Landing is the last part of a flight, where a flying animal, aircraft, or spacecraft returns safely to the ground. Flight is the process by which an object achieves sustained movement either through the Air (or movement beyond Earth's atmosphere, in the case of A spacecraft is a Vehicle or machine designed for Spaceflight. When the flying object returns to water, the process is called alighting, although it is commonly called "landing" and "touchdown" as well. A normal aircraft flight would include several parts of flight including taxi, takeoff, climb, cruise, descent and landing. This article describes the last portion of flight as the plane, bird, or rocket touches the ground. Landing occurs after descent.
While inflight the four major fources acting on the object are; lift, thrust, gravity and drag. In the context of a Fluid flow relative to a body the lift force is the component of the Aerodynamic force that is Perpendicular to the flow Thrust is a reaction force described quantitatively by Newton 's Second and Third Laws. Gravitation is a natural Phenomenon by which objects with Mass attract one another In Fluid dynamics, drag (sometimes called fluid resistance) is the force that resists the movement of a Solid object through a Fluid (a Flying is accomplished by generating enough lift to offset gravity to stay in the air. See the picture of the wing describing the four forces.
To land the airspeed and the rate of descent are reduced to where the object descends at a slow enough rate to allow for a gentle touch down.
Each different type of flying object generates lift in a different manner. Airplanes, birds and flying insects use a wing. WING "ESPN 1410" is a commercial AM radio station in Dayton Ohio operating with 5000 watts at 1410 kHz with studios offices and transmitter located on David A bird generates thrust and lift by flapping its wings, and aircraft generate thrust with some form of an engine. The air passing over the wing of an aircraft generates lift. A helicopter uses rotary wings to generate lift and changes the angle of the rotar to generate thrust. History Since 400 AD Chinese children have played with bamboo flying toys. Rockets or Vertical Jet engines are also commonly used on speciality aircraft to generate Lift. Air balloons use a lighter than air gas to generate buoyancy or lift. The hot air balloon is the oldest successful human-carrying Flight technology In Physics, buoyancy ( BrE IPA: /ˈbɔɪənsi/ is the upward Force on an object produced by the surrounding liquid or gas in which it is
The term landing is also applied to people or objects descending to the ground using a parachute. A parachute is a device used to slow the motion of an object through an atmosphere by creating drag. These objects are considered to be in a controlled descent instead of actually flying. A parachute works by capturing air inducing enough drag that the object that is falling hits the ground at a relatively slow speed. There are many examples of parachutes in nature including the seeds of a dandilion. People who intentially land using a parachute are called parachutists. Parachuting, also known as skydiving is where a person jumps from enough height so that he can deploy a fabric Parachute and land safely
Sometimes a safe landing is accomplished by using multiple forms of lift, thrust and dampening systems. The lunar lander used a rocket, a landing gear and the legs of the astronauts to land on the moon. Several Soviet Rockets including the Soyez have used parachutes and airbag landing system to dampen the fall to earth. Design A Soyuz spacecraft consists of three parts (from front to back A Spheroid Orbital module, which provides accommodation for the crew during An airbag is part of a vehicle's safety restraint system a flexible envelope designed for rapid inflation in an automobile Collision, to prevent vehicle occupants
Aircraft usually land at an airport on a firm runway or helicopter landing pad, generally constructed of asphalt concrete, concrete, gravel or grass. An airport is a location where Aircraft such as airplanes, Helicopters and blimps take off and land A runway ( RWY) is a strip of land on an Airport, on which Aircraft can take off and land. The word helipad is a portmanteau meaning helicopter landing pad, a landing area for Helicopters Though helicopters can usually land anywhere flat a fabricated Asphalt concrete, normally known simply as Asphalt, is a Composite material commonly used for construction of pavement, Highways and Concrete is a construction material composed of Cement (commonly Portland cement) as well as other cementitious materials such as Fly ash and Slag Aircraft equipped with pontoons with are able to land on water. Aircraft also sometimes uses skis to land on snow or ice.
For aircraft landing is accomplished by slowing down and descending to the runway. This speed reduction is accomplished by reducing thrust and/or inducing a greater amount of drag using flaps, landing gear or speed brakes. As the plane approaches the ground the pilot will execute a flare to cause a very gentle landing.
