A lateen (from a la trina, meaning triangular) is a triangular sail set on a long yard mounted at an angle on the mast, and running in a fore-and-aft direction. This article discusses the sailing vessel For the Japanese Animation studio, see Xebec (studio. A sail is any type of surface intended to generate Thrust by being placed in a Wind &mdashin essence a vertically-oriented Wing. A yard is a Spar on a mast from which Sails are set It may be constructed of timber steel or from more modern materials like Aluminum or The mast of a sailing ship is a tall vertical or near vertical Spar, or arrangement of Spars which supports the Sails Large ships have several masts Originally found on sailing ships, the lateen is used today in a slightly different form on small boats like the highly popular Sunfish. Racing There are regional continental and world championships every year
The lateen is common in the Mediterranean, the upper Nile, and the northwestern parts of the Indian Ocean, where it is the standard rig for feluccas and dhows. The Nile (النيل, Ancient Egyptian iteru or Ḥ'pī, Coptic piaro or phiaro) is a major north-flowing River The Indian Ocean is the third largest of the world's Oceanic divisions covering about 20% of the water on the Earth 's surface A felucca (فلوكة is a traditional wooden sailing Boat used in protected waters of the Red Sea and eastern Mediterranean including Malta A dhow ( Arabic, دهو) is a traditional Arab sailing vessel with one or more Lateen Sails They are primarily used along
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History
The origins of the lateen rig date back to the Roman fore-and-aft rig, which has been in use in the Mediterranean Sea since the 3rd century. Rigging (from Anglo-Saxon wrigan or wringing, "to clothe" is on Sailboats and Sailing ships the collection of The Roman Empire was the post-Republican phase of the ancient Roman civilization, characterised by an autocratic form of government and large territorial A fore-and-aft rig is a Sailing rig consisting mainly of Sails that are set along the line of the Keel rather than perpendicular to it [1] The lateen rig was later invented in the Middle East,[2] and appeared in the Mediterranean from the 6th or 7th centuries, where it was widely used by the Arabs and the Byzantines. The Middle East is a Subcontinent with no clear boundaries often used as a synonym to Near East, in opposition to Far East. The lateen was later used by Indian sailors in the Indian Ocean from the 8th century,[1] and was then introduced to medieval Europe by Arab mariners during the late Middle Ages. This article is about the history of South Asia prior to the Partition of British India in 1947 The Indian Ocean is the third largest of the world's Oceanic divisions covering about 20% of the water on the Earth 's surface The Late Middle Ages is a term used by historians to describe European history in the period of the 14th and 15th centuries (AD 1300–1499 [2]
Until the 14th century, the lateen sail was employed primarily on the Mediterranean Sea and Indian Ocean, while the Atlantic and Baltic vessels relied on square sails. The Indian Ocean is the third largest of the world's Oceanic divisions covering about 20% of the water on the Earth 's surface The Baltic Sea is a Brackish inland sea located in Northern Europe, from 53°N to 66°N Latitude and from 20°E to 26°E Longitude. Square rig is a generic type of sail and rigging arrangement in which the primary driving sails are carried on horizontal Spars which are perpendicular or square The Northern European adoption of the lateen in the Late Middle Ages was a specialized sail that was one of the technological developments in shipbuilding that made ships more maneuverable, thus, in the historian's traditional progression, permitting merchants to sail out of the Mediterranean and into the Atlantic Ocean; caravels typically mounted three or more lateens. Northern Europe is a term for the northern part of Europe. The United Nations defines Northern Europe as (Finland The Late Middle Ages is a term used by historians to describe European history in the period of the 14th and 15th centuries (AD 1300–1499 See also Shipbuilding (song. Shipbuilding is the construction of Ships It normally takes place in a specialized facility known as a This article is about the Caravel boat type For the carvel type of boat building see Carvel (boat building. However, the great size of the lateen yardarm makes it difficult and dangerous to handle on large ships in stormy weather, and by the eighteenth century the lateen was restricted to the mizzen mast. The mast of a sailing ship is a tall vertical or near vertical Spar, or arrangement of Spars which supports the Sails Large ships have several masts In the early nineteenth century the lateen was replaced in European ships by the driver or spanker. A driver is a kind of Sail used on some Sailboats Smaller than a fore and aft spanker on a Square rigger, a driver is tied to the same spars A spanker is either of two kinds of Sail. On a Square rigged ship the spanker is a Gaff rigged fore-and-aft sail set from and aft
However, the lateen survived as a rigging choice for mainsails of small craft where local conditions were favorable. For instance, bargelike vessels in the American maritimes north of Boston, called gundalows, carried lateen rigs throughout the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. BARGE, the Big August RecGambling Excursion is a yearly convention held in Las Vegas during the first weekend of August Likewise, lateen sail survived at Baltic until the late 19th century. Because the yard pivots on its point of attachment to the mast, the entire sail and yard can be swiftly dropped. This was an advantage when navigating the tidal riverways of the region, which often required passage under bridges.
