A labor camp is a simplified detention facility where inmates are engaged in penal labor. Penal labour or penal servitude is a form of Unfree labour. The term may refer to two different notions labour as a form of punishment and labour as a form of occupation Labor camps have many common aspects with slavery and with prisons. As a social-economic system slavery is a legal institution under which a Person (called "a slave" is compelled to work for another A prison, penitentiary, or correctional facility is a place in which individuals are physically confined or interned and usually deprived of a range of Conditions at labor camps vary widely depending on the operators.

During the reign of Stalinism, labor camps in the Soviet Union were officially called "Corrective labor camps. Stalinism is the political regime named after Joseph Stalin, leader of the Soviet Union from 1929–1953 The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 " The term labor colony; more exactly, "Corrective labor colony", (исправительно-трудовая колония, ИТК), was also in use and referred to camps that housed prisoners with shorter average sentences.

Labor camp in Gulag. The Gulag was the government agency that administered the penal labor camps of the Soviet Union. Painting by Nikolai Getman, image provided by Jamestown Foundation

Notable labor camps

• Imperial Russia operated a system of remote Siberian forced labor camps as part of its regular judicial system, called katorga. Nikolai Getman (Николай Гетман Микола Ґетьман an artist was born in 1917 in Kharkiv, Ukraine, and died at his home in Orel, The Jamestown Foundation is a Washington DC -based Think tank, whose stated mission is to "inform and educate" policy makers about events and trends which The Russian Empire ( Pre-reform Russian: Pоссійская Имперія Modern Russian: Российская Империя translit: Rossiyskaya Siberia (Сиби́рь Sibir) is the name given to the vast region constituting almost all of Northern Asia and for the most part currently serving Katorga (ка́торга from medieval Greek: katergon κάτεργον Galley) was the precursor to the Gulag system

• Soviet Russia took over the already extensive katorga system and expanded it immensely, eventually organizing the Gulag to run the camps. The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 Katorga (ка́торга from medieval Greek: katergon κάτεργον Galley) was the precursor to the Gulag system The Gulag was the government agency that administered the penal labor camps of the Soviet Union. In 1954, a year after Stalin's death, the new Soviet government of Nikita Khrushchev began to release political prisoners and close down the camps. Year 1954 ( MCMLIV) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1954 Gregorian calendar) Nikita Sergeyevich Khrushchev (April 17 1894 – September 11 1971 served as First Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union from 1953 to 1964 following By the end of the 1950s, virtually all "corrective labor camps" were dissolved. Officially, the Gulag was terminated by the MVD order 20 of January 25, 1960. Events 41 - After a night of negotiation Claudius is accepted as Roman Emperor by the Senate Year 1960 ( MCMLX) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.

• Socialist Yugoslavia run Goli otok prison camp for political opponents from 1946 to 1956. The Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia ( Serbo-Croatian, Bosnian, Croatian, Serbian, Slovene, Macedonian: Goli otok (literal translation "barren island" Italian: Isola Calva) is an Island off the northern Adriatic coast located

• During the early 20th century, the Empire of Japan used the forced labor of millions of civilians from conquered countries and prisoners of war, especially during the Second Sino-Japanese War and the Pacific War, on projects such as the Death Railway. The twentieth century of the Common Era began on The Empire of Japan ( {{unicode|Kyūjitai}}: ja 大日本帝國 Shinjitai: ja 大日本帝国 pronounced Dai Nippon Teikoku The Second Sino-Japanese War ( July 7, 1937 to September 9, 1945) was a major war fought between the Republic of China and the The Pacific War was the part of World War II —and preceding conflicts—that took place in the Pacific Ocean, its islands and in East Asia, between The Burma Railway, also known also as the Death Railway, the Thailand-Burma Railway and similar names is a 415 km (258 mile railway between Hundreds of thousands of people died as a direct result of the overwork, malnutrition, preventable disease and violence which were commonplace on these projects. See also: Japanese war crimes. Japanese war crimes occurred during the period of Japanese imperialism.

• During World War II the Nazis operated several categories of Arbeitslager for different categories of inmates. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including Nazism, which was a short name for National Socialism (Nationalsozialismus refers primarily to the Ideology and practices of the National Socialist German Arbeitslager is a German language word which means Labor camp. The largest number of them held civilians forcibly abducted in the occupied countries (see Łapanka) to provide labor in the German war industry, repair bombed railroads and bridges or work on farms. Łapanka (IPA - catching derived from the verb łapać - to catch was the Polish name for a German practice in World War II By 1944, 19. 9% of all workers were foreigners, either civilians or prisoners of war. ^[1]

The Nazis also operated concentration camps, some of which provided free forced labor for industrial and other jobs while others existed purely for the extermination of their inmates. See also List of Nazi-German concentration camps, Extermination camp Prior to and during World War II, Nazi Germany under Hitler maintained Extermination camps were two types of facilities that Nazi Germany built during World War II for the systematic killing of millions of people in what has become A notable example is Mittelbau-Dora labor camp complex that serviced the production of the V-2 rocket. See also Nazi concentration camps Mittelbau-Dora (also Dora and Nordhausen-Dora) was a Nazi Germany labour camp that provided See also Vergeltungswaffe The V-2 rocket ( Vergeltungswaffe 2 was the first Ballistic missile and first man-made object to achieve See List of German concentration camps for more. This article is a list of Nazi-German concentration camps.In the table below Extermination camps are marked with pink