A flare is performed by rotating the wings where the rate of descent will be reduced often by adopting a nose-up attitude. Aircraft attitude is used to mean two closely related aspects of the situation of an aircraft in flight The attitude is held until the undercarriage touch the ground and the controls are either held until all wheels touch the ground or gently adjusted (in the case of tail-draggers) to ensure the nose-wheel or tail-wheel lightly touches the runway. In Aviation, the undercarriage or landing gear is the structure (usually wheels that supports an Aircraft on the ground and allows it to taxi
In a small plane, with little crosswind, it is considered a "perfect" landing when contact with the ground occurs as the forward speed is reduced to the point where there is no longer sufficient airspeed to remain aloft. A crosswind is any wind that is blowing Perpendicular to a line of travel or perpendicular to a direction The stall warning is often heard just before landing indicating that this speed and altitude have been reached. For other uses see Stall. In Aerodynamics, a stall is a sudden reduction in the lift forces generated by an Airfoil The effect causes a very light touch down for the pilot and passengers.
In large transport category (airliner) aircraft pilots land the aircraft by "flying the airplane on to the runway. Transport category is a category of airworthiness applicable to large civil airplanes and large civil helicopters " The airspeed and attitude of the plane are adjusted for landing. The airspeed is kept well above stall speed and a constant rate of descent. A flare is performed just before landing and the descent rate is significantly reduced causing a light touch down. Upon touchdown spoilers (Sometimes called "Lift Dumpers") are deployed to dramatically reduce the lift and transfer the aircraft's weight to its wheels, where mechanical braking, such as an autobrake system can take effect. In Aeronautics a spoiler (sometimes called a lift dumper) is a device intended to reduce lift in an aircraft A brake is a device for slowing or stopping the motion of a Machine or Vehicle, or alternatively a device to restrain it from starting to move again An autobrake is a type of automatic wheel-based Hydraulic brake system for advanced Airplanes. Reverse thrust is used by many jet aircraft to help slow down just after touch-down, redirecting engine exhaust forward instead of back. Thrust reversal, also called reverse thrust, is the temporary diversion of an Aircraft engine 's exhaust or changing of propeller pitch so that the thrust produced A jet aircraft is an Aircraft propelled by Jet engines Jet aircraft fly much faster than Propeller -powered aircraft and at higher altitudes -- as high as Some propeller planes also have this feature, where the blades of the propeller are re-angled to push air forward instead of back. A propeller is essentially a type of fan which transmits power by converting Rotational motion into Thrust for propulsion of a vehicle such as an
Factors such as crosswind where the pilot will use a crab landing or a slip landing will cause pilots to land slightly faster and sometimes with different attitudes to ensure proper handling and safety of the plane. A crosswind is any wind that is blowing Perpendicular to a line of travel or perpendicular to a direction A crosswind landing is a Landing maneuver in which a significant component of the prevailing wind is perpendicular to the Runway centerline A crosswind landing is a Landing maneuver in which a significant component of the prevailing wind is perpendicular to the Runway centerline Other factors effecting a particular landing might include some or all of the following partial list; the plane size, wind, weight, runway length, obstacles, ground effects, weather, runway altitude, air temperature, air pressure, air traffic control, visibility, avionics, and the overall situation, et cetera. Wind is the flow of Air or other Gases that compose an Atmosphere (including but not limited to the Earth's) In the Physical sciences weight is a Measurement of the gravitational Force acting on an object Aircraft may be affected by a number of ground effects, aerodynamic effects due to a flying body's proximity to the ground The weather is a set of all the phenomena occurring in a given Atmosphere at a given Time. Temperature is a physical property of a system that underlies the common notions of hot and cold something that is hotter generally has the greater temperature Air traffic control ( ATC) is a service provided by ground-based controllers who direct Aircraft on the ground and in the air In Meteorology, visibility is a measure of the Distance at which an object or light can be clearly discerned Avionics means "aviation electronics" It comprises electronic systems for use on aircraft artificial satellites and spacecraft comprising Communications
For example landing a multi-engine turboprop military (C-130 Hercules) under fire in a grass field in a war zone, requires different skills and precautions than landing a single engine plane (Cessna 150) on a paved runway in uncontrolled airspace, which is different from landing an airliner (Airbus A380) at a major airport with the support of air traffic control. A turboprop engine is a type of aircraft powerplant that uses a Gas turbine engine to drive a Propeller. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout Air traffic control ( ATC) is a service provided by ground-based controllers who direct Aircraft on the ground and in the air
Pilots follow a course of training to develop the experience to routinely land in each situation. Professional pilots have extensive training, experience and certification on the types of planes they are flying.
See also
- Undercarriage
- V speeds
- Takeoff
- Water landing
- Emergency landing
- Instrument landing system
- Crash Landings
- Cruise
Dictionary
landing
-noun
- corridor
- coming to earth, as of an airplane or any descending object
- an in-between platform or large bottom-most or top-most step of a staircase
- a place on a shoreline where a boat lands
-verb
- Present participle of land.
Dapyx Software network: MP3 Explorer | Ebook Manager | Zenithic