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Lachlan Macquarie
Lachlan Macquarie
In office
1 January 1810 – 30 November 1821
Preceded by William Bligh
Succeeded by Thomas Brisbane
Born 31 January 1762
Ulva, Inner Hebrides, Scotland
Died 1 July 1824
London, England
Spouse Jane Jarvis (1793-1796) & Elizabeth Campbell (1807 - 1824)

Major-General Lachlan Macquarie CB (31 January 1762[1] – 1 July 1824; Scottish Gaelic spelling: Lachlan MacGuaire), British military officer and colonial administrator, served as Governor of New South Wales from 1810 to 1821 and had a leading role in the social, economic and architectural development of that colony. The Governor of New South Wales is the representative in the Australian state of New South Wales of Australia's monarch, Elizabeth II, New Year See also New Year The Ancient Romans began their consular year on January 1st since 153 BC Year 1810 ( MDCCCX) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Events 1700 - Battle of Narva — A Swedish army of 8500 men under Charles XII defeats Year 1821 ( MDCCCXXI) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common year Vice-Admiral William Bligh FRS RN (9 September 1754 – 7 December 1817 was an officer of the British Royal Navy and a colonial administrator Major-General Sir Thomas Makdougall Brisbane 1st Baronet, GCH, GCB ( July 23, 1773 – January 27, 1860) soldier Events 1504 - France cedes Naples to Aragon. 1606 - Gunpowder Plot: Guy Fawkes Year 1762 ( MDCCLXII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Ulva ( Scottish Gaelic: Ulbha) is an Island in the Scottish Inner Hebrides, off the west coast of Mull. The Inner Hebrides ( Scottish Gaelic: Na h-Eileanan a-staigh - the inner isles is an Archipelago off the west coast of Scotland, to the south Scotland ( Gaelic: Alba) is a Country in northwest Europethat occupies the northern third of the island of Great Britain. "July 1st" redirects here For the Ayumi Hamasaki song see H (song. Year 1824 ( MDCCCXXIV) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap year London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland Year 1793 ( MDCCXCIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Year 1796 ( MDCCXCVI) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year Year 1807 ( MDCCCVII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Year 1824 ( MDCCCXXIV) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap year Major General or Major-General is a Military rank used in many countries The Most Honourable Order of the Bath (formerly The Most Honourable Military Order of the Bath) is a British Order of chivalry founded by George Events 1504 - France cedes Naples to Aragon. 1606 - Gunpowder Plot: Guy Fawkes Year 1762 ( MDCCLXII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year "July 1st" redirects here For the Ayumi Hamasaki song see H (song. Year 1824 ( MDCCCXXIV) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap year Scottish Gaelic ( Gàidhlig) is a member of the Goidelic branch of Celtic languages. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located The Governor of New South Wales is the representative in the Australian state of New South Wales of Australia's monarch, Elizabeth II, Year 1810 ( MDCCCX) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Year 1821 ( MDCCCXXI) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common year Historians assess his influence on the transition of New South Wales from a penal colony to a free settlement as being crucial to the shaping of Australian society. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics.

Contents

Early life and career

Lachlan Macquarie was born on the island of Ulva off the coast of the Isle of Mull in the Inner Hebrides, a chain of islands off the West Coast of Scotland. Ulva ( Scottish Gaelic: Ulbha) is an Island in the Scottish Inner Hebrides, off the west coast of Mull. The Isle of Mull (or simply Mull; Muile in Scottish Gaelic) is the second largest Island of the Inner Hebrides, off the The Inner Hebrides ( Scottish Gaelic: Na h-Eileanan a-staigh - the inner isles is an Archipelago off the west coast of Scotland, to the south Scotland ( Gaelic: Alba) is a Country in northwest Europethat occupies the northern third of the island of Great Britain. He left the island at the age of 14[2]. He was educated at the Royal High School of Edinburgh. The Royal High School (RHS of Edinburgh can trace its roots back to 1128 and is one of the oldest schools in Scotland.

