Laguna de Bay
Landsat photo
Location	Calabarzon
Coordinates	14°23′N 121°15′E
Lake type	Crater Lake (theorized)/ Rift Lake
Primary inflows	21 tributaries
Primary outflows	Pasig River (via Napindan Channel)
Basin countries	Philippines
Max. CALABARZON is one of the regions of the Philippines. It is also designated as Region IV-A and its regional capital is Calamba City in A lake (from Latin lacus) is a Terrain feature (or Physical feature) a body of Liquid on the surface of a world that is localized to the In Hydrology, the inflow of a Body of water is the source of the Water in the body of water In Hydrology, the discharge or outflow of a River is the volume of Water transported by it in a certain amount of time The Pasig River (called Ilog Pasig in Filipino) is a River in the Philippines and connects Laguna de Bay (via the Napindan Channel A drainage basin is an extent of Land where Water from Rain or Snow melt drains downhill into a body of water such as a River, length	41 km
Max. width	36 km
Surface area	911. 36 to 949 km²
Average depth	2. 8 m
Max. depth	20 m (Diablo pass)
Shore length1	220 km
Surface elevation	less 2 m
Islands	Talim Island, Wonder Island
Settlements	Metropolitan Manila and the Provinces of Laguna and Rizal
1 Shore length is not a well-defined measure. Talim Island is located at the center of the Laguna de Bay lake under the municipality of Binangonan on the western side and the municipality of Cardona Metropolitan Manila ( Filipino: Kalakhang Maynila, Kamaynilaan) or the National Capital Region (NCR ( Filipino: Pambansang Laguna is a province of the Philippines found in the CALABARZON region in Luzón. Rizal is a province of the Philippines located in the CALABARZON region in Luzon, just 20 kilometers east of Manila.

Map of the Philippines showing the Province of Laguna in the Calabarzon Area. CALABARZON is one of the regions of the Philippines. It is also designated as Region IV-A and its regional capital is Calamba City in

The Laguna de Bay surrounded by the province of Laguna and Rizal and Metro Manila on the North-west.

Laguna de Bay (English translation: "Lake of Bay" commonly called as "Laguna Lake") is the largest lake in the Philippines and the 2^nd largest inland freshwater lake in Southeast Asia after Lake Toba in Sumatra, Indonesia. Bay is a 3rd class municipality in the province of Laguna, Philippines. A lake (from Latin lacus) is a Terrain feature (or Physical feature) a body of Liquid on the surface of a world that is localized to the The Philippines ( Filipino: Pilipinas, officially known as the Republic of the Philippines (fil ''Republika ng Pilipinas'' RP Lake Toba ( Danau Toba) is a Lake and Supervolcano, 100 km long and 30 km wide and 505 m Sumatra (also spelled Sumatera) is the sixth largest island in the world (approximately 470000 km² and is the largest island entirely in Indonesia (two The Republic of Indonesia ( (Republik Indonesia is a Country in Southeast Asia. It is located in the island of Luzon between the provinces of Laguna to the south and Rizal to the north. Luzon is the largest and most economically and politically important Island in the Philippines and one of the three island groups in the country with Visayas The provinces of the Philippines are the primary administrative divisions of the Philippines. Laguna is a province of the Philippines found in the CALABARZON region in Luzón. Rizal is a province of the Philippines located in the CALABARZON region in Luzon, just 20 kilometers east of Manila. Metro Manila lies on its western shore. Metropolitan Manila ( Filipino: Kalakhang Maynila, Kamaynilaan) or the National Capital Region (NCR ( Filipino: Pambansang Its surface area is 949 square kilometers and has an average depth of only about 2 meters. The lake is shaped like a stylised 'W', with two peninsulas jutting out from the northern shore. Between these peninsulas, the middle lobe fills a large volcanic caldera. A caldera is a cauldron-like volcanic feature formed by the collapse of land following a volcanic eruption Laguna de Bay drains to Manila Bay via the Pasig River. Manila Bay is a natural Harbor which serves the Port of Manila (on Luzon) in the Philippines. The Pasig River (called Ilog Pasig in Filipino) is a River in the Philippines and connects Laguna de Bay (via the Napindan Channel The lake is filled with fish pens installed by fishermen who regularly fish there.

