A label is a piece of paper, polymer, cloth, metal, or other material affixed to a container or article, on which is printed a legend, information concerning the product, addresses, etc. Paper is thin material mainly used for writing upon printing upon or packaging A polymer is a large Molecule ( Macromolecule) composed of repeating Structural units typically connected by Covalent Chemical bonds A textile is a flexible material comprised of a network of natural or artificial Fibres often referred to as thread or Yarn. The M acro E xpansion T emplate A ttribute L anguage complements TAL, providing macros which allow the reuse of code across Packaging is the science art and technology of enclosing or protecting products for distribution storage sale and use A label may also be printed directly on the container or article.
Labels have many uses: product identification, name tags, advertising, warnings, and other communication. Special types of labels called digital labels (printed through a digital printing) can also have special applications such as RFID tags, security printing, and sandwich process labels. A digital system uses discrete (discontinuous values usually but not always Symbolized Numerically (hence called "digital" to represent information for Digital printing is the reproduction of Digital images on a physical surface Radio-frequency identification ( RFID) is an automatic identification method relying on storing and remotely retrieving data using devices called RFID tags or Security printing is the field of the Printing industry that deals with the printing of items such as Banknotes Passports Tamper-evident A sandwich is a food item made of two or more slices of Bread with one or more layers of a filling
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Attachment
Labels can be attached by:
- Pressure sensitive adhesives (also called PSA or self-stick) are applied with light pressure without activation or heat. Pressure sensitive adhesive ( PSA, self adhesive, self stick adhesive) is Adhesive that forms a bond when Pressure is applied to marry PSA labels often have release liners which protect the adhesive and assist label handling.
- Heat activated adhesives: for example, "in-mold labeling" can be part of blow molding containers and employs heat activated adhesives. Blow molding (blow forming is a manufacturing process by which hollow Plastic parts are formed
- Wet glue (starch, dextrin, PVA, etc) or water moistenable gummed adhesive
- Yarn or twine for tying on a label
- Rivets used to attach information plates to industrial equipment
- Shrink wrap for printed shrinkable labels placed over packages and then heated to shrink them
- Sewing for clothing, tents, mattresses, industrial sacks, etc
- etc
Adhesive types
Pressure sensitive label adhesives are commonly made from water based acrylic adhesives, with a smaller volume made using solvent based adhesives and hotmelt adhesives. Starch, CAS # 9005-25-8 Chemical formula (C6H10O5n is a Polysaccharide Dextrins are a group of low-molecular-weight Carbohydrates produced by the Hydrolysis of Starch. This article is about the fiber product For the type of joke see Shaggy dog story. Twine is a strong Thread or String composed of two or more smaller strands or Yarns twisted together A rivet is a mechanical Fastener. Before it is installed it consists of a smooth cylindrical shaft with a head on one end "Shrinkwrapped" redirects here For the album see Shrinkwrapped (album. Sewing or stitching is the fastening of Cloth, Leather, Furs Bark, or other flexible materials using needle and The most common adhesive types are:
- Permanent - Typically not designed to be removed without tearing the stock, damaging the surface, or using solvents. The adhesion strength and speed can also be varied. For example, full adhesion can be nearly instant, or the label can be almost removable for a short period with full adhesion developing in minutes or hours (known as respositionable adhesives).
- Peelable - Adhesion is fairly strong and will not fall off in normal circumstances, but the label can be removed relatively easily without tearing the base stock or leaving adhesive behind on the old surface. The adhesive is usually strong enough to be applied again elsewhere. This type is frequently known as 'removable'. There are many different types of removable adhesives, some are almost permanent, some are almost 'ultra peelable'.
- Ultra-peelable - Designed principally for use on book covers and glass, when removed these adhesives labels do not leave any residue whatsoever. Adhesion is weak and only suitable for light duty applications. Normally these labels have very little adhesion to anything once they've been removed.
- Freezer or Frost fix - Most permanent and peelable adhesives have a service temperature limit of -10 degrees Celsius, whereas freezer (otherwise known as frost fix) adhesives have a service temperature -40 degrees Celsius and are suitable for deep freeze use
- High Tack - A type of permanent adhesive that exhibits a high initial grab to the application surfaces, and is commonly used at higher coat weights to enable labels to adhere strongly to difficult, rough or dirty surfaces.
- Static Cling - This is not actually an adhesive at all. The material (usually PVA) has a static charge to enable its adhesion to flat, smooth surfaces such as glass. It is not sticky as such and is commonly used for window advertising, window decorations, oil change labels, etc.
