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For other uses, see Lakota. Lakota or Lakotah may refer to Lakota people, a Native American tribe Lakota language, the language of the Lakota
Eddie Plenty Holes, a Lakota Sioux photographed about 1899.
Eddie Plenty Holes, a Lakota Sioux photographed about 1899.

The Lakota (IPA: [laˈkˣota]) (also Teton, Tetonwan) are a Native American tribe. Native Americans in the United States are the indigenous peoples from the regions of North America now encompassed by the continental United States They are part of a confederation of seven related Sioux tribes (the Oceti Sakowin or seven council fires) and speak Lakota, one of the three major dialects of the Sioux language. Sioux (pronounced SUE are a Native American and First Nations people Lakota (also Lakhota, Teton, Teton Sioux) is the largest of the three languages of the Sioux, of the Siouan family A dialect (from the Greek word διάλεκτος dialektos) is a variety of a Language that is characteristic of a particular group of Sioux is a Siouan language. Regional variation Sioux has 3 major regional varieties with various sub- Lects

The Lakota are the western-most of the three Sioux groups, occupying lands in both North and South Dakota. North Dakota ( is a state located in the Midwestern and Western regions of the United States of America. South Dakota ( is a state located in the Midwestern region of the United States of America. The seven branches or "sub-tribes" of the Lakota are Sicangu, Oglala, Izipaco, Hunkpapa, Miniconjou, Sihasapa, and Ooinunpa. The Brulé are one of the seven branches or bands (sometimes called "sub-tribes" of the Teton (Titonwan Lakota Sioux American Indian nation The Oglala Lakota or Oglala Sioux, (ogəˈlala meaning "to scatter one's own" in Siouan, live in the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation in South The Hunkpapa are a Native American group one of the seven branches of the Lakota Sioux tribe Miniconjou are a Native American people constituting a subdivision of the Lakota Sioux, who formerly inhabited an area from the Black Hills in South The Sihasapa or "Blackfoot Sioux" are a division of the Titonwan or Teton (also known as Lakota) Sioux.

Contents

History

Akta Lakota Museum in Chamberlain, South Dakota.
Akta Lakota Museum in Chamberlain, South Dakota. Chamberlain is a city in Brule County, South Dakota, United States.

The Lakota are closely related to the western Dakota and Nakota of Minnesota. Sioux (pronounced SUE are a Native American and First Nations people Minnesota ( Native Americans demonstrated the name to early settlers After their adoption of the horse, šųká-wakhą́ ([ˈʃũka waˈkˣã]) ('dog [of] power/mystery/wonder') their society centered on the buffalo hunt with the horse. The horse ( Equus caballus) is a hoofed ( Ungulate) Mammal, one of eight living species of the family Equidae. The American bison ( Bison bison) is a Bovine Mammal, also commonly known as the American buffalo. There were 20,000 Lakota in the mid-18th century. The number has now increased to about 70,000, of whom about 20,500 speak the Lakota language. Lakota (also Lakhota, Teton, Teton Sioux) is the largest of the three languages of the Sioux, of the Siouan family

After 1720, the Lakota branch of the Seven Council Fires split into two major sects, the Saone who moved to the Lake Traverse area on the South Dakota-North Dakota-Minnesota border, and the Oglala-Sicangu who occupied the James River valley. Lake Traverse is the southernmost Body of water in the Hudson Bay watershed of North America. The James River (also known as the Jim River or the Dakota River) is a tributary of the Missouri River, approximately 710 mi (1143 km long in the By about 1750, however, the Saone had moved to the east bank of the Missouri River, followed 10 years later by the Oglala and Brulé (Sičangu).