Macquarie joined the 84th Regiment of Foot in 1776 and served in North America, India and Egypt. For other units with the same regimental number see 84th Regiment of Foot The 84th Regiment of Foot (Royal Highland Emigrants began as Year 1776 ( MDCCLXXVI) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country This article is about the country of Egypt For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Egypt topics. Macquarie became a Freemason in January 1793 at Bombay, India, in Lodge No. 1 (No. 139 on the register of the English "Moderns" Grand Lodge) [3]. He was promoted captain in 1789, major in 1801, and lieutenant-colonel, commanding the 73rd Regiment of Foot, in 1805. Major is a Military rank the use of which varies according to country Lieutenant Colonel ( Lieutenant-Colonel in English from the French grade 's spelling is a rank of Commissioned officer in the armies The 73rd Regiment of Foot also known as MacLeod's Highlanders after its founder Lord MacLeod, was an infantry regiment of the British Army.

In November 1807, Macquarie's cousin Elizabeth Henrietta Campbell became his second wife. In April 1809 Macquarie was appointed Governor of New South Wales. He was given a mandate to restore government and discipline in the colony following the Rum Rebellion against Governor William Bligh. The Rum Rebellion, also known as the Rum Puncheon Rebellion of 1808 was the only successful armed takeover of government in Australia's recorded history Vice-Admiral William Bligh FRS RN (9 September 1754 – 7 December 1817 was an officer of the British Royal Navy and a colonial administrator The British government decided to reverse its practice of appointing naval officers as Governor and chose an army commander in the hope that he could secure the co-operation of the unruly New South Wales Corps. The New South Wales Corps (aka The Rum Corps was formed in England in 1789 as permanent regiment to relieve the marines who had accompanied the First Fleet He was promoted colonel in 1810, brigadier in 1811 and major-general in 1813, while serving as governor. Colonel ( RP ˈkɜnəl GA ˈkɜrnəl is a Military rank of a Commissioned officer, with corresponding ranks existing in almost every country This article refers to the military rank For the Doctor Who character known as the Brigadier see Brigadier Lethbridge-Stewart. Major General or Major-General is a Military rank used in many countries Macquarie is also a very great, skilled builder whose constructions still famously stand today.

As Governor

Macquarie was a conservative disciplinarian who believed, in the words of the historian Manning Clark, "that the Protestant religion and British institutions were indispensable both for liberty and for a high material civilisation. Charles Manning Hope Clark AC Protestantism refers to the forms of Christian faith and practice that originated in the 16th century Protestant Reformation. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located " When he arrived in Sydney in December 1809. Sydney (ˈsɪdniː is the most populous city in Australia, with a Metropolitan area population of approximately 4 Year 1809 ( MDCCCIX) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Macquarie ruled the colony as an enlightened despot, breaking the power of the Army officers such as John Macarthur, who had been the colony's de facto ruler since Bligh's overthrow. John Macarthur (1766 – 11 April 1834 was a soldier entrepreneur politician and pioneer of the Australian Wool industry

In 1812, the first detailed inquiry into the convict system in Australia by a Select Committee on Transportation, supported in general Macquarie's liberal policies. See also 1811 in Australia, other events of 1812, 1813 in Australia and the Timeline of Australian history. During the late 18th and 19th centuries large numbers of Convicts were transported to the various Australian penal colonies by the British government See also Committee A Select Committee is a committee made up of a small number of parliamentary members appointed to deal with particular areas or issues Transportation or penal transportation refers to the deporting of Convicted Criminals to a Penal colony, for example by France [4] However, the committee thought that fewer tickets-of-leave should be issued and opposed the governor having the power to grant pardons. A ticket of leave was a document of Parole issued to convicts since 1853 transported from the United Kingdom who had served a period of Probation A pardon is the forgiveness of a crime and the penalty associated with it The committee concluded that the colony should be made as prosperous as possible so as to provide work for the convicts and to encourage them to become settlers after being given their freedom. [5]

On a visit of inspection to the settlement of Hobart Town on the Derwent River in Van Diemen's Land (now Tasmania), Macquarie was appalled at the ramshackle arrangement of the town and ordered the government surveyor James Meehan to survey a regular street layout. Hobart is the state capital and most populous city of the Australian island state of Tasmania. The Derwent is a River in Tasmania, Australia. It was named after the River Derwent Cumbria by British Commodore John Hayes Van Diemen's Land was the original name used by Europeans for the island of Tasmania, now part of Australia. Tasmania is an Australian island and state of the same name It is located south of the eastern side of the Continent, being separated from it by Bass James Meehan ( 1774 - April 21, 1826) was an Irish - Australian Explorer and surveyor. This survey determined the form of the current centre of the city of Hobart.

