Langkasuka (-langkha Sanskrit for "resplendent land" -sukkha of "bliss") was an ancient Hindu Malay kingdom located in the Malay Peninsula. South East Asia whose strategic sea-lane position brought trade and foreign influences that fundamentally influenced its history Prehistoric Malaysia may be traced back as far as 60000 years ago from stone tools found at Kota Tampan, an archaeological site in Lenggong Perak Gangga Negara is believed to be a lost Hindu kingdom mentioned in the Malay Annals that covered present day Beruas, Dinding and Manjung Pan Pan is a lost small Hindu Kingdom believed to have existed around 3rd-7th Century CE Srivijaya or Sriwijaya was an ancient Malay kingdom on the island of Sumatra, Southeast Asia which influenced much of the Malay Archipelago. The Sultanate of Kedah was the earliest Sultanate in the Malay Peninsula and arguably the earliest in Southeast Asia founded in year 1136 The Sultanate of Malacca was founded by Parameswara in 1402 and later married the princess of Pasai in 1409. For the province see Sulu. The Sultanate of Sulu was a Muslim State that ruled over many of the islands of the This article concerns the Sultanate of Johor For office of the sultan see Sultan of Johor. Jementah Civil War happened in 1879 in Jementah, Sultanate of Johor when Tengku Alam the heir of Sultan Ali of Muar refused to give the Portuguese Malacca was the territory of Malacca that for more than a century was a Portuguese colony. Dutch Malacca (1641 - 1824 was the longest period of Malacca under foreign control The Kingdom of Sarawak was a state established by Sir James Brooke in 1842 by gaining independence from the Sultanate of Brunei. British Malaya loosely described a set of states on the Malay Peninsula that were colonized by the British from the 18th and the 19th until the 20th century History The Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824 designed to solve many of the issues that had arisen due to the British occupation of Dutch properties during the Napoleonic Wars, as The Burney Treaty was a treaty signed between Siam and the British in 1826 The Straits Settlements were a collection of territories of the British East India Company in Southeast Asia, which were given collective administration in 1826 Larut War was a series of four wars started in July 1861 and ended with the signing of the Pangkor Treaty of 1874. The Klang War or Selangor Civil War took place in the Malay state of Selangor and was fought between Raja Abdullah bin Raja Jaafar, the administrator The Pangkor Treaty of 1874 was a treaty signed between the British and the Sultan of Perak. This article is not to be confused with the Unfederated Malay States. This article should not be confused with the Federated Malay States. The Anglo-Siamese Treaty of 1909 or Bangkok Treaty of 1909 was a Treaty between the United Kingdom and Thailand signed on March 10[[ The Battle of Penang occurred on 28 October 1914, during World War I. North Borneo was an independent state and British Protectorate under the sovereign British North Borneo Company from 1882-1946 and subsequently a Mat Salleh Rebellion was a series of major disturbances in North Borneo, now Malaysian state of Sabah, from 1894 to 1900 Throughout much of World War II, British Malaya, North Borneo and Sarawak were under Japanese occupation. The Battle of Malaya was a campaign fought by Allied and Japanese forces in Malaya, from December 8 1941 to January 31 On January 23, 1942, the Parit Sulong Massacre was committed against Allied soldiers by members of the Imperial Guards Division The Battle of Muar was the last major battle of the Malayan campaign. The Battle of Singapore was fought in the South-East Asian theatre of World War II when the Empire of Japan invaded the Allied stronghold Saiburi (SriBuri Thai: ไทรบุรี is the name for the Malay state of Kedah returned to Thailand when the Japanese occupied British The Battle of North Borneo was fought in June-August 1945 between Australian and Japanese forces in North Borneo (later known as Sabah) The Sandakan Death Marches were a series of forced marches from Sandakan to Ranau which resulted in the deaths of more than 3600 Indonesian The Malayan Union was a federation of the Malay states and the Straits Settlements excluding Singapore. The Federation of Malaya (Persekutuan Tanah Melayu was a federation of 11 states formed on January 31 1948 from the nine Malay states and the British The Malayan Emergency was a State of emergency declared by the British colonial government of Malaya in 1948 and lifted in 1960 as well as an insurrection and Bukit Kepong Incident was an armed encounter which took place on February 23, 1950 between the police and the Malayan Communists in pre-independence Hari Merdeka ( Independence Day) is a national day