Lager is a type of beer which was first brewed in Central Europe 500 years ago, and has since become one of the most popular types of beer in the world. Beer is the world's oldest and most widely consumed Alcoholic beverage and the third most popular drink overall after water and tea Brewing is the production of Alcoholic beverage and Alcohol fuel through fermentation. Central Europe is the Region lying between the variously and vaguely defined areas of Eastern and A year (from Old English gēr) is the time between two recurrences of an event related to the Orbit of the Earth around the Sun The word "lager" comes from German and means "storage". The German language (de ''Deutsch'') is a West Germanic language and one of the world's major languages. Traditionally, the beer is stored for several weeks or longer before being served. Lager is a general term that includes several variations or styles, such as Pilsener, Vienna, and Märzen. Beer style is a term used to differentiate and categorize Beers by various factors such as colour flavour strength ingredients production method recipe history or origin Pilsner, sometimes pilsener or simply pils, is a Pale lager, developed in the 19th century in the city of Pilsen, Bohemia ( Vienna lager is a style of Lager Beer. It was developed by brewer Anton Dreher in Vienna in 1841. Märzen or Märzenbier (March beer has its origins in Bavaria probably before the 16th century

Lager is distinguished from ale by its yeast. Ale is a type of Beer brewed from Malted Barley using a top-fermenting Brewers' yeast. Yeasts are a growth form of eukaryotic Microorganisms classified in the kingdom Fungi, with about 1500 Species currently described Lager yeast ferments at colder temperatures and flocculates on the bottom of the fermenting vessel, while ale yeast ferments at warmer temperatures and settles on the tops of fermentation tanks. Fermentation in Food processing typically refers to the conversion of Sugar to Alcohol using Yeast under Anaerobic conditions Temperature is a physical property of a system that underlies the common notions of hot and cold something that is hotter generally has the greater temperature Flocculation is a process where a Solute comes out of Solution in the form of floc or flakes The organism most often associated with lager brewing is Saccharomyces pastorianus, a close relative of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Saccharomyces pastorianus is a Yeast, used industrially for the production of Lager beer Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a Species of Budding Yeast. It is perhaps the most useful Yeast owing to its use since ancient times

As the modern definition of lager relates only to the method of fermentation, lager beers' characteristics are varied.

The average lager in worldwide production is light in color and usually represents the helles, pale lager or Pilsener styles. Pale lager is a very pale to golden -coloured Beer with a well attenuated body and noble hop bitterness Pale lager is a very pale to golden -coloured Beer with a well attenuated body and noble hop bitterness Pilsner, sometimes pilsener or simply pils, is a Pale lager, developed in the 19th century in the city of Pilsen, Bohemia ( The flavor of these lighter lagers is usually mild and the producers often recommend that the beers be served refrigerated. However, the examples of lager beers produced worldwide vary greatly in flavor, color, and composition.

In color, while helles and pale lager represent the lightest lagers at as pale a color as 6 EBC, the darkest are Baltic porters which can be as dark as 400 EBC; darker German lagers are often referred to as Dunkel lagers. Standard Reference Method or SRM is a system modern brewers use to measure Color intensity roughly darkness of a Beer or malted Stout and porter are dark Beers made using roasted Malts or roast Barley. Dunkel (or Dunkles) is a dark German beer Dunkel is the German word meaning dark, and dunkel beers typically range in colour from amber to dark

The flavor of a lager can be quite simple, with the most mild being light lagers. The most complexly-flavored lagers are usually the darkest, although few lagers feature strong hop flavoring compared to an ale of similar alcohol by volume. Alcohol by volume (abbreviated as abv or ABV) is a standard measure of how much alcohol ( Ethanol) is contained in an Alcoholic beverage In general, however, lagers display less fruitiness and spiciness than ales, simply because the lower fermentation temperatures associated with lager brewing cause the yeast to produce fewer of the esters and phenols associated with those flavors. Esters are a class of Chemical compounds and Functional groups Esters consist of an inorganic or organic Acid in which at least Phenol, is a toxic colourless Crystalline Solid with a sweet tarry odor commonly referred to as a "hospital smell"

