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Larry Niven

Larry Niven at Stanford University in May 2006
Born Laurence van Cott Niven
April 30, 1938 (1938-04-30) (age 70)
Los Angeles, California
Occupation Novelist
Nationality American
Genres hard science fiction
Notable work(s) Ringworld (1970)
Official website

Laurence van Cott Niven (born April 30, 1938 Los Angeles, California) is a US science fiction author. Leland Stanford Junior University, commonly known as Stanford University or simply Stanford, is a private Research university located in Events 313 - Roman emperor Licinius unifies the entire Eastern Roman Empire under his rule Year 1938 ( MCMXXXVIII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Los Angeles (lɑˈsændʒələs los ˈaŋxeles in Spanish) is the largest City in the state of California and the American West Employment is a Contract between two parties, one being the employer and the other being the employee. A novel (from Italian novella, Spanish novela, French nouvelle for "new" "news" or "short story Nationality is a relationship between a Person and their State of Origin, Culture, association Affiliation and/or Loyalty The United States of America —commonly referred to as the A literary genre is a category of literary composition Genres may be determined by Literary technique, tone, Content, or even (as in the case of fiction Hard science fiction is a category of Science fiction characterized by an emphasis on scientific or technical detail or on scientific accuracy or on both Ringworld is a Hugo and Nebula award-winning 1970 Science fiction novel by Larry Niven, set in his Known Space Year 1970 ( MCMLXX) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link shows full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 313 - Roman emperor Licinius unifies the entire Eastern Roman Empire under his rule Year 1938 ( MCMXXXVIII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Los Angeles (lɑˈsændʒələs los ˈaŋxeles in Spanish) is the largest City in the state of California and the American West The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Note that this Partial list contains some authors whose works of fantastic fiction would today be called science fiction even if they predate or did not work in that genre Perhaps his best-known work is Ringworld (1970), which received Hugo, Locus, Ditmar, and Nebula awards. Ringworld is a Hugo and Nebula award-winning 1970 Science fiction novel by Larry Niven, set in his Known Space Year 1970 ( MCMLXX) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link shows full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Winners of the Hugo Award for best science fiction or fantasy Novel, along with all the nominees are presented here The Locus Awards were established in 1971 and are presented to winners of Locus Magazine 's annual readers' poll See also Ditmar Award results The Ditmar Award (formally the Australian SF ("Ditmar" Award, and before that the "Australian Science Winners of the Nebula Award for Best Novel, awarded by the Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America. His work is primarily hard science fiction, using big science concepts and theoretical physics. Hard science fiction is a category of Science fiction characterized by an emphasis on scientific or technical detail or on scientific accuracy or on both This article is about the term For the album see ''Big Science'' (album. It also often includes elements of detective fiction and adventure stories. Detective fiction is a branch of Crime fiction in which a Detective (or detectives either professional or amateur investigate a crime usually Murder His fantasy includes The Magic Goes Away series, rational fantasy dealing with magic as a non-renewable resource. Fantasy is a Genre that uses magic and other Supernatural forms as a primary element of plot, theme, and/or setting The Magic Goes Away is a Fantasy Short story written by Larry Niven in 1976 and later expanded to a Novella of the same name which Niven also writes humorous stories; one series is collected in The Flight of the Horse.

Contents

Biography

Niven is a great-grandson of oil tycoon Edward L. Doheny, an important figure in the Teapot Dome scandal of the 1920s. Edward Laurence Doheny ( August 10, 1856 - September 8, 1935) was an Irish American Oil Tycoon, who in Teapot Dome scandal refers to a Bribery scandal of the White House administration of United States President Warren G He briefly attended the California Institute of Technology and graduated with a Bachelor of Arts in mathematics (with a minor in psychology) from Washburn University, Topeka, Kansas, in 1962. The California Institute of Technology (commonly referred to as Caltech) is a private, Coeducational research university located in Pasadena Mathematics is the body of Knowledge and Academic discipline that studies such concepts as Quantity, Structure, Space and Psychology (from Greek grc ψῡχή psȳkhē, "breath life soul" and grc -λογία -logia) is an Academic and Washburn University ( WU) is a co-educational Public, institution of higher learning located in Topeka, Kansas USA. Topeka ( Kansa: Tó Ppí Kˀé ˌto ˈpːi ˌkˀeɪ Ioway: Dó Pí Kˀé ˌto ˈpʰi ˌkˀeɪ Year 1962 ( MCMLXII) was a Common year starting on Monday (the link is to a full 1962 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. He did a year of graduate work in mathematics at the University of California at Los Angeles. The University of California Los Angeles (generally known as UCLA) is a public research university located in Westwood Los Angeles, California, United He has since lived in Los Angeles suburbs, including Chatsworth and Tarzana, as a full-time writer. Chatsworth is a district of the City of Los Angeles California in the San Fernando Valley region Tarzana (/tɑɹˈzænə/ is a district in the San Fernando Valley region of the City of Los Angeles, California, United States. He married Marilyn Joyce "Fuzzy Pink" Wisowaty, herself a well-known Science Fiction and Regency literature fan, on September 6, 1969. Events 3114 BC - According to the Proleptic Julian calendar the current era in the Maya Long Count Calendar started Year 1969 ( MCMLXIX) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.