of Malaysia commemorating the independence of the Federation of Malaya from British colonial For the biogeographical region see Malesia Malaysia (məˈleɪʒə or /məˈleɪziə/ is a country that consists of thirteen states and Operation Coldstore (sometimes spelled Operation Cold Store) was a security operation conducted by the Government of Singapore in February 1963 in which The Brunei Revolt broke out on December 8, 1962 and was led by Yassin Affandi and his armed rebels On 16 September 1963, Singapore joined the Federation of Malaya together with Sabah and Sarawak to form Malaysia The 1964 Race Riots were a series of Riots that took place in Singapore during two separate periods in July and September between Chinese and Malay The Communist Insurgency War, or Second Malayan Emergency was an Insurgency and guerrilla war, conducted by the Malayan Communist Party For the biogeographical region see Malesia Malaysia (məˈleɪʒə or /məˈleɪziə/ is a country that consists of thirteen states and The May 13 Incident is a term for the Sino - Malay Race riots in Kuala Lumpur (then part of the state of Selangor For the Soviet New Economic Policy see New Economic Policy. The Malaysian New Economic Policy ( NEP or DEB for Dasar Operation Lalang ( Weeding Operation; also referred to as Ops Lalang) was carried out on October 27, 1987 by the Malaysian The 1988 Malaysian constitutional crisis was a series of events that began with United Malays National Organisation (UMNO general election in 1987 and ended with the suspension The Asian Financial Crisis was a period of Financial crisis that gripped much of Asia beginning in July 1997 and raised fears of a worldwide economic meltdown ( Sanskrit (sa संस्कृता वाक् saṃskṛtā vāk, for short sa संस्कृतम् saṃskṛtam) is a historical Hinduism is a religious tradition that originated in the Indian subcontinent. Malays (Melayu are an Ethnic group of Austronesian peoples predominantly inhabiting the Malay Peninsula, the east coast of Sumatra, the coast The Malay Peninsula or Thai-Malay Peninsula (Semenanjung Tanah Melayu (คาบสมุทรมลายู is a major Peninsula located in Southeast Another possible source of its name could be the combination of (-langkha Sanskrit for "resplendent land" - and Asoka in tribute to the legendary Mauryan Hindu warrior king who eventually became a pacifist after embracing the ideals espoused in Buddhism). Sanskrit (sa संस्कृता वाक् saṃskṛtā vāk, for short sa संस्कृतम् saṃskṛtam) is a historical Ashoka ( Devanāgarī: अशोकः IAST: Aśokaḥ, aɕoːkə(hə Prakrit Imperial title Devanampriya Priyadarsi The Maurya Empire ( 322 – 185 BCE) ruled by the Mauryan dynasty was a geographically extensive and powerful political and military The kingdom along with Old Kedah are probably the earliest kingdom founded on the Malay Peninsula. Kedah is one of many early Malay Peninsula trade centres that have been found many have yet to be identified According to tradition the founding of the kingdom happened in the 2nd century. The 2nd century is the period from 101 to 200 in accordance with the Julian calendar in the Christian / Common Era. Malay legends claim that Langkasuka was founded at Kedah, and later moved to Pattani. Malays (Melayu are an Ethnic group of Austronesian peoples predominantly inhabiting the Malay Peninsula, the east coast of Sumatra, the coast Kedah ( Jawi: قدح pop 1778188 is a state of Malaysia, located in the northwestern part of Peninsular Malaysia. Pattani ( Thai ปัตตานี is one of the southern provinces ( changwat) of Thailand. It is believed that Langkawi derived its name from Langkasuka. Langkawi, officially known as Langkawi the Jewel of Kedah ( Malay: Langkawi Permata Kedah) is an Archipelago of 99 islands (an extra 5 temporary On the other hand, the name Langkawi could also possibly have come about from (-langkha Sanskrit for "resplendent land" - and Awi in homage to the illustrious general Awi Dichu of ancient Siam, who some believe led a Siamese invasion and conquest of the area. Sanskrit (sa संस्कृता वाक् saṃskṛtā vāk, for short sa संस्कृतम् saṃskṛtam) is a historical
The historical record is sparse, but a Chinese Liang Dynasty record (c. Liang Dynasty ( 梁[[wikt 朝|朝]] Pinyin: Liáng cháo (502-557 also known as Southern Liang Dynasty (南梁 was the third of Southern dynasties 500 AD) refers to the kingdom of "Lang-ya-xiu" (Chinese: 狼牙脩) as being founded in the 1st century AD. As described in the Chinese chronicles, Langkasuka was thirty days' journey from east to west, and twenty from north to south, 24,000 li in distance from Guangzhou. This article is about two traditional Chinese units of length Guangzhou ( Jyutping: Gwong²zau¹; Yale: Gwóngjàu) is the Capital and a Sub-provincial city Its capital was said to be surrounded by walls to form a city with double gates, towers and pavilions. Langkasuka