Citizendia
Your Ad Here

For other uses see, water treatment and Land reclamation. Water treatment describes those processes used to make water more acceptable for a desired end-use Land reclamation is either of two distinct practices One involves creating new land from sea- or riverbeds the other refers to restoring an area to a more natural state (such as after
Albury landfill, Surrey, England
Albury landfill, Surrey, England

A landfill, also known as a dump or tip (and historically as a midden), is a site for the disposal of waste materials by burial and is the oldest form of waste treatment. Albury is a village and Civil parish in the borough of Guildford in Surrey, England, about four miles (6 km south-east of Guildford Surrey is a county in the South East of England and is one of the Home Counties. England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland A midden, also known as a kitchen midden, or a shell heap, is a dump for domestic waste. WASTE is a Peer-to-peer and Friend-to-friend protocol and software application developed by Justin Frankel at Nullsoft in 2003 that features The following page contains a list of different forms of solid Waste treatment technologies and facilities employed in Waste management infrastructure Historically, landfills have been the most common methods of organized waste disposal and remain so in many places around the world. Waste management is the collection Transport, processing, Recycling or disposal of Waste materials

Landfills may include internal waste disposal sites (where a producer of waste carries out their own waste disposal at the place of production) as well as sites used by many producers. Many landfills are also used for other waste management purposes, such as the temporary storage, consolidation and transfer, or processing of waste material (sorting, treatment, or recycling).

A landfill also may refer to ground that has been filled in with soil and rocks instead of waste materials, so that it can be used for a specific purpose, such as for building houses. Soil, often typeset as SOiL, is a four piece rock band from Chicago Illinois United States founded by Shaun Glass Tom Schofield Tim King and Adam Zadel In Geology, rock is a naturally occurring aggregate of Minerals and/or Mineraloids The Earth's outer solid layer the ‘ Lithosphere Unless they are stabilized, these areas may experience severe shaking or liquefaction of the ground in a large earthquake. Soil liquefaction describes the behavior of loose saturated unconsolidated soils i An earthquake is the result of a sudden release of energy in the Earth 's crust that creates Seismic waves Earthquakes are recorded with a Seismometer

Contents

Site construction requirements

The construction of a landfill requires a staged approach. Landfill designers are primarily concerned with the viability of a site. To be commercially and environmentally viable a landfill must be constructed in accord with specific requirements, which are related to:

Operations

Typically, in non hazardous waste landfills, in order to meet predefined specifications, techniques are applied by which the wastes are:

  1. Confined to as small an area as possible.
  2. Compacted to reduce their volume.
  3. Covered (usually daily) with layers of soil.
Landfill operation. Note that the area being filled is a single, well-defined "cell" and that a rubberized landfill liner is in place (exposed on the left) to prevent contamination by leachates migrating downward through the underlying geological formation.
Landfill operation. Note that the area being filled is a single, well-defined "cell" and that a rubberized landfill liner is in place (exposed on the left) to prevent contamination by leachates migrating downward through the underlying geological formation. A landfill liner, or composite landfill liner is intended to be low permeable barrier which is laid down under engineered Landfill sites

During landfill operations the waste collection vehicles are weighed at a weigh-bridge on arrival and their load is inspected for wastes that do not accord with the landfill’s waste acceptance criteria. Afterwards, the waste collection vehicles use the existing road network on their way to the tipping face or working front where they unload their load. After loads are deposited, compactors or dozers are used to spread and compact the waste on the working face. Before leaving the landfill boundaries, the waste collection vehicles pass through the wheel cleaning facility. If necessary, they return to weighbridge in order to be weighed without their load. Through the weighing process, the daily incoming waste tonnage can be calculated and listed in databases. In addition to trucks, some landfills may be equipped to handle railroad containers. The use of 'rail-haul' permits landfills to be located at more remote sites, without the problems associated with many truck trips.

Typically, in the working face, the compacted waste is covered with soil daily. Alternative waste cover materials are several sprayed on foam products and temporary blankets. Blankets can be lifted into place with tracked excavators and then removed the following day prior to waste placement. Chipped wood and chemically 'fixed' bio-solids, may also be used as an alternate daily cover. The space that is occupied daily by the compacted waste and the cover material is called daily cell. Waste compaction is critical to extending the landfill life. Factors such as waste compressibility, waste layer thickness and the number of passes of the compactor over the waste affect the waste densities.