Work

Niven is the author of numerous science fiction short stories and novels, beginning with his 1964 story "The Coldest Place". In this story, the coldest place concerned is the dark side of Mercury, which at the time the story was written was thought to be tidally locked with the Sun (it was found to rotate in a 2:3 resonance just months before the story was published). A separate article treats the phenomenon of Tidal resonance in Oceanography. The Sun (Sol is the Star at the center of the Solar System.

In addition to the Hugo and Nebula award for Ringworld, 1967, Niven won the Hugo Award for Best Short Story for "Neutron Star". Year 1967 ( MCMLXVII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the 1967 Gregorian calendar. The Hugo Awards are given annually for the best science fiction or fantasy works He won the same award in 1972, for "Inconstant Moon", and in 1975 for "The Hole Man". Year 1972 ( MCMLXXII) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. " Inconstant Moon " is a Science fiction Short story by American author Larry Niven that was published in 1971 The Hole Man is a short story by Larry Niven. It won the Hugo Award for Best Short Story in 1975 In 1976, he won the Hugo Award for Best Novelette for "The Borderland of Sol". The Hugo Awards are given annually for the best science fiction or fantasy works " The Borderland of Sol " is an English language Science fiction novelette written in 1975 by Larry Niven.

Niven has written scripts for various science fiction television shows, including the original Land of the Lost series and Star Trek: The Animated Series, for which he adapted his early story ("The Slaver Weapon. Land of the Lost ( 1974 – 1976) is a children's Television series created and produced by Sid and Marty Krofft. Star Trek The Animated Series (also known as The Animated Adventures of Gene Roddenberry 's Star Trek) is an Emmy Award winning The Slaver Weapon is an episode of Star Trek The Animated Series. " He adapted his story "Inconstant Moon" for an episode of the television series The Outer Limits in 1996. " Inconstant Moon " is a Science fiction Short story by American author Larry Niven that was published in 1971 " Inconstant Moon " is an episode of the US television series The Outer Limits. For the album by Progressive Metal band Voivod see The Outer Limits (album.

He has also written for the DC Comics character Green Lantern including in his stories hard science fiction concepts such as universal entropy and the redshift effect, which are unusual in comic books. DC Comics is an American comic book and related media company Hard science fiction is a category of Science fiction characterized by an emphasis on scientific or technical detail or on scientific accuracy or on both In Thermodynamics (a branch of Physics) entropy, symbolized by S, is a measure of the unavailability of a system ’s Energy In Physics and Astronomy, redshift occurs when Electromagnetic radiation – usually Visible light – emitted or reflected by A comic book (often shortened to simply comic and sometimes called a comic paper or comic magazine) is a Magazine or Book of narrative The "Bible" for Green Lantern was written by Niven.