Stock types
The "label stock" is the carrier which is commonly coated on one side with adhesive and usually printed on the other side. Label stocks can be a wide variety of papers, films, fabric, foils, etc.
- Puffy - either water, gel, foam, or air-filled create a soft, raised sticker.
- Litho - one of the most common base stocks
- Latex - a litho stock with some added latex allows the label to be much more flexible and form around certain curved objects more easily than standard litho. LaTeX (ˈleɪtɛ
- Various plastics such as acetate, vinyl, and PET film allow a variety of features, such as greater strength, flexibility, transparency, resistance to tearing, etc. Plastic is the general common term for a wide range of synthetic or semisynthetic organic solid materials suitable for the manufacture of industrial products Cellulose acetate, first prepared in 1865 is the Acetate Ester of Cellulose. A vinyl compound is any Organic compound that contains a vinyl group (also called ethenyl) &minus C[[Hydrogen H]] =CH sub>2 Biaxially-oriented Polyethylene terephthalate (boPET Polyester film is used for its high Tensile strength, Chemical and dimensional Stability In Materials science, the strength of a material refers to the material's ability to resist an applied force Flexibility is the absolute range of movement in a joint or series of joints and muscles that is attainable in a momentary effort with the help of a partner or a piece of equipment In Optics, transparency (also called pellucidity) is the Material property of allowing They typically require special equipment and printing methods (ultra-violet curing is common) as they do not normally print well with conventional ink. A broader definition of a tool is an entity used to interface between two or more domains that facilitates more effective action of one domain upon the other Printing is a process for reproducing text and image typically with ink on Paper using a printing press Ultraviolet ( UV) light is Electromagnetic radiation with a Wavelength shorter than that of Visible light, but longer than X-rays An ink is a Liquid containing various Pigments and/or Dyes used for coloring a surface to produce an Image, text, or A bumper sticker is usually a vinyl label with a very strong, durable adhesive and lightfast inks. A bumper sticker is an adhesive Label or sticker with a message intended to be attached to the bumper of an Automobile and to be read by the occupants A type known as 'Destructible Vinyl' is commonly used for asset labels. It combines a very thin frangible face stock with a very strong high tack adhesive, thus making the label impossible to remove without damage.
- Foil - has the shiny properties of a metal foil. A foil is a very thin sheet of Metal, usually made by hammering or rolling a piece of metal
- Thermal - direct thermal label stock will change color (usually black) when heated. Black is the Color of objects that do not emit or Reflect Light in any part of the Visible spectrum; they absorb all such frequencies of A heating element in the shape of letters or images can be used to create an image on the label. An image (from Latin imago) or picture is an artifact usually two-dimensional that has a similar appearance to some subject &mdashusually Custom labels can be easily be made on location in this way. A disadvantage is durability, because another heat source can ruin or obscure the image, or it may fade completely over time.
- Thermal Transfer for applications that cannot use Thermal (Thermal Direct) label material because of heat source proximity or short label life, a more widely used material is Thermal Transfer Label printer. A label printer is a Computer peripheral that prints on self-adhesive Label material and sometimes card-stock (also called tags This material has the advantage of a much longer readable life and does not fade with time or heat. Most major manufacturers of Thermal Printers can be used for either Thermal Transfer (TT) or Thermal (DT) labels. A thermal transfer ribbon will be required to print the labels. The cost of the ribbons + TT labels is similar to that of the DT labels on their own.
- None - labels can be printed directly on adhesive without using a substrate. Substrate is a term used in Printing (mainly industrial printing to describe the base material onto which Images will be printed Labels made in this manner are extremely fragile, however, and have been rendered virtually obsolete by other printing methods such as silk screen. Screen printing is a printing technique that uses a woven mesh to support an ink blocking stencil
- Thermal Transfer Ribbon Types
- Wax is the most popular with some smudge resistance, and is suitable for matte and semi-gloss paper labels.
- Wax / Resin is smudge resistant, suitable for semi-gloss paper and some synthetic labels.
- Resin is scratch and chemical resistant, suitable for coated synthetic labels.
The stock type will affect the types of ink that will print well on them.
Corona treating or flame treating some plastics makes them more receptive to inks and adhesives by reducing surface tension.
Application and use
Labels can be supplied:
- separately
- on a roll
- on a sheet
Many labels are pre-printed by the manufacturer. Other have printing applied manually or automatically at the time of application.
Some labels have protective overcoats, laminates, or tape to cover them after the final print is applied. This is sometimes before application and sometimes after.
Specialized high speed application equipment is available for certain uses.