The end of the Napoleonic Wars in 1815 brought a renewed flood of both convicts and settlers to New South Wales, as the sealanes became free and as the rate of unemployment and crime in Britain rose (as they always did when armies and navies were demobilised). The Napoleonic Wars (1803-1815 involved Napoleon's French Empire and a shifting set of European allies and opposing coalitions Year 1815 ( MDCCCXV) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Macquarie presided over a rapid increase in population and in economic activity - by the time of his departure the population had reached 35,000. The colony began to have a life beyond its functions as a penal settlement, and an increasing proportion of the population earned their own living. All this, in Macquarie's eyes, made a new social policy necessary.

As reformer and explorer

Central to Macquarie's policy was his treatment of the emancipists: convicts whose sentences had expired or who had been given conditional or absolute pardons. An emancipist was any of the Convicts sentenced and transported under the Convict system to Australia, who had been given conditional or absolute pardons By 1810 these outnumbered the free settlers, and Macquarie insisted that they be treated as social equals. Year 1810 ( MDCCCX) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year He set the tone himself by appointing emancipists to government positions: Francis Greenway as colonial architect and Dr William Redfern as colonial surgeon. Francis Howard Greenway (20 November 1777 – September 1837 was an Iconic Australian colonial Architect. William Redfern (c1774 – July 1833 was a leading surgeon in early colonial New South Wales. Surgery (from the χειρουργική cheirourgikē, via chirurgiae meaning "hand work" is a medical specialty that uses operative manual and instrumental He scandalised settler opinion by appointing an emancipist, Andrew Thompson, as a magistrate, and by inviting emancipists to tea at Government House. In exchange, Macquarie demanded that the ex-convicts live reformed lives, and in particular insisted on proper marriages. NOTICE TO WOULD-BE ROMEOS **************

Macquarie was the greatest sponsor of exploration the colony had yet seen. In 1813 he sent Blaxland, Wentworth and Lawson across the Blue Mountains, where they found the great plains of the interior. Year 1813 ( MDCCCXIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Gregory Blaxland (17 June 1778 – 1 January 1853 was a pioneer farmer and explorer in Australia William Charles Wentworth (13 August 1790 – 20 March 1872 was an Australian poet explorer journalist and politician and one of the leading figures of early colonial New South William Lawson (2 June 1774 – 16 June 1850 was an explorer of New South Wales, Australia who co-discovered a passage inland through the Blue Mountains from There he ordered the establishment of Bathurst, Australia's first inland city. Bathurst is a regional centre in the state of New South Wales, Australia approximately 200km west of Sydney and is the seat of the Bathurst Regional Council He appointed John Oxley as surveyor-general and sent him on expeditions up the coast of New South Wales and inland to find new rivers and new lands for settlement. This article is about the person For the Australian pilot ship see John Oxley (ship. Oxley discovered the rich Northern Rivers and New England regions of New South Wales, and in what is now Queensland he explored the present site of Brisbane. The North Coast refers to the region adjoining the Pacific Ocean in the north-eastern part of the State of New South Wales, Australia. New England is the name given to a region in the north of the state of New South Wales, Australia. Queensland is a state of Australia, occupying the north-eastern corner of the mainland continent Brisbane ( is the state capital of Queensland. Brisbane is the third most populous city in Australia and the most populous city of Queensland