Many of Niven's stories take place in his Known Space universe, in which humanity shares the several habitable solar systems nearest to the Sun with over a dozen alien species, including aggressive felines Kzinti and super-intelligent but cowardly Pierson's Puppeteers, which are frequently central characters. Known Space is the fictional setting of several Science fiction novels and short stories written by author Larry Niven. This list of stars nearest to the Earth is ordered by increasing distance out to a maximum of 5 Parsecs (16 The Sun (Sol is the Star at the center of the Solar System. Extraterrestrial life is Life originating outside of the Earth. The Kzinti (singular Kzin) are a Fictional, very warlike and bloodthirsty race of Cat-like aliens in Larry Niven 's Known Space series The Ringworld series is set in the Known Space universe. Ringworld is a Hugo and Nebula award-winning 1970 Science fiction novel by Larry Niven, set in his Known Space

The creation of thoroughly worked-out alien species, which are very different from humans both physically and mentally, is recognized as one of Niven's main strengths. However, the criticism has been made that once the basic characteristics of Niven's alien species have been defined, all subsequent actions by members of that species seem predictable and predetermined, giving them a kind of "pre-programmed" character lacking free will and excusing ruthless actions on their part (for example, the committing of genocide by a Pak Protector). The question of free will Pak Breeders and Pak Protectors are two forms of Fictional life in Larry Niven 's Known Space universe

Niven has also written a logical fantasy series The Magic Goes Away. The Magic Goes Away is a Fantasy Short story written by Larry Niven in 1976 and later expanded to a Novella of the same name which

The Draco Tavern series of short stories take place in a more whimsical science fiction universe, told from the point of view of the proprietor of a multi-species bar. The Draco Tavern by Larry Niven is an anthology of fictional short stories concerning the activities of Rick Schumann, the bartender of the Draco Tavern

Much of his writing since 1970s has been in collaboration with Jerry Pournelle and/or Steven Barnes. Jerry Eugene Pournelle (born August 7, 1933) is an American Science fiction Writer, Essayist and Journalist Steven Barnes (born March 1, 1952 in Los Angeles CA) is a Science fiction writer lecturer creative consultant and human performance technician

Influence

Niven's idea of a beanstalk sucking dry a planet (see Rainbow Mars) seems to be copied in the animated movie Kaena: The Prophecy. A space elevator is a proposed structure designed to transport Material from a celestial body 's Surface into space. Rainbow Mars is a Science fiction short story collection (published in 1999) by Larry Niven, in which Humans from Earth Kaena The Prophecy (also known as Kaena La prophétie) is a 2003 French - Canadian Computer-generated Fantasy

Larry Niven introduced the idea of a flash crowd in his story "Flash Crowd" (1973), which evolved in 2003 to the flash mob in which people meet to protest in a creative way at a specific time and place, only to disappear as quickly as they appeared several minutes later. "Flash Crowd" is a 1973 English language Novella by Science fiction author Larry Niven, one of a series about the social A flash mob is a large group of people The term Flash Crowd is also used to describe a web site showing little or no response due to excessive amounts of traffic. A Flash Crowd on a web site is synonymous with Slashdotting. The Slashdot effect, also known as slashdotting, is the phenomenon of a popular Website linking to a smaller site causing the smaller site to slow down or even temporarily

Niven's most famous contribution to the SF genre is his concept of the Ringworld, a rotating band around a star of approximately the same diameter as Earth's orbit. Ringworld is a Hugo and Nebula award-winning 1970 Science fiction novel by Larry Niven, set in his Known Space The idea's genesis came from Niven's attempts to imagine a more efficient version of a Dyson Sphere, which could produce the illusion of surface gravity through rotation. A Dyson sphere (or shell as it appeared in the original paper is a hypothetical Megastructure originally described by Freeman Dyson. Given that spinning a Dyson Sphere would result in the atmosphere pooling around the equator, the Ringworld removes all the extraneous parts of the structure, leaving a spinning band landscaped on the sun-facing side, with the atmosphere and inhabitants kept in place through centrifugal force and 1000 mile high perimeter walls (rim walls).

This idea proved influential, serving as an alternative to a full Dyson Sphere that required fewer assumptions (such as artificial gravity) and allowed a day/night cycle to be introduced (through the use of a smaller ring of "shadow squares", rotating between the ring and its sun). This was further developed by Iain M. Banks in his Culture series, which features about 1/100th ringworld–size megastructures called Orbitals that orbit a star rather than encircling it entirely. Iain Menzies Banks (born on 16 February 1954 in Dunfermline, Fife) is a Scottish Writer. The Culture is a Fictional anarchist, socialistic, and Utopian ref> The State of the Art - Banks Iain M A megastructure is a built structure typically at least 1000 kilometers in length -- in other words at least 1 Megameter, hence the name In Iain M Banks ' fictional Culture universe an Orbital (sometimes also simply called an O or a small ring) is a purpose-built Alastair Reynolds also uses ringworlds in his 2008 novel House of Suns. Alastair Preston Reynolds (born in 1966 in Barry, Wales) is a Welsh Science fiction author. House of Suns is a 2008 Science fiction novel by Welsh author Alastair Reynolds ( ISBN 0-575-07717-4 The video game Halo also has a Ringworld-like structure named after the title in it. HaLo ( Ayako Hirakata) is a Japanese J-Pop Musician. Hirakata can be heard on Lori Carson 's The Finest Thing. It is one of the most visible influences of the Ringworld concept on popular culture.