The large and powerful Arikara, Mandan, and Hidatsa villages had prevented the Lakota from crossing the Missouri for an extended period, but when smallpox and other diseases nearly destroyed these tribes, the way was open for the first Lakota to cross the Missouri into the drier, short-grass prairies of the High Plains. Arikara (also Sahnish Arikaree Ree refers to a group of Native Americans that speak a Caddoan language. The Mandan are a Native American tribe that historically lived along the banks of the Missouri River and two of its tributaries—the Heart and The Hidatsa (called Minnetaree by their allies the Mandan) are a Siouan people a part of the Three Affiliated Tribes. Smallpox is an Infectious disease unique to humans caused by either of two virus variants named Variola major and Variola minor. These Saone, well-mounted and increasingly confident, spread out quickly. In 1765, a Saone exploring and raiding party led by Chief Standing Bear discovered the Black Hills (which they called the Paha Sapa). The Black Hills ( Pahá Sápa in Lakota, Moˀȯhta-voˀhonáaeva in Cheyenne) are a small isolated Mountain range rising from the The Black Hills ( Pahá Sápa in Lakota, Moˀȯhta-voˀhonáaeva in Cheyenne) are a small isolated Mountain range rising from the Just a decade later, in 1775, the Oglala and Brulé also crossed the river, following the great smallpox epidemic of 1772–1780, which destroyed three-quarters of the Missouri Valley populations. In 1776, they defeated the Cheyenne as the Cheyenne had earlier defeated the Kiowa, and gained control of the land which became the center of the Lakota universe. Cheyenne are a Native American nation of the Great Plains. The Cheyenne Nation is composed of two united tribes, the Só'taa'e (more commonly The Kiowa (ˈkaɪoʊwə are a nation of American Indians who migrated from what is now Canada to their present location in Southwestern Oklahoma.

Initial contacts between the Lakota and the United States, during the Lewis and Clark Expedition of 1804–06 was marked by a standoff involving the Lakota refusing to allow the explorers to continue upstream countered by the Expedition preparing to battle. Formally, the Fort Laramie Treaty of 1851 acknowledged native sovereignty over the Great Plains in exchange for free passage along the Oregon Trail, for "as long as the river flows and the eagle flies". The Fort Laramie Treaty of 1851 was signed on September 17 between United States treaty commissioners and representatives of the Sioux, Cheyenne Pioneers traveled across the Oregon Trail, one of the main overland migration routes on the North American Continent, in wagons in order to settle new parts of the In Nebraska on September 3, 1855, 700 soldiers under American General William S. Harney avenged the "Grattan Massacre" by attacking a Lakota village, killing 100 men, women, and children. Nebraska ( is a state located on the Great Plains of the Midwestern United States and Events 36 BC - In the Battle of Naulochus, Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa, Admiral of Octavian, defeats Sextus Pompeius Year 1855 ( MDCCCLV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common year The United States of America —commonly referred to as the William Selby Harney ( 22 August 1800 - 9 May 1889) was a Cavalry officer in the U The Grattan Massacre took place on August 19, 1854. It occurred east of Fort Laramie, Nebraska Territory, USA, now in present-day Other wars followed; and in 1862–1864, as refugees from the "Dakota War of 1862" in Minnesota fled west to their allies in Montana and Dakota Territory, the war followed them. The Dakota War of 1862 (also known as the Sioux Uprising, Sioux Outbreak of 1862, the Dakota Conflict, the U Montana ( is a state in the Western United States. One-third of the state in the western part contains numerous mountain ranges (approximately 77 named of the northern

Because the Black Hills are sacred to the Lakota, they objected to mining in the area, which had been attempted since the early years of the 19th century. Mining is the extraction of valuable Minerals or other geological materials from the earth usually (but not always from an Ore body In 1868, the U.S. government signed the Fort Laramie Treaty, exempting the Black Hills from all white settlement forever. The federal government of the United States is the central United States Governmental body established by the United States Constitution. The Treaty of Fort Laramie (also called the Sioux Treaty of 1868) was an agreement between the United States and the Lakota nation Yanktonai 'Forever' lasted only four years, when gold was publicly discovered there, and an influx of prospectors descended upon the area, abetted by army commanders like Lt. Gold (ˈɡoʊld is a Chemical element with the symbol Au (from its Latin name aurum) and Atomic number 79 Colonel George Armstrong Custer. The latter tried to administer a lesson of noninterference with white policies, resulting in the Black Hills War of 1876–77. The Black Hills War (also known as the Great Sioux War or Little Big Horn Campaign) was a series of conflicts between the Lakota ( Sioux) Hunting and massacre of the buffalo were urged by General Philip Sheridan as a means to "destroying the Indians' commissary. Philip Henry Sheridan (March 6 1831 &ndash August 5 1888 was a career United States Army officer and a Union general in the American Civil War "[1]

