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La Seo at night.
La Seo at night.

The Cathedral of the Savior (or Catedral del Salvador in Spanish) is a Roman Catholic cathedral in Zaragoza, Spain. This article is about the history and organisation of the cathedral Zaragoza, also called Saragossa in English, is the capital city of the Zaragoza province and of the autonomous community and former Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. It is part of the World Heritage Site Mudéjar Architecture of Aragon. A UNESCO World Heritage Site is a site (such as a Forest, Mountain, Lake, Desert, Monument, Building, complex The Mudéjar Architecture of Aragon is a World Heritage Site in Spain.

The cathedral is located on the Plaza de la Seo and is commonly known as La Seo (Spanish for "see") to distinguish it from the nearby El Pilar, whose name (pillar) is a reference to an apparition of Mary in Zaragoza (also known as Saragossa). An episcopal see is the ecclesiastical domain of authority of a Bishop. The Basilica-Cathedral of Our Lady of the Pillar (in Spanish Catedral-Basílica de Nuestra Señora del Pilar) is a Roman Catholic church in the city of Zaragoza The two share co-cathedral status in metropolitan Zaragoza.

Contents

History

Origin

The location of the Seo has its roots in the old Roman forum. The Forum was the public space in the middle of a Roman city It had a great social importance and was often the scene of diverse activities including political discussions Unlike other Roman city forums, the forum of Caesaraugusta was not located at the confluence of the Cardus and the Decumanus, but instead near the Ebro river, adjoining the river port. Zaragoza, also called Saragossa in English, is the capital city of the Zaragoza province and of the autonomous community and former In Ancient Roman City planning, a cardo or cardus was a north-south-oriented street in cities military camps and coloniae Sometimes called In Roman city planning, a decumanus was an east-west-oriented road in a Roman city Castra (military camp or colonia. The Ebro ( Ebre) is Spain 's most voluminous river Its source is in Fontibre ( Cantabria) The forum, besides being the civic and commercial center of the city, contained the main temple. The Museum of the Forum is found below the plaza del Pilar, across from the facade of the cathedral. A facade or façade (fəˈsɑːd is generally one side of the exterior of a Building, especially the front but also sometimes the sides and rear There have been no remains found of either a Visigoth or a Mozarabic church. The Visigoths (Visigothi, Wisigothi, Vesi, Visi, Wesi, or Wisi were one of two main branches of the Goths, an East Mozarabic was a continuum of closely related Romance dialects spoken in Muslim dominated areas of the Iberian Peninsula during the early stages of the

Romanesque apse with mudéjar and gothic additions
Romanesque apse with mudéjar and gothic additions

The Mosque

Hanas ben Abdallah as San'ani (? – 718), a disciple of someone close to Mohammed, built the main mosque of Saraqusta al Baida, Zaragoza la Blanca, according to al-Humauydí (1029-1095). For the area code see Area code 718 Events By Place Europe Tervel 's reign as monarch of IMPORTANT PLEASE READ ##### For all questions relating to the addition of (pbuh peace be upon him or other honorifics The main mosque is certainly one of the oldest of Al-Andalus. Al-Andalus (الأندلس was the Arabic name given to those parts of the Iberian Peninsula governed by Muslims or The edifice underwent two additions, one in the 9th century and one in the 11th century, under the Taifa king of Zaragoza, Mundir I. The 9th century is the period from 801 to 900 in accordance with the Julian calendar in the Christian / Common Era. A taifa (from طائفة ṭā'ifa, plural طوائف ṭawā'if) in the history of Iberia was an independent Muslim -ruled principality During the restoration completed in 1999, a number of remains were discovered, such as the impression of the minaret on the external walls, and the floor of the ancient structure. For the mountain formation see Minarets (California. Minarets ( Arabic manara (lighthouse منارة but more usually مئذنة In addition, the entrance was located in the same place as that of the current cathedral.

