The Late Triassic (also known as Upper Triassic, or Keuper) is the third and final of three epochs of the Triassic period. The geologic time scale is a chronologic schema (or idealized Model) relating Stratigraphy to time that is used by Geologists and other The Triassic is a geologic period and system that extends from about 251 to 199 Ma (million years ago The geologic time scale is a chronologic schema (or idealized Model) relating Stratigraphy to time that is used by Geologists and other It spans the time between 228 ± 2 Ma and 199. Annum is one form of the Latin noun meaning Year, not a form normally used for derivatives in modern languages the accusative singular 6 ± 0. 6 Ma (million years ago). The Late Triassic is divided into the Carnian, Norian and Rhaetian faunal stages. The Carnian (less commonly Karnian) is the lowermost stage of the Upper Triassic series (or earliest age of the Late Triassic The Norian Stage was a portion of the Triassic Geological period. See Raetians for the Alpine people of antiquity See Romansh language for the Rhaetian language The name is a local miners' term of German origin; it corresponds to the French marnes irises. The German language (de ''Deutsch'') is a West Germanic language and one of the world's major languages. French ( français,) is a Romance language spoken around the world by 118 million people as a native language and by about 180 to 260 million people
Many of the first dinosaurs evolved during the Late Triassic, including Plateosaurus, Coelophysis, and Eoraptor. Plateosaurus (meaning 'flat Lizard ' is a Genus of plateosaurid prosauropod Dinosaur that lived during the Norian Coelophysis (siːˈloʊfaɪsɨs see-LOH-fye-siss meaning "hollow form " in reference to its hollow Bones ( Greek κοιλος Eoraptor was one of the world's earliest Dinosaurs It was a two-legged meat-eater that lived between 230 and 225 Million years ago
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Exposure
The formation is well exposed in Swabia, Franconia, Alsace and Lorraine and Luxembourg; it extends from Basel on the east side of the Rhine into Hanover, and through England into Scotland and north-east Ireland; it appears flanking the central plateau of France and in the Pyrenees and Sardinia. Swabia, Suabia, or Svebia ( German: Schwaben, Schwabenland or Ländle) is both a historic and linguistic Franconia (Franken is a historic region of Germany comprising the northern parts of the modern state of Bavaria and the area to its immediate west Alsace (Alsace alzas Alsatian and Elsass pre-1996 German: Elsaß; Alsatia is one of the 26 Regions of France, located on the eastern Lorraine (Lothringen is one of the 26 régions of France. It is the only administrative region with two cities of equal importance Metz and Nancy Luxembourg (Groussherzogtum Lëtzebuerg Grand-Duché de Luxembourg Großherzogtum Luxemburg is a small Landlocked country in Western Europe, bordered by "Basilia" redirects here For the Fly Genus, see Basilia (fly. The Rhine (Rhein Rijn Rhin Reno Rain Rhenus is one of the longest and most important Rivers in Europe at 1320 kilometres (820 mi with an average discharge Hanover (i ( haˈnoːfɐ on the river Leine, is the capital of the federal state of Lower Saxony ( Niedersachsen England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland Scotland ( Gaelic: Alba) is a Country in northwest Europethat occupies the northern third of the island of Great Britain. Ireland (pronounced /ˈaɾlənd/ Éire) is the third largest island in Europe, and the twentieth-largest island in the world This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. The Pyrenees (Pirineos French: Pyrénées; Catalan: Pirineus; Occitan: Pirenèus; Aragonese: Perinés Sardinia (sɑrˈdɪnɪə Sardegna Sardigna or Sardinnya is the second-largest island in the Mediterranean Sea (after Sicily)
Representatives of the Rhaetic are found in south Sweden, where the lower portion contains workable coals, in the Himalayas, Japan, Tibet, Burma, eastern Siberia and in Spitsbergen. "Sverige" redirects here For other uses see Sweden (disambiguation and Sverige (disambiguation. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. Definitions of Tibet See also Definitions of Tibet Name In English The English word Tibet, like the word for Tibet in most European Burma, officially the Union of Myanmar ( pjìdàunzṵ mjàmmà nàinŋàndɔ̀ is the largest country by geographical area in mainland Southeast Asia. Siberia (Сиби́рь Sibir) is the name given to the vast region constituting almost all of Northern Asia and for the most part currently serving Spitsbergen (formerly known as West Spitsbergen, and sometimes misspelled Spitzbergen) is a Norwegian island the largest Island of the The upper portion of the Karroo beds of South Africa and part of the Otapiri series of New Zealand are probably of Rhaetic age. The Karoo (a Khoisan word of uncertain etymology) is a semi- Desert region of South Africa. The Republic of South Africa (also known by other official names) is a country located at the southern tip of the continent of Africa New Zealand is an Island country in the south-western Pacific Ocean comprising two main landmasses (the North Island and the South Island
Germany
In the German region it is usual to divide the Keuper into three groups;