Color
Ink and base stock color choices commonly conform to the Pantone Matching System (PMS) colors. Pantone Inc is a corporation headquartered in Carlstadt, New Jersey, USA The Pantone system is very dominant in the label printing industry. Additionally specialty inks such as metallic, UV ink, magnetic ink, and more are available. Ink is usually transparent however it can be made opaque. It has been known for certain companies to patent "their own" color. [1]. Digital labels use process colors to replicate Pantone solid colors.
Specialized labels
- Piggyback labels are made from combining two layers of adhesive substrate [2]. The bottom layer forms the backing for the top. The label can be applied to any object as normal, the top layer can be a removable label that can be applied elsewhere, which may change the message or marking on the remaining label underneath. Often used on Express mail envelopes.
- Asset Labels / Tags are used for marking fixed and non-fixed assets. They are usually tamper-evident, permanent or frangible and usually contain a barcode for electronic identification using readers.
- Blockout labels are not see-through at all, concealing what lies underneath with a strong gray adhesive.
- Radioactive labels The use of radioactive isotopes of chemical elements, such as carbon-14, to allow the in vivo tracking of chemical compounds. Radioactive decay is the process in which an unstable Atomic nucleus loses energy by emitting ionizing particles and Radiation. Isotopes (Greek isos = "equal" tópos = "site place" are any of the different types of atoms ( Nuclides A chemical element is a type of Atom that is distinguished by its Atomic number; that is by the number of Protons in its nucleus. Carbon-14, 14C, or radiocarbon, is a Radioactive isotope of Carbon discovered on February 27, 1940, by In vivo ( Latin: within the living means that which takes place inside an organism. A chemical compound is a substance consisting of two or more different elements chemically bonded together in a fixed proportion by Mass.
- Laser Labels are generally die cut on 8. 5" x 11" sheets, and come in many different shapes, sizes, and materials. Laser label material is a nonporous stock made to withstand the intense heat of laser printers and copiers.
- Inkjet Labels are generally die cut on 8. 5" x 11" sheets (US letter) and a4 size, and come in many different shapes, sizes, and materials. Inkjet label material is a porous stock made to accept ink and dye from your inkjet printer. One of the more modern inkjet label material stocks is waterproof printable inkjet material commonly used for soap or shower gel containers.
- Security Labels are used for Anti-counterfeiting, Brand protection, tamper-evident seals, etc. A counterfeit is an imitation that is made usually with the intent to deceptively represent its content or origins Tamper-evident describes a device or process that makes unauthorised access to the protected object easily detected These combine a number of overt and covert features to make reproduction difficult. The use of security printing, Holography, Embossing, bar codes, RFID, custom printing, weak (or weakened) backings, etc. Holography (from the Greek, ὅλος - hólos whole + γραφή - grafē writing drawing is a technique that allows the Embossing is the process of creating a three-dimensional image or design in Paper and other Ductile materials A bar code (also barcode) is an optical Machine-readable representation of data is common. They are used for authentication, theft reduction, and protection against counterfeit and are commonly used on ID cards, credit cards, packaging, and products from CDs to electronics to clothing. Authentication (from Greek αυθεντικός real or genuine from authentes author is the act of establishing or confirming something (or someone as Packaging is the science art and technology of enclosing or protecting products for distribution storage sale and use
- AntiMicrobial Labels With the growth in hospital acquired infections such as MRSA and E-Coli the use of Antimicrobial labels in infection sensitive areas of hospitals are helping in combating these types of microbes.
Uses
Stickers
Stickers are very widely used when an object requires identification with a word or idea. Brand stickers may be attached to products to identify those products as coming from a certain company. A brand is a collection of Images and ideas representing an economic producer more specifically it refers to the descriptive verbal attributes and concrete symbols such as a They may also be used to describe characteristics of the products that would not be obvious from simple examination. A Label dispenser is often used as a convenient way to separate the sticky label from its liner or backing tape. A bench top label dispenser is a machine built to simplify the process of removing a Label from its liner or backing tape
They are frequently distributed as part of promotional, advertising, and political campaigns; for example, in many voting districts in the U.S., stickers indicating an individual has voted are given to each voter as they leave the polling place, largely as a reminder to others to vote. Promotion involves disseminating information about a product, Product line, Brand, or company Advertising is a form of Communication that typically attempts to persuade potential Customers to Purchase or to consume more of a particular Brand A political campaign is an organized effort which seeks to influence the decision making process within a specific group Districts are a type of Administrative division, in some countries managed by a Local government. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Other methods of underground forms of voting for your favorite graffiti artists' current productions are by an open form of appreciation such as clapping while passing such a sticker (a smile and a kind reminder to a fellow appreciator throughout the day is commonplace as well).