The arrival in Zaragoza in 1118 of Alfonso I, the Battler did not lead to the immediate demolition of the mosque. Alfonso I (1073/1074 &ndash 8 September 1134) called el Batallador, the Battler or the Warrior, was the king of Aragón He gave the Muslims one year to move out of the town, and on October 4, 1121, the building was consecrated under the name San Salvador, and the necessary renovations were made to allow the building to be used for Christian purposes. For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. Events 610 - Heraclius arrives by ship from Africa at Constantinople, overthrows Byzantine Emperor Phocas Christianity ( Greek Χριστιανισμός from the word Xριστός ( Christ)is a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings

The Romanesque Cathedral

The destruction of the mosque and the construction of the Late Romanesque cathedral began in 1140. The new church, with a basilical layout consisting of a transept and three naves ending in apses, constructed of stone, owed much stylistically to the Cathedral of Jaca, from which it took various elements. Full descriptions of the elements of a Gothic floorplan are found at the entry Cathedral diagram. APSE standing for Ada Programming Support Environment is a program or set of programs to support Software development in the Ada programming language. Besides the church building itself, it had an archive, a refectory, a nursery, and two cloisters. Trapeza redirects here for the prehistoric Greek settlement see Trapeza Crete. A cloister (from Latin claustrum) is a part of Cathedral, Monastic and Abbey architecture From this era the lower part of two of the apses is still preserved, with small windows between inscribed capitals depicted, adorned with so-called "checkered jaqués" on the outside, and, inside, a set of sculptures that at present are hidden behind the main altarpiece. The construction of the original cathedral continued throughout the 13th century.

From 1204 up until the 15th century, all Aragonese kings were crowned in this church, by a special privilege bestowed by Pope Innocent III. This is a list of the rulers of Aragon, now a region of north-eastern Spain. Pope Innocent III ( February 22, 1161 &ndash June 16, 1216) born Lotario de' Conti di Segni, was Pope from January The king, who the previous night had kept watch over his armaments in the Aljafería, would approach from there in a procession. The Aljafería Palace ( Arabic: قصر الجعفرية Qasr Aljafariya Spanish: Palacio de la Aljafería) is a fortified palace built during the The ceremony included four parts: investiture of weapons, unction with holy oil, placing of the crown and the royal insignia, and oath of the fueros (statutes) and liberties of the Kingdom of Aragon. Fuero ( Spanish) is a Spanish legal term and conceptThe word comes from Latin forum, an open space used as market tribunal The last king to be crowned in La Seo was Charles I of Spain. Charles V (24 February 1500 &ndash 21 September 1558 was Later kings needed only to swear to the fueros. Royal baptisms, weddings, and burials were also performed in the cathedral.

The Gothic-Mudéjar Cathedral

In 1318 Pope John XXII created the archbishopric of Zaragoza, making it independent of the see of Tarragona, and with that the building became a metropolitan cathedral. Pope John (numbering Pope John XXII (1249 &ndash December 4, 1334) born Jacques Duèze (or d'Euse) was Pope from 1316 to 1334 Zaragoza, also called Saragossa in English, is the capital city of the Zaragoza province and of the autonomous community and former Tarragona (tərəˈɣonə in Catalan) is a city located in the south of Catalonia and east of Spain, by the Mediterranean Sea. From this point the additions were carried out using cheap materials that were found nearby in abundance: bricks and plaster. Under the supervision of the archbishop Pedro López de Luna (1317 - 1345) a Gothic church with three naves (the present three central naves) was built, keeping the Romanesque apses. The central nave was built higher than those on the sides, making it possible to create windows that from 1447 would be covered with stained glass. In 1346 a Mudéjar dome was started to provide light at the altar, with the participation of the masters Juan de Barbastro and Domingo Serrano. Mudéjar is the name given to the Moors or Muslims of Al-Andalus, who remained in Christian territory after the Reconquista but were The work was finished in 1376, when Don Lope Fernández de Luna was already archbishop, creating a spacious, well-lit Gothic cathedral.

In 1360, during the archbishopric of Don Lope Fernández de Luna, the main facade was renovated and the so-called Parroquieta was built, all in the Mudéjar style. The only thing that has been preserved is the Parroquieta or parochial chapel of San Miguel Archangel, that was built as a closed and independent chapel inside the building, and that archbishop Don Lope designed as a funeral chapel. The construction, elegantly carried out in Gothic-Mudéjar style, is a unique example of the work of the Aragonese masters and the Seville builders, who covered the exterior wall with geometric drawings made of smooth brick and glazed ceramic. In the interior, the roof is constructed of gilded wood, also in the Mudéjar style.

