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Labor rights or workers' rights are a group of legal rights and claimed human rights having to do with labor relations between workers and their employers, usually obtained under labor and employment law. The labour movement or labor movement is a broad term for the development of a collective organization of working people, to campaign in their own interest for better New Unionism is a term which has been used twice in the history of the labour movement both times involving moves to broaden the union agenda The proletariat (from Latin la ''proles'' "offspring" is a term used to identify a lower Social class; a member of such a class is proletarian Social Movement Unionism is a trend of theory and practice in contemporary trade unionism Syndicalism is a type of movement which aims to degrade capitalist societies through action by the Working class on the industrial front Socialism refers to a broad set of economic theories of social organization advocating state or collective ownership and administration of the Means of production and distribution Timeline of Organized labor history 1790s - 1800s - 1810s - 1820s - 1830s - 1840s - 1850s Child labor is the employment of Children at regular and sustained labour The 8-hour day movement or 40-hour week movement (aka the Short-time movement) had its origins in the Industrial Revolution in Britain, where Occupational safety and health is a cross-disciplinary area concerned with protecting the Safety, Health and welfare of people engaged in Collective bargaining is the process whereby workers organize together to meet converse and compromise upon the work environment with their employers A trade union or labour union is an organization of workers who have banded together to achieve common goals in key areas such as wages hours and working conditions forming This is a list of Trade unions and Union federations by country This is a list of federations of Trade unions. Those federations listed under each country are also known as National trade union centres and are organisations formed Unions have been compared across countries by growth and decline patterns by violence levels and by kinds of political activity Inaugural Congress The founding and first congress of the ITUC was held November 1 - 3 2006 in Vienna TemplateInfobox Union for usage -->The World Federation of Trade Unions (WFTU was established in the wake of the Second Template talkInfobox Union for usage --> The International Workers' Association ( IWA) ( Spanish: Strike action, often simply called a strike, is a work stoppage caused by the mass refusal by Employees to perform work. The following is a list of deliberate absence from work related to specific working conditions ( strikes) or due to general unhappiness with the political order ( General strikes A general strike is a Strike action by a critical mass of the labour force in a city region or country A sympathy strike is a Strike action that is initiated by workers in one industry and supported by workers in a separate but related industry or profession A sit-down strike is a form of Civil disobedience in which an organized group of workers usually employed at a factory or other centralized location take possession of Work-to-rule is an Industrial action in which Employees do no more than the minimum required by the rules of a workplace and follow safety or other regulations to Sidney Hillman ( March 23, 1887 - July 10, 1946) was an American labor leader Ion Costache Frimu ( &mdash) was a Romanian socialist militant and politician a leading member of the Romanian Social Democratic Party (PSDR and Tanong Po-arn was a Thai labor union leader who disappeared following the National Peace Keeping Council's 1991 military Coup against the elected government Sarah George Bagley (April 19 1806-1883? was a nineteenth century labor activist in the United States Labor history (or labour history) is a broad field of study concerned with the development of the Labor movement and the Working class. The field of industrial relations (also called labor relations) looks at the relationship between Management and workers particularly groups of workers represented Labour law (also known as employment or labor law is the body of Laws administrative rulings and precedents which address the legal rights of and restrictions Human rights refers to the "basic Rights and freedoms to which all humans are entitled The field of industrial relations (also called labor relations) looks at the relationship between Management and workers particularly groups of workers represented Employment is a Contract between two parties, one being the employer and the other being the employee. Labour law (also known as employment or labor law is the body of Laws administrative rulings and precedents which address the legal rights of and restrictions In general, these rights' debates have to do with negotiating workers' pay, benefits, and safe working conditions. Occupational safety and health is a cross-disciplinary area concerned with protecting the Safety, Health and welfare of people engaged in One of the most central of these "rights" is the right to unionize. A trade union or labour union is an organization of workers who have banded together to achieve common goals in key areas such as wages hours and working conditions forming Unions take advantage of collective bargaining and industrial action to increase their members' wages and otherwise change their working situation. Collective bargaining is the process whereby workers organize together to meet converse and compromise upon the work environment with their employers Industrial action (UK and Ireland or job action (US refers collectively to any measure taken by Trade unions or other organised labour meant to reduce Productivity A wage is a compensation workers receive in exchange for their labor. The labor movement initially focused on this "right to unionize", but attention has shifted elsewhere. The labour movement or labor movement is a broad term for the development of a collective organization of working people, to campaign in their own interest for better