The Lakota with their allies, the Arapaho and the Northern Cheyenne, defeated General George Crook's army at the Battle of the Rosebud and a week later defeated the U.S. 7th Cavalry in 1876 at the Battle of the Little Bighorn, killing 258 soldiers, wiping out the entire Custer battalion, and inflicting more than 50% casualties on the regiment. The Arapaho (in French: Gens de Vache) tribe of Native Americans historically living on the eastern plains of Colorado and Wyoming Cheyenne are a Native American nation of the Great Plains. The Cheyenne Nation is composed of two united tribes, the Só'taa'e (more commonly The Battle of the Little Bighorn &mdashalso known as Custer's Last Stand, and in the parlance of the relevant Native Americans, the Battle of the Greasy Grass Their victory over the U. S. Army would not last, however. The Lakota were defeated in a series of subsequent battles by the reinforced U. S. Army and eventually confined onto reservations, prevented from hunting buffalo and forced to accept government food distribution.

January 17, 1891: Camp of Oglala tribe of Lakota at Pine Ridge, South Dakota, 3 weeks after Wounded Knee incident, when 150 scattered as 153 Lakota Sioux and 25 U.S. soldiers died.
January 17, 1891: Camp of Oglala tribe of Lakota at Pine Ridge, South Dakota, 3 weeks after Wounded Knee incident, when 150 scattered as 153 Lakota Sioux and 25 U. Events 38 BC - Octavian marries Livia Drusilla. 1287 - King Alfonso III of Aragon invades Minorca Year 1891 ( MDCCCXCI) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Pine Ridge is a Census-designated place (CDP in and the most populous community of Shannon County, South Dakota, United States. The Wounded Knee Massacre also known as The Battle at Wounded Knee Creek was the last major armed conflict between the Oglala Lakota and the United States S. soldiers died.
Lakota storyteller: painting.
Lakota storyteller: painting.

The Lakota were compelled to sign a treaty in 1877 ceding the Black Hills to the United States, but a low-intensity war continued, culminating, fourteen years later, in the killing of Sitting Bull (December 15, 1890) at Standing Rock and the Massacre of Wounded Knee (December 29, 1890) at Pine Ridge. Sitting Bull ( Lakota: Tȟatȟaŋka Iyotȟaŋka or Ta-Tanka I-Yotank, also nicknamed Slon-he or "Slow" Ca Events 533 - Byzantine general Belisarius defeats the Vandals, commanded by King Gelimer, at the Battle of Year 1890 ( MDCCCXC) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common The Standing Rock Indian Reservation is a Lakota Indian reservation in North Dakota and South Dakota in the United States. The Wounded Knee Massacre also known as The Battle at Wounded Knee Creek was the last major armed conflict between the Oglala Lakota and the United States Events 1170 - Thomas Becket: Thomas Becket Archbishop of Canterbury is assassinated inside Canterbury Cathedral by followers of King Henry II

Today, the Lakota are found mostly in the five reservations of western South Dakota: Rosebud Indian Reservation (home of the Upper Sičangu or Brulé), Pine Ridge Indian Reservation (home of the Oglala), Lower Brule Indian Reservation (home of the Lower Sičangu), Cheyenne River Indian Reservation (home of several other of the seven Lakota bands, including the Sihasapa and Hunkpapa), and Standing Rock Indian Reservation, also home to people from many bands. The Rosebud Indian Reservation (RIR is an Indian reservation in South Dakota, United States. The Pine Ridge Indian Reservation ( Oglala Oyanke in Lakota, also called Pine Ridge Agency) is an The Lower Brulé Indian Reservaion is an Indian reservation that belongs to the Lower Brulé Lakota The Cheyenne River Indian Reservation was created in 1889 by the breakup of the Great Sioux Reservation, following the The Standing Rock Indian Reservation is a Lakota Indian reservation in North Dakota and South Dakota in the United States. But Lakota also live on the Fort Peck Reservation in northeastern Montana, the Fort Berthold Reservation of northwestern North Dakota, and several small reserves in Saskatchewan and Manitoba, where their ancestors fled to "Grandmother's [i. Montana ( is a state in the Western United States. One-third of the state in the western part contains numerous mountain ranges (approximately 77 named of the northern e. Queen Victoria's] Land" (Canada) during the Minnesota or Black Hills War. Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page