In strength, lagers represent some of the world's most alcoholic beers. The very strongest lagers often fall into the German-originated doppelbock style, with the strongest of these commercially produced, Samichlaus, reaching 14% ABV. Bock is a strong Lager which has origins in the Hanseatic town Einbeck, Germany. Schloss Eggenberg is an Austrian Brewery located in Vorchdorf, Upper Austria.

Contents 1 Production process 2 History of lager brewing 2.1 Lager dominates the marketplace 3 See also 4 References

Production process

The key difference between an ale and a lager is in fermentation; a lager is fermented at a much lower temperature, and with a different yeast, than an ale. If continuous fermentation is not employed, the primary fermentation period for a lager will take at least twice as long as for an ale; this time is furthermore compounded by weeks or months of lagering. As the low-temperature fermentation, which can take place at temperatures as cool as 0-5 degrees Celsius, allows diacetyl to remain free in the fermenting beer, the fermentation temperature may briefly be raised -- a "diacetyl rest" -- near the end of the primary fermentation to allow the consumption of this chemical. The Celsius Temperature scale was previously known as the centigrade scale. Diacetyl ( IUPAC Systematic name: butanedione or 23-butanedione) is a natural byproduct of fermentation. This reliance on lower temperatures and better temperature control separated Europe into "lager" and "ale" spheres before the introduction of refrigeration, with warmer countries generally producing ales and colder ones producing lagers. Difficulties in temperature control also create a disincentive for microbrewers to produce lagers. In Economics, an incentive is any factor (financial or non-financial that provides a motive for a particular course of action or counts as a reason for preferring one choice A microbrewery, or craft brewery, is a modern Brewery which produces a limited amount of beer usually with an orientation toward distinctive and flavorful products

One exception to the rule of low-temperature lager brewing is found in a beer style known as steam beer or California common. Steam beer may be defined as a highly effervescent beer made by brewing lager yeasts at ale fermentation temperatures Steam beer may be defined as a highly effervescent beer made by brewing lager yeasts at ale fermentation temperatures The strain of yeast used in steam beer was selected by brewers in the German tradition from the central and eastern United States moving west to California during the 1840s and 1850s. California ( is a US state on the West Coast of the United States, along the Pacific Ocean. The higher ambient temperatures in that region caused brewers to favor shallower fermenters in order to control fermentation better; over several generations, evolutionary pressure led to the emergence of a lager strain which produced the best beer at temperatures of 18-20 degrees Celsius. Any cause that reduces reproductive success in a proportion of a population potentially exerts Evolutionary pressure or selection pressure.

The choice of a lager beer's grains and hops is in principle the same as for an ale, despite the nomenclature "lager malt" sometimes encountered in the United Kingdom. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located The composition of a lager can be quite simple or quite complex. Most lagers are brewed in the Continental style, that is, of a style originating in continental Europe, and consequently follow central European recipe formulations: the grain bill is composed mostly of Pilsener malt, Vienna malt or Munich malt with caramel malts added to improve sweetness and head retention and other malts added only for color. Continental Europe, also referred to as mainland Europe or simply the Continent, is the Continent of Europe, explicitly excluding European Mash ingredients or grain bill are those materials used in Brewing from which a Wort can be obtained for fermenting into alcohol Mash ingredients or grain bill are those materials used in Brewing from which a Wort can be obtained for fermenting into alcohol Mash ingredients or grain bill are those materials used in Brewing from which a Wort can be obtained for fermenting into alcohol The selection of hops is usually from noble hops such as Saaz, Hallertau. Hops are the female Flower cones of the hop plant ( Humulus lupulus) Žatec (ˈʒatɛts Saaz is an old town in the Czech Republic, in the Ústí nad Labem Region. The Hallertau or Holledau is an area in Bavaria, Germany. With 178 km² it is the biggest hop-planting area in the world Tettnanger, Strisselspalt or Lubelski. Tettnang is a municipality in the Bodensee district in southern Baden-Württemberg in a region of Germany known as Swabia. Lublin is the largest city in eastern Poland and the capital of Lublin Voivodeship with a population of 355954