Right transept, with the 16th-century chapel of Gabriel Zaporta
Right transept, with the 16th-century chapel of Gabriel Zaporta

The turbulent Renaissance

In 1403 the old dome fell down. The Antipope Benedict XIII (Papa Luna), Aragonese by birth, initiated a reconstruction of the building. An antipope ( Latin: antipapa) is a person who makes a widely accepted claim to be the lawful Pope, in opposition to the pope recognised by the Roman The Romanesque apses were elevated, two towers buttressing the sides of the apses were added, and a new dome was built in the shape of a Papal Tiara. The Papal Tiara, also known as the Triple Tiara, or in Latin as the ' Triregnum', and in Italian as the ' Triregno', is the three-tiered Decorated in 1409 by the master Mohammed Rami, it may have been viewed by Benedict XIII on his visit to the city in 1410.

The main altarpiece was constructed during the archbishopric of Don Dalmau de Mur y Cervelló (1431-1456). Dalmau Mur concentrated on beautifying the interior of the building, taking charge of, besides the main altarpiece, the chorus and other smaller constructions.

On September 14, 1485, Pedro de Arbués, the canon and head Inquisitor of Aragón, was assassinated in the cathedral as he was praying while wearing a helmet and chain mail. Events 81 - Domitian becomes Emperor of the Roman Empire upon the death of his brother Titus. Pedro de Arbués (c 1441 &ndash September 17, 1484) was an official of the Spanish Inquisition who was assassinated in Saragossa The Spanish Inquisition started and was established in 1478 by Catholic Monarchs Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile to maintain This was the consequence of the bad reception that the Inquisition had in Aragón, where it was seen as an attack by the crown on the fueros, the local laws and privileges. The Spanish Inquisition started and was established in 1478 by Catholic Monarchs Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile to maintain Aragon ( Spanish: "Aragón") is an autonomous community of Spain. In particular, some of the most powerful families among the converted Jews - such as the Sánchez, Montesa, Paternoy, and Santángel families - were implicated in the assassination. Judaism (from the Greek Ioudaïsmos, derived from the Hebrew יהודה Yehudah, " Judah " in Hebrew יַהֲדוּת Yahedut As a consequence, there arose a popular movement against the Jews; "nine were finally executed in persona, in addition to two suicides, thirteen burnings at the stake, and four punished for complicity" according to the account of Jerónimo Zurita. Jerónimo (or Gerónimo) de Zurita y Castro (1512 &ndash 3 November 1580) was a Spanish historian of the sixteenth century who founded Pedro de Arbués was sainted by Pope Pius IX in 1867; his sepulchre, designed by Gil Morlanes the elder, is found within the cathedral in the chapel of San Pedro Arbués. Blessed Pope Pius IX (May 13 1792 &ndash February 7 1878 born Giovanni Maria Mastai-Ferretti, was Pope from June 16 1846 until 1878

During the 15th and 16th centuries, many of the archbishops of Zaragoza were members of the royal house of Aragón. They were:

During the 16th and 17th century, the cathedral was one of the centers of the Aragonese school of polyphonic music. In Music, polyphony is a texture consisting of two or more independent Melodic voices, as opposed to music with just one voice ( Monophony Musicians Melchor Robledo, Sebastián Aguilera de Heredia, Pedro Ruimonte, Diego Pontac, Jusépe Ximénez and Andrés de Sola, among others, worked and composed there. Sebastian Aguilera de Heredia (c 1565 – after 1620 was a Spanish Monk, musician and Composer. Pedro Ruimonte or Rimonte (1565- November 30, 1627) was a Spanish composer and musician who spent much of his career in the Low Countries

Recent Centuries

View of Zaragoza in 1647, painted by J.B. Martínez del Mazo, though it is sometimes attributed to his master Velázquez. The dome of the cathedral can be seen in the center, to the left of the bridge and the market.
View of Zaragoza in 1647, painted by J. B. Martínez del Mazo, though it is sometimes attributed to his master Velázquez. Velázquez, also Velazquez, Velásquez or Velasquez, is a surname of Spanish origin The dome of the cathedral can be seen in the center, to the left of the bridge and the market.