There is a large island in the lake, Talim Island, which is under the jurisdiction of the towns of Binangonan and Cardona in Rizal province. Talim Island is located at the center of the Laguna de Bay lake under the municipality of Binangonan on the western side and the municipality of Cardona Binangonan is an urban municipality in the province of Rizal, Philippines. Cardona is a 3rd class urban municipality in the province of Rizal, Philippines. Rizal is a province of the Philippines located in the CALABARZON region in Luzon, just 20 kilometers east of Manila.

Name

"Laguna de Bay" is the Old Spanish term for "Lake of Bay"; "Bay" (pronounced as bä'ï) is a town in Laguna province. In the pre-hispanic era, Laguna Lake or Laguna de Bay was known as "Pulilan" according to the 1613 Vocabulario de Lengua Tagala printed in Pila, Laguna. Pila is a 4th class urban municipality in the province of Laguna, Philippines. Thus the name "Pulilan Kasumuran" or "Laguna de Bay water source". The Laguna Copperplate inscription (also shortened to LCI) is the first written document found in a Philippine language.

Facts about the lake

The Laguna Lake is a large shallow freshwater body in the heart of Luzon Island, Philippines with an aggregate area of 911. Luzon is the largest and most economically and politically important Island in the Philippines and one of the three island groups in the country with Visayas The Philippines ( Filipino: Pilipinas, officially known as the Republic of the Philippines (fil ''Republika ng Pilipinas'' RP 36 km² and a shoreline of 220 kilometers. It is considered to be the second largest inland body of water in Southeast Asia, after Indonesia’s Lake Toba in Sumatra (Guerrero & Calpe, 1998). The Republic of Indonesia ( (Republik Indonesia is a Country in Southeast Asia. Lake Toba ( Danau Toba) is a Lake and Supervolcano, 100 km long and 30 km wide and 505 m It is bordered by the province of Laguna in the east, west and southwest, the province of Rizal in the north to northeast, and Taguig, Pateros, Pasig and Marikina (all of which are cities and municipalities in Metropolitan Manila) in the northwest. Laguna is a province of the Philippines found in the CALABARZON region in Luzón. Rizal is a province of the Philippines located in the CALABARZON region in Luzon, just 20 kilometers east of Manila. Taguig (formerly spelled as Tagig; Filipino: Lungsod ng Taguig) is a city in Metro Manila The Municipality of Pateros ( Filipino: Bayan ng Pateros) is the only municipality in Metro Manila This article is for the city for the river see Pasig River. The City of Pasig ( Filipino: Lungsod ng Pasig) is one of the cities and municipalities Metropolitan Manila ( Filipino: Kalakhang Maynila, Kamaynilaan) or the National Capital Region (NCR ( Filipino: Pambansang The lake has an average depth of 2. 8 meters and its excess water is discharged through the Pasig river. The Pasig River (called Ilog Pasig in Filipino) is a River in the Philippines and connects Laguna de Bay (via the Napindan Channel The southern and eastern portions of Metro Manila occupy a huge portion of its watershed (Gonzales, 1987; Guerrero & Calpe, 1998). Metropolitan Manila ( Filipino: Kalakhang Maynila, Kamaynilaan) or the National Capital Region (NCR ( Filipino: Pambansang