References in popular culture

A thinly disguised Niven appears as the character "Lawrence Van Cott" in Greg Bear's novel The Forge of God. Gregory Dale Bear (born August 20, 1951) is an American Science fiction and mainstream author The Forge of God is a 1987 Science fiction Novel by Greg Bear. A part of the computer game Wing Commander II takes place in the "Niven Sector" (it is believed that the Kilrathi, the feline alien enemy in the Wing Commander series, were based on Niven's Kzinti). Wing Commander II Vengeance of the Kilrathi is the first sequel in Chris Roberts ' Wing Commander Science fiction Space combat simulator The Kilrathi are a fictional race of warlike feline Extraterrestrials in the popular Computer game series Wing Commander by The Kzinti (singular Kzin) are a Fictional, very warlike and bloodthirsty race of Cat-like aliens in Larry Niven 's Known Space series

One Magic: The Gathering card is named Nevinyrral's Disk, i. This article is somewhat over-complete Please do not add significant new content without first discussing it on the talk page e. "Larry Niven" backwards. When activated, it destroys all creatures, enchantments, and artifact cards in play, including itself. This is a reference to the Warlock's Wheel from The Magic Goes Away series, which drains all magic from a region by using up the "mana" with an open-ended enchantment. The Magic Goes Away is a Fantasy Short story written by Larry Niven in 1976 and later expanded to a Novella of the same name which As well, the game Netrunner has an artificial intelligence named Nevinyrral and the game Stars! often gives one of its planets the name Nevinyrral in its randomly generated galaxies. Netrunner is a Collectible card game designed by Richard Garfield, the creator of Magic The Gathering. Stars! is a complex Turn-based Computer game based around the management of planets and fleets of spaceships following the 4X game (eXplore

Similarly, the computer game series Halo is set on ringworld-like megastructures, although the Halo is mere ten thousands of km large. Halo is a Science fiction Video game franchise created by Bungie and owned and published by Microsoft Game Studios. A megastructure is a built structure typically at least 1000 kilometers in length -- in other words at least 1 Megameter, hence the name Halos are fictional Megastructures and Superweapons in the Halo video game series

Policy Involvement

In 2007, Niven, in conjunction with a group of science fiction writers known as SIGMA, led by Pournelle, began advising the U. S. Department of Homeland Security as to future trends affecting terror policy and other topics. [1] In March of 2008 at a DHS science and technology conference, Niven suggested that "a good way to help hospitals stem financial losses is to spread rumors in Spanish within the Latino community that emergency rooms are killing patients in order to harvest their organs for transplants. . . . The problem [of hospitals going broke] is hugely exaggerated by illegal aliens who aren’t going to pay for anything anyway". [2]

Other works

One of Niven's most humorous works is Man of Steel, Woman of Kleenex, in which he uses real-world physics to underline the difficulties of Superman and a human woman (Lois Lane or Lana Lang) mating. Man of Steel Woman of Kleenex is an Essay in which science fiction author Larry Niven details the problems that Superman would face in having Superman is a fictional Comic book Superhero widely considered to be one of the most recognized of such characters and an American Cultural icon Lois Lane-Kent is the primary love interest in the DC Comics ’ Superman stories Lana Elizabeth Lang is a Fictional, Supporting character in DC Comics ' Superman series

Larry Niven's novels frequently make use of the stasis field concept, which he also popularized. Stasis (ˈsteɪsɪs or hypersleep, is a Science fiction concept akin to Suspended animation.

