in accordance with the Julian calendar in the Christian / Common Era. Such increased productivity enabled single farm laborer to produce enough cereals to feed an estimated 30 people. It was a level of worker productivity unsurpassed before the 19th century. The 19th century of the Common Era began on January 1, 1801 and ended on December 31, 1900, according to the Gregorian calendar

Such consolidation was not universally approved, as it consolidated more and more land into fewer and fewer hands, mainly Senators and the Roman emperor. The Roman Emperor was the ruler of the Roman State during the imperial period (starting at about 27 BC Pliny the Elder argued that the latifundia had ruined Italy and would ruin the Roman provinces as well. Gaius or Caius Plinius Secundus, ( AD 23 – August 25, AD 79 better known as Pliny the Elder, was an ancient Author He reported that at one point just six owners possessed half of the province of Africa. The Roman province of Africa was established after the Romans defeated Carthage in the Third Punic War. [3]

But then again, Pliny the Elder was very much against the profit-oriented villas as presented in the writings of Columella. Gaius or Caius Plinius Secundus, ( AD 23 – August 25, AD 79 better known as Pliny the Elder, was an ancient Author Lucius Iunius Moderatus Columella ( Gades, Hispania Baetica, AD 4 - ca His writings can be seen as a part of the 'conservative' reaction to the gain- and profit-oriented new attitudes of the upper classes of the Early Empire. (Martin 1971)

Europe

In the collapse of the Western Roman Empire, the largely self-sufficient villa-system of the latifundia remained among the few political-cultural centres of a fragmented Europe. The Western Roman Empire refers to the western half of the Roman Empire, from its division by Diocletian in 285 the other half of the Roman Empire was the Eastern A Roman villa is a Villa that was built or lived in during the Roman republic and the Roman Empire. These latifundia had been of great importance economically, until the long-distance shipping of wine and oil, grain and garum disintegrated, but extensive lands controlled in a single pair of hands still constituted power: it can be argued that the latifundia formed part of the economic basis of the European social feudal system. Garum, also called liquamen, Feudalism, a term first used in the early modern period (17th century in its most classic sense refers to a Medieval Europe Political system composed The gift of a villa, or of a series of them, owned by a powerful patron was at the basis of all the great monasteries and abbeys founded in Western Europe until the time of Charlemagne, when the land-gifts, significantly, tended to be of forest instead. In the 6th century Cassiodorus was able to apply his own latifundia to support his short-lived Vivarium in the heel of Italy. Flavius Magnus Aurelius Cassiodorus Senator (c 485 - c 585 commonly known as Cassiodorus, was a Roman statesman and great writer serving in the administration Shortly thereafter, Monte Cassino was founded in a former Imperial villa. For information about the World War II battle see the Battle of Monte Cassino. But in the 10th century the Abbey of Cluny was founded on a gift of the duke of Aquitaine's chase, or hunting forest. The Abbey of Cluny (or Cluni, or Clugny, pronunciation klyˈni is an abbey in France.

In the Iberian Peninsula, the Castilian Reconquista of Muslim territories provided the Christian kingdom with sudden extensions of land, which the kings ceded as rewards to nobility, mercenaries and military orders to exploit as latifundia, which had been first established as the commercial olive oil and grain latifundia of Roman Hispania Baetica. The Iberian Peninsula, or Iberia, is located in the extreme southwest of Europe, and includes modern day Spain, Portugal, Andorra Kingdom of Castile was one of the medieval kingdoms of the Iberian Peninsula. The Reconquista (a Spanish and Portuguese word for "Reconquest" Arabic: الاسترداد, "Recapturing" was a period military order is a Christian Order of knighthood that is founded for crusading, i Hispania Baetica was one of three Imperial Roman provinces in Hispania, (modern Iberia) The gifts finished the traditional small private ownership of land, eliminating a social class that had also been typical of the Al-Andalus period. Al-Andalus (الأندلس was the Arabic name given to those parts of the Iberian Peninsula governed by Muslims or

The possessions of the Church did not pass to private ownership until the desamortización, the "secularization" of church-owned latifundia, which proceeded in pulses through the 19th century.

Big areas of Andalusia are still populated by an underclass of jornaleros, landless peasants who are hired by the latifundists as "day workers" for specific seasonal campaigns. Andalusia (Andalucía is an autonomous community of Spain. It is the most populous and the second largest in terms of land area

The jornalero class has been fertile ground for socialism and anarchism. Socialism refers to a broad set of economic theories of social organization advocating state or collective ownership and administration of the Means of production and distribution Anarchism is a Political philosophy encompassing theories and attitudes which support the elimination of all compulsory Government, i Still today, among the main Andalusian trade unions is the Rural Workers Union (Sindicato Obrero del Campo), a far-left group famous for their squatting campaigns in the town of Marinaleda, in Seville province. Marinaleda is a town and Municipio of the province of Seville, Andalusia, Spain.

North and South America

A descendant social system exists in agricultural California, where the latifundia of the Central Valley are the basis of corporate agribusiness. California ( is a US state on the West Coast of the United States, along the Pacific Ocean. In Agriculture, agribusiness is a generic term that refers to the various Businesses involved in Food production including Farming, Seed Small holdings persist in the corporate-owned landscape, as they had persisted in al-Andalus. Al-Andalus (الأندلس was the Arabic name given to those parts of the Iberian Peninsula governed by Muslims or

Latifundios in Spanish-speaking Latin America are commonly called "haciendas", and those in Brazil "latifúndios". |utc_offset = -2 to -4 |time_zone_DST = BRST |utc_offset_DST = -2 to -5 |cctld Such quasi-feudal estates were prevalent in the colonial era. Feudalism, a term first used in the early modern period (17th century in its most classic sense refers to a Medieval Europe Political system composed

That the large corporate hacienda farms of international agribusiness have similarities with the Roman latifundia in the extent of holdings, and efficiencies in mass production that drive out small competitors is a cliché of ideology with some truth in it. Hacienda is a Spanish word for an estate usually but not always a vast Ranch. In Agriculture, agribusiness is a generic term that refers to the various Businesses involved in Food production including Farming, Seed The parallels are more useful for ideological purposes; the differences inform authentic history. Modern South American latifundios are blamed for economic inequality and strife. Latifundia are pieces of property covering tremendous areas The latifundia (Latin lātifundium; lātus, "spacious" + fundus, "farm estate"

Notes

  1. ^ See agriculture of ancient Greece. Agriculture was the foundation of the Ancient Greek economy Nearly 80% of the population was involved in this activity
  2. ^ See Ancient Greek cuisine. Ancient Greek cuisine was characterized by its frugality reflecting agricultural hardship
  3. ^ "The men of olden times believed that above all moderation should be observed in landholding, for indeed it was their judgment that it was better to sow less and plow more intensively. Virgil, too, I see agreed with this view. To confess the truth, the latifundia have ruined Italy, and soon will ruin the provinces as well. Six owners were in possession of half of the province of Africa at the time when the Emperor Nero had them put to death. " (Pliny's Natural History 18. Naturalis Historia ( Latin for "Natural History" is an Encyclopedia written Circa AD 77 by Pliny the Elder. 7. 35).

References

See also

External links

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