Large numbers of Lakota live in Rapid City and other towns in the Black Hills, and in metro Denver. Rapid City is the second-largest city in the US state of South Dakota, and the County seat of Pennington County. The City and County of Denver (pronounced /ˈdɛnvɚ/ is the Capital and the most populous city of Colorado, in the United States Lakota elders joined the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organisation (UNPO) seeking protection and recognition for their cultural and land rights. The Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization ( UNPO) formed in 1991 is a democratic International organization.

The Lakota name now joins Sioux, Kiowa, Apache, Chinook, Iroquois, and other American Indian names that have been given to aircraft. The Kiowa (ˈkaɪoʊwə are a nation of American Indians who migrated from what is now Canada to their present location in Southwestern Oklahoma. The Iroquois Confederacy (also known as the "League of Peace and Power" the "Five Nations" the "Six Nations" or the "People of the Longhouse The UH-145 has been selected as the United States Army's new Light Utility Helicopter, and has been named the Lakota

Government

Legally[2] and by treaty a semi-autonomous "nation" within the United States, the Lakota Sioux are represented locally by officials elected to councils for the several reservations and communities in the Dakotas, Minnesota, Nebraska, and also in Manitoba and southern Saskatchewan in Canada. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout Manitoba (English ˌmænɨˈtoʊbə French /manitoba/ is a province of Canada, spanning 647797 square kilometres (250116  sq mi of North America Saskatchewan (səˈskætʃəwən) is a prairie province in Canada, which has an area of 588276 They are represented on the state and national level by the elected officials from the political districts of their respective states and Congressional Districts. [3] Band or reservation members living both on and off the individual reservations are eligible to vote in periodic elections for that reservation. Each reservation has a unique local government style and election cycle based on its own constitution[4][5] or articles of incorporation, although most follow a multi-member tribal council model with a chairman or president elected directly by the voters. A constitution is a system for government often Codified as a written document that establishes the rules and principles of an autonomous political entity The Articles of Incorporation (sometimes also referred to as the Certificate of Incorporation or the Corporate Charter) are the primary rules governing the management A Tribal Council is either (1 an association of Native American bands in the United States or First Nations in Canada, or (2 the governing

Tribal governments have significant leeway, as semi-autonomous political entities, in deviating from state law (e. Autonomy ( Greek: Auto- Nomos - nomos meaning "law" one who gives oneself his/her own Law) is the right to Self-government g. Indian gaming) and are ultimately subject to supervisory oversight by the United States Congress[6] and bureaucratic regulation by Congress through the Bureau of Indian Affairs, although the nature and legitimacy of those relationships continue to be a matter of dispute. Indian Gaming enterprises comprise Gambling businesses operated on Indian reservations or tribal land which have limited Sovereignty and therefore the ability The United States Congress is the bicameral Legislature of the federal government of the United States of America, consisting of two houses History Although the bureau which was called the Office of Indian Affairs was formed in 1824 similar agencies had existed in the U [7]

Independence movement

For more details on this topic, see Republic of Lakotah. Lakotah or Lakota is a Proposed country in North America to serve as a homeland for the Lakota.

Beginning in 1974, some Lakota activists have taken steps to become independent from the United States, an attempt to form their own nation. A nation is a Human Cultural and Social Community. In as much as most members never meet each other yet feel a common bond it may be considered These steps have included drafting their own "declaration of continuing independence" and using Constitutional and International Law to solidify their legal standing.