Macquarie established the colony's most prestigious buildings on Macquarie Street, which remains the city's preeminent address. Macquarie Street is the easternmost street of Sydney 's Central business district. Explorers soon noticed that the Governor liked things named after him: so Australia has the Macquarie River and Mount Macquarie, Lake Macquarie and Port Macquarie, Macquarie Harbour and Macquarie Island. See also Macquarie River Tasmania. The Macquarie River is one of the main inland rivers in New South Wales. Lake Macquarie is Australia 's largest coastal saltwater lake covering an area of in the Hunter Region of New South Wales with most of the City of Port Macquarie is a large town on the mid- North Coast of New South Wales, Australia, located about 390 km north of Sydney, and 570km south of Brisbane Macquarie Harbour is a large shallow inlet on the West Coast of Tasmania, Australia. Macquarie Island lies in the southwest corner of the Pacific Ocean, about half-way between Australia and Antarctica. Elizabeth Bay, Elizabeth Street and Mrs Macquarie's Chair (a carved chair on the eponymous point in Sydney Harbour) are named for his wife. Elizabeth Bay is a harbourside Suburb in eastern Sydney, in the state of New South Wales, Australia. Elizabeth Street can refer to Elizabeth Street Brisbane, Australia Elizabeth Street Hobart, Australia Mrs Macquarie's Chair is an exposed Sandstone rock cut into the shape of a Bench, on a peninsula in Sydney Harbour, hand carved by convicts from sandstone Port Jackson, containing Sydney Harbour, is the natural harbour of Sydney Australia Macquarie's own contribution to Australian nomenclature was the name "Australia," suggested by Matthew Flinders but first used in an official despatch by Macquarie in 1817. Captain Matthew Flinders, RN (16 March 1774 – 19 July 1814 was one of the most successful navigators and cartographers of his age Year 1817 ( MDCCCXVII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common

Macquarie's policies, especially his championing of the emancipists and the lavish expenditure of government money on public works, aroused opposition both in the colony and in London, where the government still saw New South Wales as a place to dump convicts and not as a future dominion of the Empire. His statement, in a letter to the Colonial Secretary, that "free settlers in general. . . are by far the most discontented persons in the country," and that "emancipated convicts, or persons become free by servitude, made in many instances the best description of settlers," was much held against him.

Brass breast plate presented to the Aboriginal leader Coborn Jackey of the Burrowmunditory tribe by the squatter James White in the district of present day Young, New South Wales.
Brass breast plate presented to the Aboriginal leader Coborn Jackey of the Burrowmunditory tribe by the squatter James White in the district of present day Young, New South Wales. Young is

Macquarie is regarded as having been ambivalent towards the Australian Aborigines. This is an article about a class of people as identified and defined within Australian law He ordered punitive expeditions against the aborigines. However, when dealing with friendly tribes, he developed a strategy of nominating a 'chief' to be responsible for each of the clans, identified by the wearing of a brass breast-plate engraved with his name and title. Although this was a typically European way of negotiation, it often did reflect the actual status of elders within tribes. [1]

Despite opposition from the British government, Macquarie encouraged the creation of the colony's first bank, the Bank of New South Wales (1817). This article is about the bank For the defunct airline see Western Pacific Airlines.

Return to Scotland, death and legacy

Leaders of the free settler community complained to London about Macquarie's policies, and in 1819 the government appointed an English judge, John Bigge, to visit New South Wales and report on its administration. Year 1819 ( MDCCCXIX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar in the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common year John Thomas Bigge ( 8 March 1780 – 22 December 1843) was an English judge and royal commissioner Bigge generally agreed with the settlers' criticisms, and his reports on the colony led to Macquarie's resignation in 1821: he had however served longer than any other governor. Year 1821 ( MDCCCXXI) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common year Bigge also recommended that no governor should again be allowed to rule as an autocrat, and in 1824 the New South Wales Legislative Council, Australia's first legislative body, was appointed to advise the governor. Year 1824 ( MDCCCXXIV) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap year The New South Wales Legislative Council, or upper house is one of the two chambers of the parliament of New South Wales in Australia. [2]