Critics of the labor rights movement claim that regulation promoted by labor rights activists may limit opportunities for work. In the United States, critics objected unions establishing closed shops, situations where employers could only hire union members. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the In North America a closed shop is a Business or industrial factory in which union membership (often of a specific union and no other is The Taft-Hartley Act banned the closed shop but allowed the less restrictive union shop. In the United States of America, a union shop is a place of Employment where the employer may hire either labor union members or nonmembers but where Taft-Hartley also allowed states to pass right-to-work laws, which require an open shop where a worker's employment is not affected by his union membership. Right-to-work laws are Statutes enforced in twenty-two US states mostly in the southern or western U In terms of United States labor relations an open shop is a place of employment at which one is not required to join or financially support a labor union Proponents of "right to work" legislation claim that workers have the right to work whether or not they join a union. The Right to work is the concept that people have a human right to work and may not be prevented from doing so The Right to work is the concept that people have a human right to work and may not be prevented from doing so Labor counters that the open shop leads to a free rider problem. In Economics, Collective bargaining, Psychology and Political science, "free riders" are those who consume more than their fair share of a resource
Contents |
Background
Throughout history workers, claiming some sort of right, have attempted to pursue their interests. During the Middle Ages, the Peasants' Revolt in England expressed demand for better wages and working conditions. England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland One of the leaders of the revolt, John Ball famously argued that people were born equal saying, "When Adam delved and Eve span, who was then the gentleman?" Laborers often appealed to traditional rights. John Ball may refer to John Ball (priest (d 1381 active in Peasants' Revolt John Ball (Puritan (1585–1640 British For instance, English peasants fought against the enclosure movement, which took traditionally communal lands and made them private. Enclosure or inclosure (the latter is used in Legal documents and Place names is the term used in England and Wales
In England 1833, a law was passed that any child under the age of 9 cannot work, children age 9-13 can only work 8 hours a day, and children aged 14-18 can only work 12 hours a day.
Labor rights are a relatively new addition to the modern corpus of human rights. The modern concept of labor rights dates to the 19th century after the creation of labor unions following the industrialization processes. The 19th century of the Common Era began on January 1, 1801 and ended on December 31, 1900, according to the Gregorian calendar A trade union or labour union is an organization of workers who have banded together to achieve common goals in key areas such as wages hours and working conditions forming is a process of social and economic change whereby a human group is transformed from a Pre-industrial society into an industrial one Karl Marx stands out as one of the earliest and most prominent advocates for workers rights. His philosophy and economic theory focused on labor issues and advocates his economic system of communism, a society which would be ruled by the workers. Communism is a Socioeconomic structure that promotes the establishment of an egalitarian, classless, stateless Society based Many of the social movements for the rights of the workers were associated with groups influenced by Marx such as the socialists and communists. Social movements are a type of group action. They are large informal groupings of Individuals and/or Organizations focused on specific Socialism refers to a broad set of economic theories of social organization advocating state or collective ownership and administration of the Means of production and distribution Communism is a Socioeconomic structure that promotes the establishment of an egalitarian, classless, stateless Society based More moderate democratic socialists and social democrats supported worker's interests as well. Democratic socialism is a description used by various socialist movements tendencies and organizations to emphasize the democratic character of their political orientation Social democracy is a Political ideology of the left and centre-left More recent workers rights advocacy has focused on the particular role, exploitation, and needs of women workers, and of increasingly mobile global flows of casual, service, or guest workers.