In several titles and elsewhere Niven employs terms that are double entendre in that they are apparently metaphorical, but are in fact, meant to be taken literally, or sometimes vice versa. Not to be confused with Puns which employ multiple phrases A double entendre is a Figure of speech similar to the Pun, in A few examples of this are:

Niven's Law

Larry Niven is also known in science fiction fandom for "Niven's Law": There is no cause so right that one cannot find a fool following it. Science fiction fandom or SF fandom is a community of people actively interested in Science fiction and Fantasy literature, and in contact with one another Over the course of his career Niven has added to this first law a list of Niven's Laws which he describes as "how the Universe works" as far as he can tell. Niven's laws were named after Science fiction author Larry Niven, who has periodically published them as "how the Universe works" as far as he can tell

Bibliography

Known Space

Ringworld

  1. Ringworld (1970)
  2. The Ringworld Engineers (1979)
    • Guide to Larry Niven's Ringworld (1994) (with Kevin Stein)
  3. The Ringworld Throne (1996)
  4. Ringworld's Children (2004)

Man-Kzin anthologies

  1. Man-Kzin Wars (1988)
  2. Man-Kzin Wars II (1989)
  3. Man-Kzin Wars III (1990)
  4. Man-Kzin Wars IV (1991)
  5. Man-Kzin Wars V (1992)
  6. Man-Kzin Wars VI (1994)
  7. Man-Kzin Wars VII (1995)
  8. Man Kzin Wars VIII: Choosing Names (1998)
  9. Man-Kzin Wars IX (2002)
  10. Man-Kzin Wars X: The Wunder War (2003)
  11. Man-Kzin Wars XI (2005)
  12. Destiny's Forge (2007)
  13. Man-Kzin Wars XII (2008) Expected release date. Known Space is the fictional setting of several Science fiction novels and short stories written by author Larry Niven. Ringworld is a Hugo and Nebula award-winning 1970 Science fiction novel by Larry Niven, set in his Known Space The Ringworld Engineers is a 1980 Science fiction Novel by Larry Niven. The Ringworld Throne is a novel by Larry Niven, first published in 1996. Ringworld's Children is a 2004 Science fiction novel by Larry Niven, the fourth in the Ringworld series set in the Known Space The Kzinti (singular Kzin) are a Fictional, very warlike and bloodthirsty race of Cat-like aliens in Larry Niven 's Known Space series The Man-Kzin Wars is a series of Military science fiction short story collections (and is the name of the first collection as well as the Eponymous conflicts Man-Kzin Wars X The Wunder War (ISBN 978-0743436199 Baen Books, 2003) is a collection of four stories totalling about 140000 words by Australian Destiny's Forge is a 265000 word Science fiction novel by Paul Chafe released in 2006 by Baen Books.

With Jerry Pournelle

  1. The Mote in God's Eye (1974)
  2. The Gripping Hand aka The Moat Around Murcheson's Eye (1993)
  1. The Burning City (2000)
  2. Burning Tower (2005)
  1. The Legacy of Heorot (1987)
  2. Beowulf's Children (1995 UK as The Dragons of Heorot)
  3. Destiny's Road (1997) (Written alone by Niven, not really a continuation of the Heorot series. Jerry Eugene Pournelle (born August 7, 1933) is an American Science fiction Writer, Essayist and Journalist Inferno is a Science fiction novel written by Larry Niven and Jerry Pournelle, published in 1976. Lucifer's Hammer is a post-apocalyptic Science fiction Novel by Larry Niven and Jerry Pournelle, first published in 1977 Oath of Fealty is a 1982 novel by Larry Niven and Jerry Pournelle. Footfall is a 1985 Science fiction Novel written by Larry Niven and Jerry Pournelle. The Mote in God's Eye, by Larry Niven and Jerry Pournelle, is a Science fiction Novel that was first published in 1974 The Gripping Hand is a 1993 novel by Larry Niven and Jerry Pournelle. The Burning City is a Fantasy novel by Larry Niven and Jerry Pournelle set in the same prehistoric world as The Magic Goes Away Burning Tower is a fantasy novel by Larry Niven and Jerry Pournelle. The Legacy of Heorot is a Science fiction novel written in 1987 by Larry Niven, Jerry Pournelle and Steven Barnes. Beowulf's Children is a Science fiction novel written by Larry Niven, Jerry Pournelle and Steven Barnes. Destiny's Road is a Science fiction Novel by Larry Niven first published in 1998. Located in the same universe and some events from the first two novels are briefly mentioned. )