One of the disadvantages of the lateen, especially in the modern form described below, is the fact that it has a "bad tack". Since the sail is to the side of the mast, on one tack that puts the mast directly against the sail on the leeward side, where it can significantly interfere with the airflow over the sail. Windward is the direction from which the wind is blowing at the time in question On the other tack the sail is pushed away from the mast, greatly reducing the interference. On modern lateens, with their typically shallower angles, this tends to disrupt the airflow over a larger area of the sail.
The lateen rig was also the ancestor of the Bermuda rig, by way of the Dutch bezaan rig. The term Bermuda rig refers to a configuration of mast and Rigging for a type of Sailboat and is also known as a Marconi rig; this is the typical In the 16th Century, when Spain ruled the Netherlands, Moorish lateen rigs were introduced to Dutch boat builders who soon modified the design by omitting the mast and fastening the lower end of the yard directly to the deck, the yard becoming a raked mast with a full-length, triangular (leg-of-mutton) mainsail aft. Introduced to Bermuda early in the 17th Century, this developed into the Bermuda rig, which, in the 20th Century, was adopted almost universally for small sailing vessels. Ba (officially The Bermuda Islands or The Somers Isles) is a British overseas territory in the North Atlantic Ocean.
The lateen sail was used in Arabian Seas at least since the fourth century B. C.
Modern small-boat lateen sails
The modern lateen differs from traditional lateens by the addition of a spar along the foot of the sail, similar to the crab claw sail traditionally used on the proa. Racing There are regional continental and world championships every year The crab claw sail or as it is sometimes known Oceanic Lateen or Oceanic sprit, is a triangular sail with spars along upper and lower A proa or prau is a type of Multihull sailing vessel. While the word proa just means boat in its native language The lower spar is horizontal, and is attached to the mast where it crosses. The front ends of both spars are joined together. Both joints are designed to allow free rotation in all directions. The sheet is attached to the lower spar, and the halyard to the upper spar. The geometry of the sail is such that the upper and lower spars are confined to a plane parallel to the mast. This results in the sail forming a conic section, identical to half of the Rogallo wing commonly found in kites and hang gliders. In Mathematics, a conic section (or just conic) is a Curve obtained by intersecting a cone (more precisely a circular Conical surface rogalloarp750pixjpg|thumb|right|200px| Paresev, tested by NASA for spacecraft landing research A kite is a flying tethered object that depends upon the tension of a tethering system History See also History of hang gliding Summary: Hang gliding existed in China perhaps by the 4th century AD according to the writing of the
The modern lateen is often used as a simple rig for catboats and other small recreational sailing craft. A catboat (alternate spelling cat boat or a cat-rigged Sailboat, is a Sailing vessel characterized by a single mast carried well forward ( In its most basic form, it requires only two lines, a halyard and a sheet, making it very simple to operate. Often, additional lines are used to pull down the lower spar and provide tension along the upper and lower spars, providing greater control over the sail shape.
Since the upper and lower spars provide a frame for the sail, the camber of the sail is simply a function of how tightly the spars stretch the sail. Camber in Aerospace engineering, is the asymmetry between the top and the bottom curves of an Airfoil in cross-section This means that lateen sails are often cut flat, without the complex cutting and stitching required to provide camber in Bermuda rig sails. The term Bermuda rig refers to a configuration of mast and Rigging for a type of Sailboat and is also known as a Marconi rig; this is the typical Curved edges, when mated with the straight spars, provide all or nearly all of the sail curvature needed.
Notes
- ^ a b Lynn Townsend White, Jr. (1960), "Tibet, India, and Malaya as Sources of Western Medieval Technology", The American Historical Review 65 (3), p. Lynn Townsend White Jr ( April 29 1907 – March 30 1987) was a professor of medieval History at Princeton, 515-526 [517].
- ^ a b John M. Hobson (2004), The Eastern Origins of Western Civilisation, p. 141, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0521547245. Cambridge University Press (known colloquially as CUP is a Publisher given a Royal Charter by Henry VIII in 1534
References
- The ship's development during the Middle Ages, see bottom of page for English translation
- PolySail Interntional instructions for building a Sunfish-like lateen sail
- I. C. Campbell, "The Lateen Sail in World History", Journal of World History (University of Hawaii), 6. The Journal of World History is a refereed Scholarly journal that presents historical analysis from a global point-of-view focusing especially on forces that 1 (Spring 1995), p. 1-23
- "The Development of the Lateen Sail
- Björn Landström, "The Ship" (1961)
Dictionary
lateen
-noun
- (nautical) A triangular sail; sometimes a quadrilateral sail that is nearly triangular.
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