at the beginning adopted Buddhism and a South Indian system of writing (ie, Vatteluttu), and was inhabited mostly by chi-mo (Khmer) peoples who were ruled by Hindu kings. Buddhism is a family of beliefs and practices South India is the area encompassing India 's states of Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu as well as the union Vatteluttu () or "rounded writing" is an Abugida Writing system originating from the Dravidian peoples of Southern India and The Khmer people are the predominant Ethnic group in Cambodia, accounting for approximately 90% of the 14 The Buddhist monk Yi Jing mentioned encountering three Chinese monks who lived in Lang-chia-su. Journey to Srivijaya and Nalanda Zhang Wen Ming became a monk at age 14 and was an admirer of Fa Xian and Xuanzang, both famous monks of his childhood
The kingdom's designation in Chinese records changed over time: it was known as "Lang-ya-se-chia" during the Song dynasty (960-1279); "Long-ya-si-jiao" during the Yuan Dynasty (1279-1368); and "Lang-se-chia" during the Ming Dynasty (1368-1644), as evidenced by the Mao Kun map of Admiral Zheng He. The Song Dynasty ( Wade-Giles: Sung Ch'ao was a ruling dynasty in China between 960&ndash1279 CE it succeeded the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms The Yuan Dynasty ( Pinyin: Yuáncháo Dai Ön Ulus (Дай Юан Улс was a ruling Dynasty founded by the Mongol leader Kublai The Ming Dynasty ( or Empire of the Great Ming ( was the ruling dynasty of China from 1368 to 1644 following the collapse of the Mongol -led Zheng He ( Birth name 馬三寶 / 马三宝; Arabic / Persian name حجّي محمود شمس Hajji Mahmud Shams) (1371&ndash1433 was a Hui
The name "Langkasuka" was also mentioned in Malay and Javanese chronicles. The Malay language ( ISO 639-1 code MS is an Austronesian language spoken by the Malay people and people of other ethnic groups who reside in the Javanese is the language of the people in the central and eastern parts of the island of Java, in Indonesia. Tamil sources name "Ilangasoka" as one of Rajendra Chola's conquests in his expedition against the Srivijaya empire. Tamil (ta தமிழ்; t̪əmɨɻ is a Dravidian language spoken predominantly by Tamil people of the Indian subcontinent. "Rajendra Chola" redirects here For Rajendra Chola II see Rajendra Chola II. Srivijaya or Sriwijaya was an ancient Malay kingdom on the island of Sumatra, Southeast Asia which influenced much of the Malay Archipelago. It was described as a kingdom that that was "undaunted in fierce battles".
In 515 AD King Bhagadatta first established relations with China, with further embassies sent in 523, 531 and 568. Events Births Hulü Guang Yuwen Hu Deaths Bhagadatta was a King of the Langkasuka empire who established contacts with China in 511 C Events By Place Byzantine Empire Justinian, later Byzantine emperor, marries Theodora. Events By Place Byzantine Empire April 19 — Belisarius is defeated at the Battle of Callinicum; Mundus Events By Place Europe April 1 — King Alboin leads the Lombards into Italy refugees fleeing from them go on In the 12th century Langkasuka was a tributary to the Srivijaya empire, and around the 15th century it was replaced by the Pattani Kingdom. Srivijaya or Sriwijaya was an ancient Malay kingdom on the island of Sumatra, Southeast Asia which influenced much of the Malay Archipelago. Patani (Pattani is known to have been part of the ancient Srivijayan kingdom
In 1963, Stewart Wavell led a Cambridge Expedition to locate Langkasuka and Tambralinga. Year 1963 ( MCMLXIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Tambralinga was an ancient Malay kingdom located on the Malay Peninsula that at one time came under the influence of Srivijaya. The details of this expedition can be read in The Naga King's Daughter, published by Antara Books.
Langkasuka in popular culture
A Thai movie entitled Queen of Pattani or Queen of Lung Gasuka directed by Nonzee Nimibutr, loosely based on a south Pattani myth will be released in 2008. Nonzee Nimibutr ( Thai นนทรีย์ นิมิบุตร born in 1962 in Nonthaburi Province, Thailand) is a Thai Film director
External links
See also
Kota Gelanggi is a potential archaeological site believed to be the first capital of the ancient Malay Empire of Srivijaya ca The Naksat cities are a chain of twelve inter-linked cities or muangs of the ancient Malay empire of Langkasuka. The Bujang Valley or Lembah Bujang is a sprawling historical complex and has an area of approximately 224 square km. Nakhon Si Thammarat (นครศรีธรรมราช (alternative English transliteration Nakhon Sri Thammarat from Pali Nagara Sri Dhammaraja) is a Nakhon Si Thammarat (นครศรีธรรมราช (alternative English transliteration Nakhon Sri Thammarat from Pali Nagara Sri Dhammaraja) is aDapyx Software network: MP3 Explorer | Ebook Manager | Zenithic