The lake is fed by 45,000 square kilometers of catchment areas and its twenty one major tributaries. Among these are the Pagsanjan River which is the source of 35% of the Lake's water, the Sta. Cruz River which is the source of 15% of the Lake's water, the Balanak River, the Marikina River, the Mangangate River, the Tunasan River, the San Pedro River, the Cabuyao River, the San Cristobal River, the San Juan River, the Bay, Calo and Maitem rivers in Bay, the Molawin, Dampalit river, Dampalit, and Pele river, Pele rivers in Los Baños, the Pangil River, the Tanay River, the Morong River, the Siniloan River, and the Sapang Baho River. The Pagsanjan River ( Tagalog Ilog Pagsanjan) on the island of Luzon in the Philippines, is a river system that flows through the towns of Lumban The Santa Cruz River ( Tagalog Ilog ng Santa Cruz)is a river system in Laguna Province on the island of Luzon in the Philippines Marikina River (Tagalog Ilog Marikina is a main river system in Eastern Metro Manila The Mangangate River ( Tagalog Ilog Mangangate) also referred to as the Alabang-Cupang River, is a river system in Muntinlupa City, Philippines The Tunasan River ( Tagalog Ilog ng Tunasan) also referred to as the Tunasan-Cuyab River, is a river system in the Philippines. The San Cristobal River (Tagalog Ilog ng San Cristobal) is a river system in Calamba City, Philippines The San Juan River (Tagalog Ilog ng San Juan) is a river system in Calamba City, Philippines. The Bay River (Tagalog Ilog ng Bay) also known as the Sapang River or the San Nicolas River is a river system in Bay Laguna. The Bay River (Tagalog Ilog ng Bay) also known as the Sapang River or the San Nicolas River is a river system in Bay Laguna. The Bay River (Tagalog Ilog ng Bay) also known as the Sapang River or the San Nicolas River is a river system in Bay Laguna. The Molawin River, also referred to as the Molawin Creek, is one of the many low volume flowing rocky streams crisscrossing the UPLB and Los Baños area The Pangil River ( Tagalog Ilog ng Pangil) also known as the Bambang Hari River, is a river system that runs through Pangil Laguna in the Philippines The Morong River (Tagalog Ilog ng Morong also referred to as the Morong-Teresa River, is a river system in Rizal Philippines. The Siniloan River (Tagalog Ilog ng Siniloan) also known as the Romelo River, is a river system that runs through Siniloan Laguna on the island of The Sapang Baho River is a river system that runs through Rizal Province and Marikina City in the Philippines. (Nepumoceno, 2005 and http://www.llda.gov.ph/masterplan.htm)

Currently, the lake serves as a multipurpose resource. It is a navigational lane for passenger boats, source of water for a nearby hydroelectric power plant, food support for the growing duck industry, aquaculture, recreation, fishery, flood control, source of irrigation water and a “virtual” cistern for domestic, agricultural and industrial effluents (Gonzales, 1987). Effluent is an outflowing of water from a natural body of water or from a man-made structure Because of its importance in the development of the Laguna de Bay Region , unlike in other lakes in the country, its water quality and general condition are closely monitored (Department of Environment and Natural Resources, 1996). This important water resource has been greatly affected by development pressures like population growth, rapid industrialization, and resources allocation (Batu, 1996). is a process of social and economic change whereby a human group is transformed from a Pre-industrial society into an industrial one

Government data showed that about sixty percent of the estimated 8. 4 million people residing in the Laguna de Bay Region discharge their solid and liquid wastes indirectly to the lake through its tributaries. A large percentage of these wastes are mainly agricultural while the rest are either domestic or industrial (DENR, 1997). The Philippines ' Department of Environment and Natural Resources ( Filipino: Kagawaran ng Kapaligiran at Likas na Kayamanan) abbreviated as DENR According to DENR (1997), domestic and industrial wastes contribute almost equally at thirty percent each. The Philippines ' Department of Environment and Natural Resources ( Filipino: Kagawaran ng Kapaligiran at Likas na Kayamanan) abbreviated as DENR Meanwhile, agricultural wastes take up the remaining forty percent. In a recent sensitivity waste load model ran by the Laguna Lake Development Authority’s (LLDA) Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) Division, it revealed that 70 percent of Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) loadings came from households, 19 percent from industries, and 11 percent came from land run-off or erosion (LLDA, 2005). History The Laguna Lake Development Authority was established in 1966 as a quasi-government agency that leads promotes and accelerates sustainable development in the Laguna de Bay

As far as industries and factories are concerned, there are about 1,481 and is expected to increase over time (Guerrero & Calpe, 1998). Of the said figure, about 695 have wastewater treatment facilities. Despite this, the lake is absorbing huge amounts of pollution from these industries in the forms of discharges of industrial cooling water, toxic spills from barges and transport operations and hazardous chemicals like lead, mercury, aluminum and cyanide (Sly, 1984). Based from the said figure, sixty five percent are classified as “pollutive” industries.