Land reclamation

Aerial view of the Puente Hills Landfill, with the San Gabriel Valley in the distance.
Aerial view of the Puente Hills Landfill, with the San Gabriel Valley in the distance. Puente Hills Landfill is currently the largest Landfill in the United States accepting four million tons of Waste in 2005 The San Gabriel Valley is one of the principal valleys of southern California.

As human overcrowding of developed areas intensified during the 20th century, it has become important to develop land re-use strategies for completed landfills. Overpopulation refers to a condition where an Organism 's numbers exceed the Carrying capacity of its Habitat. Some of the most common usages are for parks, golf courses and other sports fields. A golf course consists of a series of holes each consisting of a Teeing ground, Fairway, rough and other hazards and a green with a pin and cup all designed for Increasingly, however, office buildings and industrial uses are made on a completed landfill. In these latter uses, methane capture is customarily carried out to minimize explosive hazard within the building. Methane is a Chemical compound with the molecular formula. It is the simplest Alkane, and the principal component of Natural gas.

An example of a Class A office building constructed over a landfill is the Dakin Building at Sierra Point, Brisbane, California. Class A Office Space describes the highest quality Office space locally available The Dakin Building is an architectural award winning class A office building on the San Francisco Bay in Brisbane California. Brisbane is a small city located in the northern part of San Mateo County California on the lower slopes of San Bruno Mountain. The underlying fill was deposited from 1965 to 1985, mostly consisting of construction debris from San Francisco and some municipal wastes. The City and County of San Francisco is the fourth most populous city Aerial photographs prior to 1965 show this area to be tidelands of the San Francisco Bay. Aerial photography is the taking of Photographs of the ground from an elevated position Tideland is the third published book by author Mitch Cullin, and is the third installment of the writer's Texas Trilogy that also includes the A clay cap was constructed over the debris prior to building approval. [1]

Another strategy for landfill reclamation is the incineration of landfill trash at high temperature via the plasma-arc gasification process, which is currently used at two facilities in Japan, and will be used at a planned facility in St. Lucie County, Florida. Plasma Converter redirects here Plasma arc gasification is a waste treatment technology that uses high electrical energy and high temperature created For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. St Lucie County is a County located in the state of Florida. The county seat is the City of Fort Pierce. Florida ( is a state located in the southeastern region of the United States, bordering Alabama to the northwest and Georgia to the [2]

Impacts

A number of adverse impacts occur from landfill operations. These impacts can vary: fatal accidents (e. g. , scavengers buried under waste piles); infrastructure damage (e. A waste picker, or a scavenger, is a person who picks out Recyclable elements from mixed waste wherever it may be temporarily accessible or disposed of. Infrastructure typically refers to the technical structures that support a society such as Roads Water supply, Wastewater, Power grids g. , damage to access roads by heavy vehicles); pollution of the local environment (such as contamination of groundwater and/or aquifers by leakage and residual soil contamination during landfill usage, as well as after landfill closure); offgassing of methane generated by decaying organic wastes (methane is a greenhouse gas many times more potent than carbon dioxide, and can itself be a danger to inhabitants of an area;) harbouring of disease vectors such as rats and flies, particularly from improperly operated landfills, which are common in Third-world countries; injuries to wildlife[3]; and simple nuisance problems (e. Pollution is the introduction of contaminants into an environment that causes instability disorder harm or discomfort to the physical systems or living organisms they are in See also Nature The natural environment, commonly referred to simply as the environment, is a terminology that is comprised of all living and Groundwater is Water located beneath the Ground surface in Soil pore spaces and in the Fractures of lithologic formations An aquifer is an underground layer of Water -bearing Permeable rock or unconsolidated materials ( Gravel, Sand, Silt, or Clay Soil contamination is caused by the presence of man-made chemicals or other alteration in the natural soil environment Methane is a Chemical compound with the molecular formula. It is the simplest Alkane, and the principal component of Natural gas. In Epidemiology, a vector is an Organism that does not cause Disease itself but which transmits Infection by conveying Pathogens from Third World is a name given to nations that are generally considered to be underdeveloped economically Wildlife includes all non-domesticated plants animals and other organisms g. , dust, odour, vermin, or noise pollution). Vermin is a term applied to various animal species regarded as pests or nuisances and especially to those associated with the carrying of Disease. Noise pollution (or environmental noise) is displeasing human- or machine-created sound that disrupts the activity or balance of human or animal life

Environmental noise and dust are generated from vehicles accessing a landfill as well as from working face operations. Noise pollution (or environmental noise) is displeasing human- or machine-created sound that disrupts the activity or balance of human or animal life These impacts are best to intercept at the planning stage where access routes and landfill geometrics can be used to mitigate such issues. Vector control is also important, but can be managed reasonably well with the daily cover protocols.