Dream Park (with Steven Barnes)

  1. Dream Park (1981)
  2. The Barsoom Project (1989)
  3. The California Voodoo Game aka The Voodoo Game (1992)

The State

  1. A World Out of Time (1976)
  2. The Integral Trees (1984)
  3. The Smoke Ring (novel) (1987)

Magic Goes Away

  1. The Magic Goes Away (1978)
  2. The Magic May Return (1981)
  3. More Magic (1984)
  4. The Time of the Warlock (Greendragon Press)(1984)
    • The Magic Goes Away Collection (omnibus) (2005)

Graphic novels and comics

Collections

Novels

References

  1. ^ Hall, Mimi. All the Myriad Ways is a collection of short stories and essays by science fiction author Larry Niven, originally published in 1971 " Inconstant Moon " is a Science fiction Short story by American author Larry Niven that was published in 1971 A Hole in Space (ISBN 0-86007-853-1 is a collection of Science fiction short stories by Larry Niven, published in 1974. Convergent Series (ISBN 0-7088-8062-2 is a collection of Science fiction short stories by Larry Niven, published in 1979. Niven's laws were named after Science fiction author Larry Niven, who has periodically published them as "how the Universe works" as far as he can tell Limits is a collection of short stories and essays by science fiction author Larry Niven, originally published in 1985 N-Space is a collection of short stories by American Science fiction author Larry Niven released in 1990. Playgrounds of the Mind is a collection of short stories by Larry Niven, published in 1991 Crashlander is a Fixup by Larry Niven published in 1994 (ISBN 978-0345381682 set in his Known Space universe Scatterbrain a collection of short stories novel excerpts and essays by Larry Niven. The Draco Tavern by Larry Niven is an anthology of fictional short stories concerning the activities of Rick Schumann, the bartender of the Draco Tavern The Flying Sorcerers is a humorous 1971 Science fiction novel by David Gerrold and Larry Niven. David Gerrold, born Jerrold David Friedman ( January 24, 1944) in Chicago Illinois, is a Science fiction author who started his career Year 1971 ( MCMLXXI) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar of the 1971 Gregorian calendar. Poul William Anderson ( November 25, 1926 – July 31, 2001) was an American Science fiction author who wrote during a Golden Edward Winslow Bryant Jr (born August 27, 1945) is a Science fiction and horror Writer sometimes associated with the Dangerous Stephen Donaldson is the name of Stephen Donaldson, US bisexual LGBT rights activist Stephen R Fred Thomas Saberhagen ( May 18, 1930 &ndash June 29, 2007) was a Chicago -born American Science fiction and Fantasy Constance Elaine Trimmer Willis (born 31 December 1945) is an American Science fiction writer Roger Joseph Zelazny ( May 13, 1937 – June 14, 1995) was an American writer of Fantasy and Science fiction Fallen Angels ( 1991) (ISBN 0-7434-3582-6 is a Prometheus Award -winning Novel by Science fiction authors Larry Niven Year 1991 ( MCMXCI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar. Jerry Eugene Pournelle (born August 7, 1933) is an American Science fiction Writer, Essayist and Journalist Mike Flynn may refer to Mike Flynn (baseball, American baseball player Mike Flynn (basketball, American basketball player Rainbow Mars is a Science fiction short story collection (published in 1999) by Larry Niven, in which Humans from Earth Building Harlequin's Moon is a science fiction novel by Larry Niven and Brenda Cooper. "Sci-fi writers join war on terror", USA Today, May 31, 2007. Events 1279 BC - Rameses II (The Great (19th dynasty becomes pharaoh of Ancient Egypt. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Retrieved on 2008-04-30. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 313 - Roman emperor Licinius unifies the entire Eastern Roman Empire under his rule  
  2. ^ Magnuson, Stew. "Security Beat: Science Fiction Mavens Offer Far Out Homeland Security Advice", National Defense, March 2008. Retrieved on 2008-04-30. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 313 - Roman emperor Licinius unifies the entire Eastern Roman Empire under his rule  

External links

SciFan is an Online Database for fans of Science fiction and Fantasy Books. MPEG-1 Audio Layer 3, more commonly referred to as MP3, is a Digital audio encoding format using a form of Lossy data compression Hour 25 was a Radio program focusing on Science fiction, Fantasy, and Science.
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