Stickers placed on automobile bumpers, called bumper stickers, are often used by individuals as a way of demonstrating support for political or ideological causes. A bumper sticker is an adhesive Label or sticker with a message intended to be attached to the bumper of an Automobile and to be read by the occupants Identification of vehicle registration and last service details are two examples of stickers on the inside of most car windscreens. The term "window sticker" is generally used for vinyl labels which are stuck to the inside of a vehicle's window, as opposed to water-resistant stickers that are stuck to the outside of a vehicle but can be affixed to anything.
Another common use for stickers is embellishing scrapbooking pages. Scrapbooking is a method for preserving personal and family history in the form of photographs printed media and memorabilia contained in decorated albums or scrapbooks With the advent of this very popular craft, every type of sticker imaginable can now be found: acrylic, 3D, cardstock, epoxy, fabric, flocked, sparkly, paper, puffy, vellum and so much more. In Chemistry, epoxy or polyepoxide is a Thermosetting Epoxide Polymer that cures (polymerizes and crosslinks when mixed with a While in the earlier days of scrapbooking stickers were sold mostly on 2"x6" sheets, now 6"x12" and even 12"x12" size sheets are very common.
Product label
Permanent product identification by a label is common. These labels need to be able to bond securely to the surface for its intended life and under in-use conditions. For example a label on an automobile engine needs to be resistant to the heat and oils encountered and to be secure for many years of use.
Removable product labels need to hold until they must be removed. For example, a label on a new refrigerator has installation and usage information: the label needs to be able to be removed cleanly and easily from the unit once installed. A refrigerator (often called a " fridge " for short is a cooling appliance comprising a thermally insulated compartment and a Heat pump -
An eco-label is used on consumer products (including foods) to identify products that may be less damaging to the environment and/or to humankind than other related products. Ecolabel is a labelling system for consumer products (excluding foods and medicine that are made in a fashion that avoids detrimental effects on the environment
Textile labeling
In certain clothing articles, a label or other affixed instructions that report how a product should be refurbished. This type of label is required by the FTC, Federal Trade Commission, for certain clothing items in the United States of America[1]. The Federal Trade Commission ( FTC) is an independent agency of the United States government, established in 1914 by the Federal Trade Commission Act
A label including a tax identification number and material content list may also be required for certain textile items[2].
Package label
Packaging often has labels attached to (or integral with) the package. Packaging is the science art and technology of enclosing or protecting products for distribution storage sale and use These communicate pricing, bar codes, UPC identification, usage guidance, addresses, advertising, etc. They also may be used to help resist or indicate tampering or pilferage.
Mailing label
Letters and packages need labels to identify the addressee and the sender. Many software packages such as word processor and contact manager programs produce standardized mailing labels from a data set that comply with postal standards. Contact managers are programs that enable people to keep track of their associates and tasks A data set (or dataset) is a collection of Data, usually presented in tabular form These labels may also include routing bar codes and special handling requirements to expedite delivery.
Environmental considerations
Labels can aid in recycling and reuse by communicating the material content of the item, instructions for disassembly, recycling directions, etc. Recycling involves processing used materials into new products in order to prevent the waste of potentially useful materials reduce the consumption of fresh raw materials reduce Reuse is using an item more than once This includes conventional reuse where the item is used again for the same function and new-life reuse where it is used for a new function
Based on the solid waste hierarchy, the quantity and size of labels should be minimized without reducing necessary functionality. The waste hierarchy refers to the 3 Rs of reduce, Reuse and recycle, which classify Waste management strategies according to their desirability Material content of a label should comply with applicable regulations. Life cycle assessments of the item being labeled and of the label itself are useful to identify and improve possible environmental effects. For example, reuse or recycling are sometimes aided by a label being removable from a surface. If a label remains on an item during recycling, a label should be chosen which does not hinder the recyclability of the item.
Notes
See also
External links
- North American Security Products Association Industry group providing security standards for security label printing facilities. Packaging is the science art and technology of enclosing or protecting products for distribution storage sale and use A name plate identifies and displays a person or product's name Pressure sensitive tape, PSA tape, Adhesive tape, Self stick tape, Sticky tape consists of a Pressure sensitive adhesive coated
- Tag and Label Manufacturers Institute [3]
Dictionary
label
-noun
- A small ticket or sign giving information about something to which it is attached or intended to be attached.
- A name given to something or someone to categorise them as part of a particular social group.
- A company that sells records.
-verb
- (transitive) To put a label (a ticket or sign) on (something).
- (transitive) To give a label to (someone or something) in order to categorise that person or thing.
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