The International Labour Organization was formed in 1919 as part of the League of Nations to protect worker's rights. The International Labour Organization Year 1919 ( MCMXIX) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common The League of Nations was an International organization founded as a result of the Treaty of Versailles in 1919–1920 The ILO later became incorporated into the United Nations. The United Nations ( UN) is an International organization whose stated aims are to facilitate cooperation in International law, International security The UN itself backed workers rights by incorporating several into two articles of the United Nations Declaration of Human Rights. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights ( UDHR) is a declaration adopted by the United Nations General Assembly ( 10 December 1948 at Palais These read:
Article 23
- Everyone has the right to work, to free choice of employment, to just and favorable conditions of work and to protection against unemployment.
- Everyone, without any discrimination, has the right to equal pay for equal work.
- Everyone who works has the right to just and favorable remuneration ensuring for himself and his family an existence worthy of human dignity, and supplemented, if necessary, by other means of social protection. This brief article is about how the term dignity is used The article presents dignity as it is used by international organizations governments bioethicists academics and
- Everyone has the right to form and to join trade unions for the protection of his interests. [1]
Article 24
- Everyone has the right to rest and leisure, including reasonable limitation of working hours and periodic holidays with pay.
The ILO and several other groups have sought international labor standards to create legal rights for workers across the world. International labour standards are conventions, treaties and recommendations designed to eliminate unjust and inhumane labour practices Recent movements have also been made to encourage countries to promote labor rights at the international level through fair trade. Fair trade is an organized Social movement and market-based approach to empowering developing country producers and promoting sustainability [2]
Labor rights issues
Aside from the right to organize, labor movements have campaigned on various other issues that may be said to relate to labor rights. A right is a legal or moral Entitlement or Permission. Rights are of vital importance in theories of Justice and deontological ethics "Animal liberation" redirects here for other uses see Animal liberation (disambiguation. Children's rights are the Human rights of Children with particular attention to the rights of special protection and care afforded to the young including their Social equality is a social state of affairs in which all people within a specific society or isolated group have the same status in a certain respect The Fathers' rights movement has been characterized as a Civil rights movement whose members are primarily interested in issues affecting fathers and children related to Lesbian Gay Bisexual and Transgender social movements share related goals of social acceptance of Homosexuality, Bisexuality and Transgenderism Lesbian Group rights are the Rights held by a Group rather than by its members severally or rights held only by individuals within the specified group contrast with Human rights refers to the "basic Rights and freedoms to which all humans are entitled Individual rights refer to the Rights of Individuals in contrast with Group rights. Men’s rights are the freedoms inherently possessed by men and boys of all ages which may be institutionalized ignored or suppressed by law custom and behavior in a particular Some philosophers and political scientists make a distinction between negative and positive Rights, not to be confused with the similar but different distinction between Reproductive rights are Rights relating to reproduction and Reproductive health. The right of self-defense (also called alter ego defense, defense of others, defense of a third person) is the right for civilians acting on their The term "social rights" is sometimes used to distinguished those rights arising from the Social contract, akin to Natural rights arising from nature but before The division of Human rights into three generations was initially proposed in 1979 by the Czech jurist Karel Vasak at the International Institute of Youth rights refers to a set of philosophies intended to enhance Civil rights for young people.
Many labor movement campaigns have to do with limiting hours in the work place. 19th century labor movements campaigned for an Eight-hour day. The 8-hour day movement or 40-hour week movement (aka the Short-time movement) had its origins in the Industrial Revolution in Britain, where Worker advocacy groups have also sought to limit work hours, making a working week of 40 hours or less standard in many countries. A 35-hour workweek was established in France in 2000, although this standard has been considerably weakened since then. The 35-hour working week is a measure adopted first in France, in February 2000 under Prime Minister Lionel Jospin 's Plural Left government This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Workers may agree with employers to work for longer, but the extra hours are payable overtime. Overtime is the amount of time someone works beyond normal working hours. In the European Union the working week is limited to a maximum of 48 hours including overtime (see also Working Time Directive). The European Union ( EU) is a political and economic union of twenty-seven member states, located primarily in The Working Time Directive of the European Union (Council Directive 93/104/EC of 23 November 1993 concerning certain aspects of the organization of working time Official
Labor rights advocates have also worked to combat child labor. Child labor is the employment of Children at regular and sustained labour They see child labor as exploitative, cruel, and often economically damaging. Child labor opponents often argue that working children are deprived of an education.