The hastened agricultural modernization throughout the region took its toll on the lake. This paved the way for massive and intensified use of chemical based fertilizers and pesticides whose residues eventually find their way to the lake basin. These chemicals induce rapid algal growth in the area that depleted oxygen levels in the water. Hence, oxygen available to the lake is being used up thereby depleting the lake of available oxygen for the fish causing massive fish kills (Solidarity for People’s Power, 1992). Oxygen (from the Greek roots ὀξύς (oxys (acid literally "sharp" from the taste of acids and -γενής (-genēs (producer literally begetteris the Oxygen (from the Greek roots ὀξύς (oxys (acid literally "sharp" from the taste of acids and -γενής (-genēs (producer literally begetteris the As far as domestic wastes are concerned, around ten percent of the 4,100 metric tons of waste generated by residents of Metro Manila are dumped into the lake. As reported by the now defunct Metropolitan Manila Waterworks and Sewerage System (MWSS), only 15 percent of the residents in the area have an effective waste disposal system. Moreover, around 85 percent of the families living along the shoreline do not have toilets (SPP, 1992; Batu, 1996).

Because of the problems facing and threatening the potential of the lake, the then President Ferdinand Marcos signed into law Republic Act (RA) 4850 otherwise known as the law creating LLDA. Ferdinand Emmanuel Edralín Marcos ( September 11, 1917 &ndash September 28, 1989) was President of the Philippines from 1965 to 1986 The LLDA is the main agency tasked to oversee the programs that aimed to develop and protect the Laguna Lake. Though it started as a mere quasi–government agency with regulatory and proprietary functions, its charter was strengthened by Presidential Decree (PD) 817 in 1975 and by Executive Order (EO) 927 in 1983 to include environmental protection and jurisdiction over the surface waters of the lake basin. In 1993, by virtue of the devolution, the administrative supervision of the LLDA was transferred to the DENR by EO 149 (LLDA, 1994).

On January 29, 2008, the Mamamayan Para sa Pagpapanatili ng Pagpapaunlad ng Lawa ng Laguna (Mapagpala) accused the Laguna Lake Development Authority (LLDA) for the deterioration of Laguna Lake, the largest Philippine lake and the second largest inland freshwater lake in Southeast Asia due to multiplication of fish pens beyond the allowable limit. Events 904 - Sergius III comes out of retirement to take over the papacy from the deposed Antipope Christopher. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common History The Laguna Lake Development Authority was established in 1966 as a quasi-government agency that leads promotes and accelerates sustainable development in the Laguna de Bay A lake (from Latin lacus) is a Terrain feature (or Physical feature) a body of Liquid on the surface of a world that is localized to the ^[1]

Protection and Conservation the Laguna Lake

The Environmental User Fee System

To realize the objectives of the creation of LLDA, the agency implemented policies to curb down the possibility of stressing the lake’s assimilative capacity . The most recent policy was the Environmental User Fee System (EUFS). The EUFS was implemented by virtue of LLDA Board Resolution 22 in 1996. The objective of the policy was to “…(reduce) the pollution loading in to the Laguna de Bay by enjoining all discharges of liquid wastes to internalize the cost of environmental degradation…”. Formally, the said board resolution aptly defined the EUFS as a “market–based” policy instrument aimed at reducing the pollution loading in the lake. As such, companies found to have unusually high concentration of pollutants in their emissions, need to pay fines or lake “user – fees”.

The system is a market – based instrument that encourages companies to invest in and operate pollution prevention and/or abatement systems within their establishment. Applying the "Polluter Pay Principle", the system effects direct accountability for damage inflicted on the integrity of Laguna de Bay Region thereby encouraging individuals and business establishments to internalize into their decision-making process the environmental impacts of their day-to-day activities. The EUFS covers all enterprises within the administrative jurisdiction of LLDA that discharge wastewater in the Laguna de Bay system. These include commercial and industrial establishments; agro-based industries and establishments (such as swine farms and slaughterhouses); clustered dwellings (i. e. residential subdivisions); and domestic households (LLDA, 2001).