- Rhaetic or upper Keuper
- The upper part of this division is often a grey dolomite known as the Grenz dolomite; the impure coal beds Lettenko/ileare aggregated towards the base. See Raetians for the Alpine people of antiquity See Romansh language for the Rhaetian language Dolomite (ˈdɒləmaɪt is the name of a Sedimentary Carbonate rock and a Mineral, both composed The upper Keuper, Rhaetic or Avicula contorta zone in Germany is mainly sandy with dark grey shales and marls; it is seldom more than 25 metres thick. Shale (also called mudstone) is a fine-grained Sedimentary rock whose original constituents were Clay minerals or Muds It is characterized by Marl or Marlstone is a Calcium carbonate or lime -rich mud or Mudstone which contains variable amounts of Clays and Aragonite The sandstones are used for building purposes at Bayreuth, Culmbach and Bamberg. Bayreuth ( pronounced) is a City in northern Bavaria, Germany, on the Red Main river in a valley between the Frankish Alb Bamberg is a town in Bavaria, Germany. It is located in Upper Franconia on the river Regnitz, close to its confluence with the river Main In Swabia and the Wesergebirge are several bone-beds, thicker than those in the middle Keuper, which contain a rich assemblage of fossil remains of fish, reptiles and the mammalian teeth of Microlestes antiquus and Triglyptzas Fraasi. Bones are rigid organs that form part of the Endoskeleton of Vertebrates They function to move support and protect the various organs of the body produce The name "Rhaetic" is derived from the Rhaetic Alps where the beds are well developed; they occur also in central France, the Pyrenees and England. In South Tirol and the Judic. arian Mountains the Rhaetic is represented by the Kossenei beds. In the Alpine region the presence of coral beds gives rise to the so-called Lithodendron Kalk.
- Hauptkeuper or Gipskeuper, the middle
- The middle division is thicker than either of the others (at Göttingen, 450 metres); it consists of a marly series below, grey, red and green marls, with gypsum and dolomite—this is the gypskeuper in its restricted sense. The Norian Stage was a portion of the Triassic Geological period. Gypsum is a very soft Mineral composed of Calcium sulfate dihydrate with the Chemical formula Ca[[sulfur S]] O 4·2 The higher part of the series is sandy, hence called the Steinmergel; it is comparatively free from gypsum. Sand is a naturally occurring Granular material composed of finely divided rock and Mineral particles To this division belong the Myophoria beds (M. Raibliana) with galena in places; the Estheria beds (E. Galena is the natural mineral form of Lead sulfide. It is the most important Lead Ore mineral laxilesta); the Schelfsandstein, used as a building-stone; the Lehrherg and Berg-gyps beds; Semionotus beds (S. Semionotus ("Flag-Back" is an extinct genus of ray-finned fish found throughout Northern Pangaea ( North America and Europe) during Bergen) with building-stone of Coburg; and the Burgand Stubensandstein. Coburg is a town located on the Itz River in Bavaria, Germany
- Kohlenkeuper or Lettenkohle, the lower
- The lower division consists mainly of grey clays and schieferletten with white, grey and brightly colored sandstone and dolomitic limestone. The Carnian (less commonly Karnian) is the lowermost stage of the Upper Triassic series (or earliest age of the Late Triassic Clay is a naturally occurring material composed primarily of fine-grained Minerals which show plasticity through a variable range of Water content, and Sandstone is a Sedimentary rock composed mainly of Sand -size Mineral or rock grains. Limestone is a Sedimentary rock composed largely of the Mineral Calcite ( Calcium carbonate: CaCO3
The salt, which is associated with gypsum, is exploited in south Germany at Dreuze, Pettoncourt, and Bad Wimpfen on the Neckar, as well as in Vie in the Lorraine region of France. Salt is a Dietary mineral composed primarily of Sodium chloride that is essential for Animal life but toxic to most land plants Bad Wimpfen is a historic Spa town in Baden-Württemberg, Germany. The Neckar is a 367-km long River, mainly flowing through the southwestern state of Baden-Württemberg, but also a short section through Hesse Lorraine (Lothringen is one of the 26 régions of France. It is the only administrative region with two cities of equal importance Metz and Nancy A 4-metre coal is found on this horizon in the Erzgebirge on the border between Germany and the Czech Republic, and another, 2 metres thick, has been mined in Upper Silesia, now in Poland. The Czech Republic ( ˈt͡ʃɛskaː ˈrɛpuˌblɪka short form in Česko ˈt͡ʃɛskɔ also called Czechia, Upper Silesia (Horní Slezsko Oberschlesien Latin: Silesia Superior; Górny Śląsk Silesian: Gůrny Ślůnsk) is the southeastern part Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland
Great Britain
In Great Britain the Keuper contains the following sub divisions:
- Grey, red and green marls, black shales, and so-called white has (10150 ft. See Raetians for the Alpine people of antiquity See Romansh language for the Rhaetian language ). Upper Keuper marl, red and grey marls and shales with rock salt (800300o ft. ). As in Germany, there are one or more bone beds in the English Rhaetic with a similar assemblage of fossils.