The long-standing rivalry between the canons of El Pilar and of La Seo was well-known in the 17th century. A canon (from the Latin canonicus, itself derived from the Greek κανωνικος 'relating to a rule' is a priest who is a member of certain bodies of the The cathedral chapter of El Pilar even brought a suit to win the episcopal seat, a suit that was decided by Philip IV in favor of La Seo. Chapter ( Latin capitulum) designates certain corporate ecclesiastical bodies in the Roman Catholic, Anglican and Nordic Lutheran Philip IV (es ''Felipe IV'' pt ''Filipe III'' ( 8 April, 1605 &ndash 17 September, 1665) was King of Spain between 1621 and The disputes would not be resolved until, in 1676, Pope Clement X made the Solomon-like decision to merge the two chapters via the Bull of Union. Pope Clement X ( July 13, 1590 &ndash July 22, 1676) born Emilio Bonaventura Altieri, was Pope from April 29 A Papal bull is a particular type of Letters patent or charter issued by a Pope. Six prebendaries and 15 canons would reside in La Seo, and the same in El Pilar, and the dean would live six months in each one.

Also during the 17th century, the old and decrepit Mudejar tower was pulled down, and in 1686 construction was begun on a new one. As a means of recording the passage of Time, the 17th Century was that Century which lasted from 1601 - 1700 in the Gregorian calendar The new tower, which was designed in Rome in 1683 by Juan Bautista Contini in the Baroque style, was started in 1686 and finished in 1704 with the placement of the spire. Rome ( Roma ˈroma Roma is the capital city of Italy and Lazio, and is Italy's largest and most populous city with more than 2 Baroque art redirects here Please disambiguate such links to Baroque painting, Baroque sculpture, etc Year 1704 ( MDCCIV) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a

The front was constructed in the 18th century in an Italian-Baroque style that was clearly of a neoclassic aspect. The 18th century lasted from 1701 to 1800 in the Gregorian calendar, in accordance with the Anno Domini / Common Era numbering system It was entrusted by the Archbishop Añoa to Julian Yarza, a disciple of Ventura Rodriguez. Ventura Rodríguez Tizón ( July 14, 1717 – September 26, 1785) was a Spanish Architect and artist

During the second half of the 20th century, a thorough restoration of the building took place, which lasted some 23 years. The twentieth century of the Common Era began on The project can be divided into four stages:

In total more than two billion pesetas were spent by the Government of Aragon, the Archbishopric of Zaragoza and the Metropolitan Chapter, the Department of Education and Culture of Spain, Ibercaja, and Caja de Ahorros de la Inmaculada. As of 2005, the sacristy was still in the process of being restored. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.

Architectural styles

La Seo was built on the site of the ancient Roman forum of Caesar Augustus and of the main mosque of the Moorish city of Saraqosta, elements of whose minaret form part of the current tower. The Roman Empire was the post-Republican phase of the ancient Roman civilization, characterised by an autocratic form of government and large territorial The Forum was the public space in the middle of a Roman city It had a great social importance and was often the scene of diverse activities including political discussions Augustus ( Latin: IMPERATOR·CAESAR·DIVI·FILIVS·AVGVSTVS September 23 63 BC – August 19 AD 14) born Gaius Octavius Thurinus, was The description Moors has referred to several historic and modern populations of Muslim (and earlier non-Muslim people of Berber and Arab descent For the mountain formation see Minarets (California. Minarets ( Arabic manara (lighthouse منارة but more usually مئذنة The construction began in the 12th century in the Romanesque style, and underwent many alterations and expansions until 1704, when the Baroque spire completed the tower. Year 1704 ( MDCCIV) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Baroque art redirects here Please disambiguate such links to Baroque painting, Baroque sculpture, etc A spire is a tapering conical or pyramidal structure on the top of a building particularly a church Tower.

The cathedral is a mixture of styles, from the Romanesque apse (12th century) to the Baroque tower and Neo-Classical main door (18th century), passing through Mudéjar and Gothic. Baroque art redirects here Please disambiguate such links to Baroque painting, Baroque sculpture, etc Neoclassical architecture was an architectural style produced by the neoclassical movement that began in the mid-18th century both as a reaction against the Rococo Mudéjar is the name given to the Moors or Muslims of Al-Andalus, who remained in Christian territory after the Reconquista but were Of the diverse styles that make up La Seo Cathedral, the most important elements are:

The cathedral's museum is currently (as of 2006) being restored and is closed to the public.

Interior

Beginning with the foot of the cathedral, the chapels on the right side:

Beginning with the foot of the cathedral, the chapels on the left side:

Choir:

Apses:

See also

References

External links

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