Most modern landfills in industrialized countries are operated with controls to attempt manage problems such as these. Analysis of common landfill operational problems are available in [1].

Some local authorities have found it difficult to locate new landfills. Communities may charge a fee or levy in order to discourage waste and/or recover the costs of site operations. Some landfills are operated for profit as commercial businesses. Many landfills, however, are publicly operated and funded.

Impacts to people near landfills in the U. S.

Communities near landfills are increasingly facing health consequences from air and water contamination, particularly from landfills that are poorly constructed and operated. Water pollution is the contamination of Water bodies such as Lakes Rivers Oceans and Groundwater caused by human activities Environmental contamination from landfills is entering waterways and underground aquifer at alarming rates. Liner breaches are not uncommon. Liners can delay contamination but they do not prevent it. With large amounts of toxic solid waste entering landfills today, ground and air contamination pose a significant threat to public health for those living within three to five miles of a landfill, and will eventually degrade the environment far beyond those limits.

Poorly constructed and operated landfills persist with leachate breaks, uncovered trash, and unchecked banned hazardous compounds. Federal laws to protect the public in Sec. 4001, Subtitle D of the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) [2] can be unenforceable to citizens without adequate legal funding. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency generally relies on the states to enforce their own operating permits and federal laws. If state agencies are not aggressive, violations can worsen, multiplying negative environmental impacts exponentially. There are some notable recorded violations in the U. S. , such as for a [3] landfill in Hawaii that was fined $2. 8 million in 2006 for operating violations, but this is not common.

Regional practice

United Kingdom

Main article: Landfill in the UK

Landfilling practices in the UK have had to change in recent years to meet the challenges of the European Landfill Directive. See also the Landfill Directive, Landfill tax and the Landfill Allowance Trading Scheme Landfill in the UK is currently recognised as the The Landfill Directive, more formally Council Directive 1999/31/EC of 26 April 1999 on the landfill of waste is a European Union directive issued by the The UK now imposes landfill tax upon biodegradable waste which is landfilled. Biodegradable waste is a Type of waste, typically originating from Plant or Animal sources which may be broken down by other living organisms In addition to this the Landfill Allowance Trading Scheme has been established for local authorities to trade landfill quotas. The Landfill Allowance Trading Scheme, LATS, is an initiative by the UK government through DEFRA to help reduce the amount of Biodegradable municipal

United States

In the U. S. , landfills are regulated by the state's environmental agency that establishes minimum guidelines; however, none of these standards may fall below those set by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA); such as was the case with the Fresh Kills Landfill in Staten Island, which is claimed by many to not only be the world's largest landfill, but the world's largest manmade structure. The Fresh Kills Landfill on the New York City borough of Staten Island in the United States, was formerly the largest Landfill in Staten Island (ˌstætənˈaɪlənd is a borough of New York City situated primarily on the island of the same name

The Fresno Municipal Sanitary Landfill, opened in Fresno, California in 1937, is considered to have been the first modern, sanitary landfill in the United States, innovating the techniques of trenching, compacting, and the daily covering of waste with soil. Fresno Municipal Sanitary Landfill, also known as Fresno Sanitary Landfill, opened in 1935 in Fresno California, was the first modern Landfill in California ( is a US state on the West Coast of the United States, along the Pacific Ocean. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the It has been designated a National Historic Landmark, underlining the significance of waste disposal in urban society. A National Historic Landmark (NHL is a Building, site, Structure, Object, or District, that is officially recognized by the

Before the advent of modern landfills in America, most Americans lived in sparsely populated rural farming communities and most burned their garbage. Due to environmental and safety concerns, burning garbage by civilians has been outlawed by most municipalities and can only be performed by landfill managers or people who have obtained permits from the municipality. More information on landfill history in the United States can be found at [4].

The Resource Conservation and Recovery Act is a US federal law that is designed to protect the public from harm caused by waste disposal. The Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA enacted in 1976, is a Federal law of the United States contained in 42 U The EPA runs a Landfill Methane Outreach Program (LMOP), a voluntary assistance program that helps to reduce methane emissions from landfills by encouraging the recovery and use of landfill gas as an energy resource. See also Natural gas, Biofuel Biogas typically refers to a Gas produced by the biological breakdown of Organic matter in the [5]