Lagers often also feature large proportions of adjuncts, usually rice or corn. The following is about the brewing term adjunct is also a term used in linguistics. Rice is a Cereal foodstuff which forms an important part of the diet of many people worldwide and as such it is a staple food for many Maize (ˈmeɪz ( Zea mays L. ssp mays) known as corn in some countries is a cereal grain domesticated in Mesoamerica Adjuncts entered American brewing as a means of thinning out the body of American beers, balancing the large quantities of protein introduced by six-row barley. Barley ( Hordeum vulgare) is an annual Cereal Grain, which serves as a major animal Feed crop, with smaller amounts used for However, adjuncts are often used now in beermaking to introduce a large quantity of sugar, and thereby increase ABV, at a lower price than a formulation using an all-malt grain bill. Sugar is a class of edible Crystalline substances mainly Sucrose, Lactose, and Fructose.

History of lager brewing

While cold storage of beer, "lagering", in caves for example, was a common practice throughout the medieval period, lager yeast seems to have emerged as a spontaneous mutation or hybridization somewhere in the Holy Roman Empire. A cave is a natural underground void large enough for a human to enter The Holy Roman Empire ( HRE; German Heiliges Römisches Reich (HRR, Latin Sacrum Romanum Imperium (SRI was a union of territories in

As a new variety of beer, its production faced opposition from established brewers as well as the Catholic church. Private brewers of lager were often required to produce their beer outside city walls; more traditional brewers produced beer which evolved into the Altbier and Kölsch styles of German ale. Altbier (often abbreviated to Alt) is the name given to a form of German top-fermenting beer that originated in Westphalia and spread to parts of the Rhineland Kölsch is a local Beer speciality brewed in Cologne, Germany.

The first lager brewery in the United Kingdom, the Anglo-Bavarian Brewery, was established in Shepton Mallet in Somerset, England in 1864. A brewery is a dedicated building for the making of Beer, though beer can be made in the home and has been for much of beer's history The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located The Anglo-Bavarian Brewery was established in Shepton Mallet in Somerset, England in 1864 as the first Lager Brewery in the United Shepton Mallet is a small rural Town in Somerset, England. It is situated five miles (8 km to the east of Wells, and lies just Somerset ( or) is a county in south west England The County town is Taunton, which is in the south of the county England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland ^[1]

Lager dominates the marketplace

In 1953, New Zealander Morton W. Coutts developed a process known as continuous fermentation. Morton W Coutts (1904 &ndash June 2004 was a New Zealand born Inventor who revolutionised the science of brewing Beer. Continuous fermentation allowed the production of lager at a much faster pace, albeit with a reduction in flavor development. This development made possible the mass production of lager beer at a rate competitive with ales. Mass production (also called flow production, repetitive flow production, series production, or serial production) is the production of As this technology was adopted worldwide, the light lager style emerged, quickly becoming the most popular style of beer in much of the industrialized world. Pale lager is a very pale to golden -coloured Beer with a well attenuated body and noble hop bitterness

Since 1950, lager has displaced ale as the type of beer most consumed in the United Kingdom, and also constitutes the overwhelming majority of beer produced and sold in the United States, China, Japan, France, Italy, Russia and most, if not all, countries where beer is made and consumed. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located The United States of America —commonly referred to as the China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending

See also

• Lager lout

References

• Bamforth, Charles (2003). Beer: Tap into the Art and Science of Brewing, Second Edition. Oxford University Press, Inc. ISBN 0-19-515479-7.  

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