• The Allies of World War II operated a number of work camps after the war. The Allies of World War II were the countries officially opposed to the Axis powers during the Second World War. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including In the Yalta conference it was agreed that German forced labor was to be utilized as reparations. The Yalta Conference, sometimes called the Crimea Conference and Codenamed the Argonaut Conference, was the wartime meeting from 4 February Unfree labour is a generic or collective term for those work relations especially in modern or early modern history in which people are employed against their will The majority of the camps were in the Soviet Union, but more than 1,000,000 Germans were forced to work in French coal-mines and British agriculture, as well as 500,000 in U. Forced labor of Germans in the Soviet Union was considered by the Soviet Union to be part of German War reparations for the damage inflicted by Nazi Germany S. run Military Labor Service Units in occupied Germany itself. ^[2]

• The Communist Party of China has operated many labor camps for some types of crimes. The Communist Party of China ( CPC) ( also known as the Chinese Communist Party ( CCP) is the founding and ruling political party of the Many leaders of China were put into labor camps after purges, including Deng Xiaoping and Liu Shaoqi. China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National In History and Political science, to purge is to remove people considered by the group in power to be "undesirable" from a Government, Political Deng Xiaoping ( 22 August 1904 19 February 1997) was a prominent Chinese Revolutionary, Politician, Pragmatist and Reformer Liu Shaoqi ( (24 November 1898 12 November 1969 was a Chinese revolutionary statesman and theorist As a matter of fact, hundreds - if not thousands - of labor camps and forced-labor prisons (laogai) still exist in modern day China^[3], housing political prisoners and dissidents alongside dangerous criminals. Laogai ( the abbreviation for Láo dòng Gǎi zào (勞動改造 which means "reform through labor" is a slogan of the Chinese criminal

• In Communist Romania, labor camps were operated for projects such as the building of the Danube-Black Sea Canal and the desiccation of the Great Brăila Island, on which "enemies of the people" were "re-educated" by forced labor. The Danube-Black Sea Canal (Canalul Dunăre-Marea Neagră is a Canal in Romania which runs from Cernavodă on the Danube to Agigea The Great Brăila Island ( Insula Mare a Brăilei, formerly Balta Mare a Brăilei, the "Great Brăila Pond" is an island on the Danube river in Between 1949 and 1953, forty to sixty thousand prisoners were held in labor camps along the Canal at any given time. Most of the people that worked on such projects never got out alive.

• In the former state of North Vietnam, labor camps were widespread. The Democratic Republic of Vietnam (DRVN or less commonly Vietnamese Democratic Republic (Việt Nam Dân Chủ Cộng Hòa was a Country on the northern half of Vietnam During the Vietnam War labor camps were used extensively by the communist government for its war effort. The Vietnam War, also known as the Second Indochina War, or the Vietnam Conflict, occurred in Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia After the war and reunification in 1975, the victorious North sent thousands of South Vietnamese citizens and military officers into labor camps. The Fall of Saigon (in Vietnamese: Sự kiện 30 tháng 4 - April 30 Incident; Giải phóng miền Nam - The liberation of the south Year 1975 ( MCMLXXV) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. "RVN" redirects here RVN is also the former callsign of a TV station in Wagga Wagga New South Wales Australia This act served three purposes: (1) To punish the Western collaborators. (2) To help rebuild the nation. (3) To reeducate them with communist ideals. Reeducation camp (trại học tập cải tạo is the official name given to the Prison camps operated by the Government of Vietnam following These camps, however, no longer appear to exist in present day Vietnam. Vietnam (ˌviːɛtˈnɑːm Việt Nam) officially Due to the economic, political, and social reforms the country has been experiencing, political prisoners are far less common.

Hamina Labour Colony

• Finland operates labor colonies (Finnish: työsiirtola) as a form of open prison. Finland, officially the Republic of Finland ( is a Nordic country situated in the Fennoscandian region of northern Europe. Finnish ( or suomen kieli) is the language spoken by the majority of the population in Finland (92% As of 2006) and by ethnic Finns outside There are four prison security categories in the United Kingdom used to classify every adult prisoner for the purposes of assigning them to a prison A työsiirtola is the most minimum-security establishment in the Finnish penal system, even more open than a regular open prison. The inmates are selected from convicts volunteering to work in a labor colony. The inmates are required to give regular urine samples to enforce no-alcohol, no-drugs policy. Inmate breaking the policy is sent back to a closed prison. The inmates working in the labor colony are given a salary of 6. 00–7. 30 euros per hour. The usual regulations of occupational health and safety and working day length are followed. The inmates are required to use their own civilian clothing and to pay for their board at a rate of 1. 60 euros per working hour. There are no physical obstructions for exiting the labour camp. However, abstention without leave is punished by sending the inmate in question back to a closed prison. At present, the only independent labour colony is located in Hamina. Hamina (ˈhɑminɑ Swedish: Fredrikshamn) is one of Finland 's most important harbours All other former labour colonies are now parts of open prisons or form open prison sections of larger prisons. ^[4][5]

References

See also

• Extermination through labour
• Civilian Inmate Labor Program