On December 20, 2007, Indian activists announced the withdrawal of their group of Lakota Sioux from all treaties with the United States government. Events 69 - Vespasian, formerly a general under Nero, enters Rome to claim the title of Emperor. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. [8] "We have 33 treaties with the United States that they have not lived by", said longtime political activist Russell Means, as he led a delegation that declared the Lakota a sovereign nation with property rights over thousands of square miles in South Dakota, North Dakota, Nebraska, Wyoming and Montana. Russell Charles Means ( Lakota: Oyate Wacinyapin (Works for the People born November 10 1939) is one of contemporary America 's best-known [9] The group stated that they do not act for or represent the Oglala Sioux Tribe, Rosebud Sioux Tribe, and other Lakota peoples; those tribal governments set up by the United States of America. [10][11] In September 2007, the United Nations passed a non-binding Resolution on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples. The United Nations ( UN) is an International organization whose stated aims are to facilitate cooperation in International law, International security Canada, the United States, and Australia refused to sign. [12] A 1980 U. S. Supreme Court decision awarded $122 million to eight tribes of Sioux Indians as compensation, but the court did not award land. The Lakota have refused the settlement. [13]

Ethnonyms

The name Lakota comes from the Lakota autonym, lakhóta "feeling affection, friendly, united, allied". The early French literature does not distinguish a separate Teton division, instead lumping them into a "Sioux of the West" group with other Santee and Yankton bands.

The names Teton and Tetuwan come from the Lakota name thíthųwą (the meaning of which is obscure). This term was used to refer to the Lakota by non-Lakota Sioux groups. Other derivations include: ti tanka, Tintonyanyan, Titon, Tintonha, Thintohas, Tinthenha, Tinton, Thuntotas, Tintones, Tintoner, Tintinhos, Ten-ton-ha, Thinthonha, Tinthonha, Tentouha, Tintonwans, Tindaw, Tinthow, Atintons, Anthontans, Atentons, Atintans, Atrutons, Titoba, Tetongues, Teton Sioux, Teeton, Ti toan, Teetwawn, Teetwans, Ti-t’-wawn, Ti-twans, Tit’wan, Tetans, Tieton, and Teetonwan.

Early French sources call the Lakota Sioux with an additional modifier, such as Scioux of the West, West Schious, Sioux des prairies, Sioux occidentaux, Sioux of the Meadows, Nadooessis of the Plains, Prairie Indians, Sioux of the Plain, Maskoutens-Nadouessians, Mascouteins Nadouessi, and Sioux nomades.

Lakota Beaded Saddle Belt, made ca. 1850
Lakota Beaded Saddle Belt, made ca. 1850

Today many of the tribes continue to officially call themselves Sioux, which the Federal Government of the United States applied to all Dakota/Lakota/Nakota people in the 19th and 20th centuries. However, some of the tribes have formally or informally adopted traditional names: the Rosebud Sioux Tribe is also known as the Sičangu Oyate (Brulé Nation), and the Oglala often use the name Oglala Lakota Oyate, rather than the English "Oglala Sioux Tribe" or OST. (The alternate English spelling of Ogallala is deprecated, even though it is closer to the correct pronunciation. ) The Lakota have names for their own subdivisions.

Notable persons include Sitting Bull (Tatanka Iyotaka) from the Hunkpapa band and Crazy Horse (Tašunke Witko), Red Cloud (Maĥpiya Luta), Black Elk (Hehaka Sapa), Medicine Man and Sundance Chief Pete Catches (Petaga Yuha Mani), and Billy Mills from the Oglala band. Sitting Bull ( Lakota: Tȟatȟaŋka Iyotȟaŋka or Ta-Tanka I-Yotank, also nicknamed Slon-he or "Slow" Ca Crazy Horse ( Lakota: Thašuŋka Witko, literally "His-Horse-is-Crazy" (ca Red Cloud ( Lakota: Makhpiya Luta) (1822? &ndash December 10, 1909) was a war leader of the Oglala Lakota ( Sioux Black Elk (Hehaka Sapa (c December 1863 &ndash August 17 or August 19, 1950 (sources differ was a famous Wichasha William Mervin Mills or "Billy" Mills (born June 30 1938 is the only Native American ever to win an Olympic gold medal The Lakota also are Western of the three Sioux groups, occupying lands in both North and South Dakota.