Macquarie returned to Scotland, and died in London in 1824 while busy defending himself against Bigge's charges. Scotland ( Gaelic: Alba) is a Country in northwest Europethat occupies the northern third of the island of Great Britain. Year 1824 ( MDCCCXXIV) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap year But his reputation continued to grow after his death, especially among the emancipists and their descendants, who were the majority of the Australian population until the gold rushes. A gold rush is a period of feverish migration of workers into the area of a dramatic discovery of commercial quantities of Gold. Today he is regarded by many as the real founder of Australia as a country, rather than as a prison camp. The nationalist school of Australian historians have treated him as a proto-nationalist hero. His grave in Mull is maintained at the expense of the National Trust of Australia and is inscribed "The Father of Australia. The Australian Council of National Trusts (ACNT is a community-based non-government organisation committed to promoting and conserving Australia's indigenous natural and historic heritage " Macquarie formally adopted the name Australia for the continent, the name earlier proposed by the first circumnavigator of Australia, Matthew Flinders. Captain Matthew Flinders, RN (16 March 1774 – 19 July 1814 was one of the most successful navigators and cartographers of his age As well as the many geographical features named after him in his lifetime, he is commemorated by Macquarie University in Sydney. Macquarie University is an Australian public University located in Sydney.

Macquarie was buried on the Isle of Mull in a remote mausoleum with his wife and son. The Isle of Mull (or simply Mull; Muile in Scottish Gaelic) is the second largest Island of the Inner Hebrides, off the

Places named after Macquarie

Many places in Australia have been named in Macquarie's honour (some of these were named by Macquarie himself). They include:

At the time of his governorship or shortly thereafter:

Many years after his governorship:

Institutions named after Macquarie:

Places named after or in honour of Macquarie's wife

Places named after or in honour of Macquarie's wife, Elizabeth (nee Campbell 1778-1835):

Commemoration of Macquarie's birthplace

References

  1. ^ N. Glenorchy is a business district and suburb in the northern part of greater Hobart, capital of the state of Tasmania, Australia. Hamilton is a small rural town north west of Hobart in Tasmania on the Lyell Highway. The North Esk River is a river in Tasmania, Australia. It is one of the tributaries of the Tamar River together with the South Esk River. The South Esk River is the longest river in Tasmania. It starts in the mountains near Fingal flowing through Avoca, Evandale, Longford D. McLachlan, 'Macquarie, Lachlan (1762 - 1824)', Australian Dictionary of Biography, Volume 2, Melbourne University Press, 1967, pp 187-195. The Australian Dictionary of Biography (ADB or AuDB is a multi-volume project published by Melbourne University Press. Melbourne University Publishing (MUP is the book publishing arm of the University of Melbourne ( Australia) ]
  2. ^ Keay, J. & Keay, J. (1994) Collins Encyclopaedia of Scotland. London. HarperCollins.
  3. ^ Freemasonry Australia, Available: www. freemasonrysaust. org. au/historyearly. html, Accessed 2007, April 26
  4. ^ John Hunter, Report From the Select Committee On Transportation. Ordered, by the House of Commons, to be printed, 10 July 1812, pp. 22-31. | format = pdf | work = Reproduced as part of www. anglican. org. au/archive/ archive for Anglicanism in Australia] | publisher = www. anglican. org. au | accessdate = 2006-07-10}}
  5. ^ Settlement encouraged. Encyclopedia of Australian Events. Macquarienet. Retrieved on 2006-07-10. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 48 BC - Battle of Dyrrhachium, Julius Caesar barely avoids a catastrophic defeat to Pompey in Macedonia.


External links

Further reading

Government offices
Preceded by
William Bligh		 Governor of New South Wales
1810–1821		 Succeeded by
Thomas Brisbane
Vice-Admiral William Bligh FRS RN (9 September 1754 – 7 December 1817 was an officer of the British Royal Navy and a colonial administrator The Governor of New South Wales is the representative in the Australian state of New South Wales of Australia's monarch, Elizabeth II, Major-General Sir Thomas Makdougall Brisbane 1st Baronet, GCH, GCB ( July 23, 1773 – January 27, 1860) soldier
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