U. S. landfills consist of 40% to 50% paper waste, 20% to 30% construction debris, and 1. 2% disposable diapers. [4]

A land fill in the Florida Keys

Alternatives

See also: List of solid waste treatment technologies

The obvious alternative to landfills are waste reduction and recycling strategies. The Florida Keys are an Archipelago of about 1700 islands in the southeast United States. The following page contains a list of different forms of solid Waste treatment technologies and facilities employed in Waste management infrastructure Waste minimisation is the process and the policy of reducing the amount of waste produced by a person or a society Recycling involves processing used materials into new products in order to prevent the waste of potentially useful materials reduce the consumption of fresh raw materials reduce Secondary to not creating waste, there are various alternatives to landfills. In the late 20th century, alternative methods to waste disposal to landfill and incineration have begun to gain acceptance. Incineration is a waste treatment technology that involves the Combustion of organic materials and/or substances Anaerobic digestion, composting, mechanical biological treatment, pyrolysis and plasma arc gasification have all began to establish themselves in the market. Anaerobic digestion is a series of processes in which Microorganisms break down Biodegradable material in the absence of Oxygen. Composting is the Aerobic decomposition of Biodegradable Organic matter, producing Compost. A mechanical biological treatment system is a form of waste processing facility that combines a sorting facility with a form of biological treatment such as Composting or Pyrolysis is the Chemical decomposition of organic materials by heating in the absence of Oxygen or any other reagents except possibly Steam Plasma Converter redirects here Plasma arc gasification is a waste treatment technology that uses high electrical energy and high temperature created

In recent years, some countries, such as Germany, Austria, and Switzerland, have banned the disposal of untreated waste in landfills. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Austria (Österreich ( officially the Republic of Austria (Republik Österreich Switzerland (English pronunciation; Schweiz Swiss German: Schwyz or Schwiiz Suisse Svizzera Svizra officially the Swiss Confederation In these countries, only the ashes from incineration or the stabilised output of mechanical biological treatment plants may still be deposited. Incineration is a waste treatment technology that involves the Combustion of organic materials and/or substances A mechanical biological treatment system is a form of waste processing facility that combines a sorting facility with a form of biological treatment such as Composting or

See also

References

  1. ^ Paul B. Bioreactor landfilling is a process in which water and air are circulated into a specially designed Landfill, in order to cause accelerated biological Decomposition Daily cover is the name given to the layer of compressed Soil or earth which is laid on top of a day's deposition of Waste on an operational Landfill site The term decompiculture was coined by forestry professor Timothy Myles of the Urban Entomology Program at the University of Toronto and refers to how decomposing Fly-tipping or dumping is a British term for illegally dumping Waste somewhere other than an authorised Landfill. The HELP model (Hydrologic Evaluation of Landfill Performance is a hydrologic numerical model initially developed by the United States Environmental Protection Waste diversion or landfill diversion is the process of diverting waste from Landfill and is typically measured by weight Landfill gas monitoring is the process by which gases that are released from Landfill are electronically monitored Landfill mining and reclamation ( LFMR) is a process whereby solid Wastes which have previously been Landfilled are excavated and processed A landfill tax is a form of Tax that is applied in some countries to increase the cost of Landfill. The following page contains a list of different forms of solid Waste treatment technologies and facilities employed in Waste management infrastructure A mechanical biological treatment system is a form of waste processing facility that combines a sorting facility with a form of biological treatment such as Composting or A midden, also known as a kitchen midden, or a shell heap, is a dump for domestic waste. For over 40 years The Solid Waste Association of North America ( SWANA) has been the leading Professional association in the solid Waste management Tell, tel or tall (تلّ tall, and תֵּל tel) meaning "hill" or "mound" is a type of archaeological Waste management is the collection Transport, processing, Recycling or disposal of Waste materials Awosika and Marc Papineau, Phase One Environmental Site Assessment, 7000 Marina Boulevard, Brisbane, California, prepared for Argentum International by Certified. A Phase I Environmental Site Assessment is a report prepared for a real estate holding which identifies potential or existing environmental contamination liabilities. Engineering & Testing Company, Boston, Massachusetts, July 15, 1993
  2. ^ USATODAY.com - Florida county plans to vaporize landfill trash
  3. ^ Wildlife Injuries Noyes, K (2006) Clean-Up Your Trash, Charity Guide
  4. ^ National Geographic magazine, September 1993

External links

Dictionary

landfill

-verb

  1. To dispose of garbage by burying it at a landfill site.

-noun

  1. A site at which refuse is buried under layers of earth.
  2. The material so disposed of.
© 2009 citizendia.org; parts available under the terms of GNU Free Documentation License, from http://en.wikipedia.org
 Dapyx Software network: MP3 Explorer | Ebook Manager | Zenithic