Labor rights advocates have worked to improve workplace conditions which meet established standards. During the Progressive Era the United States began workplace reforms, which received publicity boosts from Upton Sinclair's The Jungle and events such as the 1911 Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire. The Progressive Era in the United States was a period of reform which lasted from the 1890s to the 1920s The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Upton Beall Sinclair Jr ( September 20, 1878 &ndash November 25, 1968) was a Pulitzer The Jungle is a 1906 novel written by Author and socialist Journalist Upton Sinclair. The Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire in New York City on March 25, 1911, was the largest Industrial disaster in the history of the city of New Labor advocates and other groups often criticize production facilities with poor working conditions as sweatshops and occupational health hazards, and campaign for better labor practices and recognition of workers rights throughout the world. A sweatshop is a working environment with very difficult or dangerous conditions usually where the workers have few rights or ways to address their situation Occupational safety and health is a cross-disciplinary area concerned with protecting the Safety, Health and welfare of people engaged in
The labor movement pushes for guaranteed minimum wage laws, and there are continuing negotiations about increases to the minimum wage. A minimum wage is the lowest hourly daily or monthly Wage that employers may legally pay to employees or workers However, opponents see minimum wage laws as limiting employment opportunities for unskilled and entry level workers.
Illegal immigrants cannot complain to the authorities about underpayment and mistreatment as they would be deported; and their willingness to work for low rates may depress rates of pay for others. Similarly, legal migrant workers are sometimes abused. For instance, migrants have faced a number of alleged abuses in the United Arab Emirates (including Dubai). The US Department of State notes in its annual report on human rights practices that numerous fundamental practices and policies violate human rights in the United Arab Emirates Dubai (in دبيّ,) is one of the seven emirates and most populous city of the United Arab Emirates (UAE Human Rights Watch lists several problems including "nonpayment of wages, extended working hours without overtime compensation, unsafe working environments resulting in death and injury, squalid living conditions in labor camps, and withholding of passports and travel documents by employers. Human Rights Watch is a United States -based international Non-governmental organization that conducts research and advocacy on Human rights. "[3] Despite laws against the practice, employers confiscate migrant workers' passports. Without their passports, workers cannot switch jobs or return home. [1] These workers have little recourse for labor abuses. , but conditions have been approving. [4] Labor and social welfare minister Ali bin Abdullah al-Kaabi has undertaken a number of reforms to help improve labor practices in his country. [5]
The right to equal treatment, regardless of gender, origin and appearance, religion, sexual orientation, is also seen by many as a worker's right. Gender comprises a range of differences between men and women extending from the biological to the social A religion is a set of Tenets and practices often centered upon specific Supernatural and moral claims about Reality, the Cosmos Sexual orientation is believed to refer to "an enduring pattern of emotional romantic and/or sexual attractions to men women or both sexes Discrimination in the work place is illegal in many countries, but some see the wage gap between genders and other groups as a persistent problem. Unlike most discrimination policies discrimination between, which is the discernment of qualities and recognition of the differences focused here discrimination against is Income disparity or wage gap is a term used to describe inequities and asymmetry in the distribution of wealth and income between Socio-economic groups within society
References
- ^ OHCHR: English (English) - Universal Declaration of Human Rights
- ^ OHCHR: English (English) - Universal Declaration of Human Rights
- ^ Essential Background: Overview of human rights issues in United Arab Emirates (UAE) (Human Rights Watch, 31-12-2005)
- ^ United Arab Emirates
- ^ Essential Background: Overview of human rights issues in United Arab Emirates (UAE) (Human Rights Watch, 31-12-2005)
See also
External links
- Asia Monitor Resource Center
- International Labor Rights Fund
- SweatFree Communities
- Human Rights Watch
- Thai Labour Campaign
- International Labor Organization
- International Center for Trade Union Rights
- International Confederation of Free Trade Unions
- International Network for Economic, Social & Cultural Rights
- [http://www.freeworkplace.org/helpcenter/ National Alliance for Worker and Employer Rights
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