- Sandstone, marls and thin sandstones at the top, red and white sandstones (including the so-called waterstones) below, with breccias and conglomerates at the base (15o250 ft. The Carnian (less commonly Karnian) is the lowermost stage of the Upper Triassic series (or earliest age of the Late Triassic ).
- Basal conglomerate
- A shore or scree breccia derived from local materials; it is well developed in the Mendip district. Mendip is also a shortened name for The Mendip Hills, from which this district takes its name The rocksalt beds vary from 1 in. to 100 ft. in thickness; they are extensively worked (mined and pumped) in Cheshire, Middlesbrough and Antrim. Cheshire (or archaically the County of Chester) is a county in North West England. Middlesbrough ( IPA ( Received pronunciation) is a Town in the Tees Valley sub-region of the North East of England County Antrim ( Contae Aontroma or simply Aontroim in Irish) is one of six counties that form Northern Ireland, and one of nine counties
The Keuper covers a large area in the Midlands and around the flanks of the Pennine range; it reaches southward to the Devonshire coast, eastward into Yorkshire and northwestward into north Ireland and south Scotland. This article is mainly about the English Midlands For other uses see Midlands (disambiguation. The Pennines are a low-rising Mountain range in Northern England and southern Scotland. Devon is a large county in the South West of England. The county is also referred to as Devonshire, but that is an entirely unofficial name Yorkshire is a historic county of Northern England and the largest in Great Britain. In the white has the upper hard limestone is known as the sun bed or Jew stone; at the base is the Cotham or landscape marble.
Fossils
The Keuper is not rich in fossils; the principal plants are cypresslike conifers (Walchia, Voltzia) and a few calamites with such forms as Equisetum arenaceum and Pterophyllum jaegeri, Avicula contorta, Protocardium rhaeticum, Terebratula gregaria, Myophoria costata, M. FOSSIL is a standard protocol for allowing serial communication for Telecommunications programs under the DOS Operating system. The Cupressaceae or Cypress family is a Conifer family with worldwide distribution Walchia is a fossil Conifer, cypress-like Genus of Upper Pennsylvanian, Carboniferous age about 290 mya. Calamites is a genus of Extinct arborescent (tree-like horsetails to which the modern Horsetails (genus Equisetum) are closely goldfassi and Lingula tenuessima, Anoplophoria lettica may be mentioned among the invertebrates. Fishes include Ceratodus, Hybodus and Lepidotus.
Labyrinthodonts represented by the footprints of Cheirotherium and the bones of Labyrinthodon, Mastodonsaurus and Capitosaurus. Labyrinthodont ( Greek, "maze-toothed" is an obsolete term for any member of an extinct superorder or subclass (Labyrinthodontia of Amphibians Among the reptiles are Hyperodapedon, Palaeosaurus, Zanclodon, Nothosaurus and Belodon. Reptiles, or members of the class Reptilia are air-breathing Cold-blooded Vertebrates that have skin covered in scales as opposed to hair or feathers The first fossil mammals also make their appearance at this time. Mammals ( class Mammalia) are a class of Vertebrate Animals characterized by the presence of Sweat glands, including sweat glands
This article incorporates text from the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition, a publication now in the public domain. The Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition (1910–1911 is a 29-volume reference work that marked the beginning of the Encyclopædia Britannica The public domain is a range of abstract materials &ndash commonly referred to as Intellectual property &ndash which are not owned or controlled by anyone
References
See also
| Triassic period | ||
|---|---|---|
| Lower/Early Triassic | Middle Triassic | Upper/Late Triassic |
| Induan | Olenekian | Anisian | Ladinian | Carnian | Norian Rhaetian |
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