Reservations

Oglala Sioux tribal flag
Oglala Sioux tribal flag

Today, one half of all enrolled Sioux live off the Reservation. An Indian reservation is an area of land managed by a Native American Tribe under the United States Department of the Interior's Bureau

Lakota reservations recognized by the U.S. government include:

Some Lakota also live on other Sioux reservations in eastern South Dakota, Minnesota, and Nebraska:

In addition several Lakota live on Wood Mountain Indian Reserve often Wood Mountain First Nation northwest of Wood Mountain Post now a Saskatchewan historic site. Federally recognized tribes are those Indian tribes recognized by the United States Bureau of Indian Affairs for certain federal government The Pine Ridge Indian Reservation ( Oglala Oyanke in Lakota, also called Pine Ridge Agency) is an The Brulé are one of the seven branches or bands (sometimes called "sub-tribes" of the Teton (Titonwan Lakota Sioux American Indian nation The Rosebud Indian Reservation (RIR is an Indian reservation in South Dakota, United States. The Hunkpapa are a Native American group one of the seven branches of the Lakota Sioux tribe The Standing Rock Indian Reservation is a Lakota Indian reservation in North Dakota and South Dakota in the United States. The Cheyenne River Indian Reservation was created in 1889 by the breakup of the Great Sioux Reservation, following the The Cheyenne River Indian Reservation was created in 1889 by the breakup of the Great Sioux Reservation, following the The Sihasapa or "Blackfoot Sioux" are a division of the Titonwan or Teton (also known as Lakota) Sioux. The Cheyenne River Indian Reservation was created in 1889 by the breakup of the Great Sioux Reservation, following the The Cheyenne River Indian Reservation was created in 1889 by the breakup of the Great Sioux Reservation, following the Sioux (pronounced SUE are a Native American and First Nations people The Shakopee Mdewakanton Sioux Community is located within parts of the cities of Prior Lake and Shakopee in Scott County Minnesota Mdewakantonwan (singular Mdewakanton) are one of the sub-tribes of the Isanti (Santee Dakota ( Sioux) Disambiguation not to be confused with Wood Mountain Ski Park in the Comox Land District of B For the vast tract created by the Royal Proclamation of 1763 in Canada and the United States see Indian Reserve (1763 In Canada

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Winona LaDuke, All Our Relations: Native Struggles for Land and Life, (Cambridge, MA: South End Press, 1999), 141. Lakota (also Lakhota, Teton, Teton Sioux) is the largest of the three languages of the Sioux, of the Siouan family Here is a list of articles pertaining to Lakota Mythology, a Native American people of North and South Dakota:
  2. ^ The Indian Reorganization Act
  3. ^ Indianz.Com > News > Oglala Sioux Tribe inaugurates Cecilia Fire Thunder
  4. ^ Official Site of the Rosebud Sioux Tribe
  5. ^ Our Constitution & By-Laws
  6. ^ The Indian Reorganization Act
  7. ^ Indian Country Diaries . History | PBS
  8. ^ Descendants of Sitting Bull, Crazy Horse break away from US, Agence France-Presse news
  9. ^ Bill Harlan, Lakota group secedes from U.S., Rapid City Journal, December 20, 2007. The Rapid City Journal is the daily Newspaper of Rapid City South Dakota. Events 69 - Vespasian, formerly a general under Nero, enters Rome to claim the title of Emperor. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
  10. ^ http://www.argusleader.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20071220/NEWS/712200347/1001 Lakota group pushes for new nation], Argus Leader Washington Bureau, December 20, 2007. Events 69 - Vespasian, formerly a general under Nero, enters Rome to claim the title of Emperor. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
  11. ^ http://www.republicoflakota.com/
  12. ^ ReaderRant: UBB Error
  13. ^ American Notes RACE - TIME

References

External links

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