Under the EUFS, a firm is required to secure a discharge permit which is renewed on an annual basis at the LLDA. The discharge permit effectively allows the firm to discharge its wastewater to the lake or through its main tributaries. The discharge permit gives the establishment a legal right to dispose their waste water in the Laguna de Bay Region. Wastewater is basically, sewage, storm water and water used for various purposes around the community, including firms. Wastewater can either be domestic or non domestic. Domestic wastewater includes black water, or wastewater from toilets, and gray water, which is wastewater from all sources except toilets. Black water and gray water have different characteristics, but both contain pollutants and disease-causing agents that require monitoring. Non domestic wastewater are generated by offices, businesses, department stores, restaurants, schools, hospitals, farms, manufacturers, and other commercial, industrial, and institutional entities. Storm water is a nonresidential source and carries trash and other pollutants from streets, as well as pesticides and fertilizers from yards and fields (Taylor, et al, 2005).

According to the Clean Water Act of 2004, the DENR (through the LLDA) shall “implement a wastewater charge system in all management areas including the Laguna Lake region and Regional Industrial Centers through the collection of wastewater charges/fees. The system shall be established on the basis of payment to the government for discharging wastewater into the water bodies. Wastewater charges shall be established taking into consideration the following: a) to provide strong economic inducement for polluters to modify their production or management processes or to invest in pollution control technology in order to reduce the amount of water pollutants generated; b) to cover the cost of administering water quality management or improvement programs, including the cost of administering the discharge permitting and water pollution charge system; c) reflect damages caused by water pollution on the surrounding environment, including the cost of rehabilitation; d) type of pollutant; e) classification of the receiving water body; and f) other special attributes of the water body”.

The technical aspect regarding the quality of wastewater is given in DENR Administrative Order 1990-35. The order defines the critical water parameters’ value versus the classification of the body of water (e. g. lake or river). Discharge permits are issued by the LLDA only if the wastewater being discharged complied with the said order.

The EUF is a fee that is paid for the amount of pollution that is discharged into the tributary rivers within the Laguna de Bay Region. It is composed of a fixed fee and a variable fee. The fixed fee covers the administrative cost implementing the Environmental Users Fee System and is based on the volume of wastewater that is discharged.

According to LLDA Board Resolution 33, as amended, the fixed fee is different for those firms which discharge wastewater without or with heavy metals. The term heavy metal refers to any metallic chemical element that has a relatively high density and is toxic or poisonous at low concentrations. Examples of heavy metals include mercury (Hg), cadmium (Cd), arsenic (As), chromium (Cr), thallium (Tl), and lead (Pb).

Wastewater without heavy metals:

Wastewater with heavy metals:

The fixed fee also depends on the volume of wastewater discharged. Table 4 summarizes the fixed fees depending on the volume of wastewater discharge and the presence of heavy metals. For a firm that discharges wastewater without heavy metals, the fee would be 24,000 pesos if the discharge is more than 150 cubic meters per day, 16,000 pesos if the discharge is between 30 to 150 cubic meters per day and 8,000 pesos if the discharge volume is less than 30 cubic meters per day. Those firms that discharge wastewater with heavy metals, on the other hand, pay higher fixed fees. The fee would be 12,000 pesos for a firm that discharge less than 150 cubic meters of wastewater with heavy metals per day and 24,000 if the discharge is more than 150 cubic meters per day.

The variable fee, on the other hand, is calculated with the reference to the BOD5 loading as well as to the volume and concentration of the wastewater being discharged. According to the same policy, the variable fees is 30 pesos per kilogram of total BOD5 when the BOD concentration is less than 50 milligrams per liter and 30 pesos per kilogram of total BOD5 when the BOD5 concentration is greater that 50 milligrams per liter.

References

See the talk page for the list of references.

References

External links

• History of Pila: A Secular and Spiritual History of the Town 900 A.D. to Present
• http://www.llda.gov.ph
• http://www.denr.gov.ph