La Cagoule (The Cowl, press nickname coined by the Action Française nationalist Maurice Pujo), officially called Comité secret d'action révolutionnaire (Committee for Revolutionary Action), was a violent French fascist-leaning and anti-communist group, active in the 1930s, and designed to attempt the overthrow of the French Third Republic. This article is about the garment used by monks For other uses see Cowl (disambiguation or Cowling (disambiguation. The Action Française is a French Monarchist ( Orléanist) Counter-revolutionary movement and periodical founded by Maurice Pujo and The term nationalism can refer to an Ideology, a sentiment, a form of Culture, or a Social movement that focuses on the Nation Maurice Pujo ( 26 January 1872 – 6 September 1955) was a French journalist and co-founder with Henri Vaugeois in 1898 of the A revolution (from the Latin revolutio, "a turnaround" is a fundamental change in power or organizational structures that takes place in a relatively This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Fascism is a totalitarian nationalist and corporatist ideology Anti-communism refers to opposition to Communism. Historically the word "communism" has been used to refer to several types of communal social organization and The French Third Republic (in French, La Troisième République, sometimes written as La IIIe Its leader was Eugène Deloncle. Eugène Deloncle ( June 20 1890, Brest &mdash January 17 1944, Paris) was a French engineer and Fascist

In the Third Republic

Prominent members of the Cagoule (Cagoulards) included Eugène Schueller, the founder of the French cosmetics giant L'Oréal, who was also founder of the group. Eugène Schueller ( 20 march[[ 881]] - 23 August 1957) was the founder of L'Oréal, the world's leading company in Cosmetics and The L'Oréal Group is the world's largest Cosmetics and Beauty company and is headquartered in the Paris suburb of Clichy, France Some of the early meetings of the Cagoule took place at l'Oréal headquarters, and some former Cagoulards, such as Jacques Corrèze, were later hired as executives. Jacques Corrèze ( February 11 1912, Auxerre &mdash 28 June 1991, Paris) a French businessman and politician Another important activist was Joseph Darnand, who later founded the Service d'ordre légionnaire (SOL), the ancestor of the Milice Collaborationist group. Joseph Darnand ( March 19, 1897 – October 10, 1945) was a French pro- Nazi leader and commander of the Vichy The Service d'ordre légionnaire (SOL was a Collaborationist Militia created by Joseph Darnand, a Far right veteran from the First World The Milice Française ( French Militia) generally called simply Milice (" Militia " was a Paramilitary force Collaborationism, can describe the Treason of cooperating with enemy Forces occupying one's Country. Other notable members were Jean Filliol (who became the head of the Milice in Limoges, and fled to Spain at the end of WWII, finding a position at the spanish filial of L'Oréal), Gabriel Jeantet (who recommended François Mitterrand for the Francisque), Dr. Jean Filliol (born May 9, 1909) was a French militant who was active in La Cagoule before the Second World War The Milice Française ( French Militia) generally called simply Milice (" Militia " was a Paramilitary force Limoges ( Lemòtges / Limòtges in the Limousin dialect of Occitan language) is a city and commune in France, the préfecture Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. The L'Oréal Group is the world's largest Cosmetics and Beauty company and is headquartered in the Paris suburb of Clichy, France François Maurice Adrien Marie Mitterrand ( 26 October 1916 8 January 1996 served as President of France from 1981 to 1995 elected as representative of the Socialist Henri Martin (a medical doctor who is suspected of having forged the Pacte Synarchique, and worked for the OAS after WWII),^[1] Henri Charbonneau (nephew of Joseph Darnand) and Mohammed El Maadi (head of La Cagoule for french Algeria, creator of the antisemitic Er Rachid and of the North-African Brigade on January 28, 1944 also known as SS-Mohammed). Synarchism (from Greek words meaning "to rule together" or "harmonious rule" is a word that has been used to describe several different political processes Algeria ( ar [[Arabic]] الجزائر, Al Jaza'ir ælʤæˈzæːʔir Amazigh: ⴷⵥⴰⵢⴻⵔ Dzayer) officially the People's General Henri Giraud was the head of the military branch of La Cagoule for Metz. Henri Honoré Giraud ( 18 January 1879 &ndash 13 March 1949) was a French general who fought in World War I and World Metz (mɛs in French) is a city in the northeast of France, capital of the Lorraine région and Préfecture ^[2] In Nice, Cagoulards were submitted to an initiation ritual, in which new members, in the presence of the Grand Master dressed in red and accompanied by his assesseurs dressed in black, with their faces covered, had to face a table covered by a French flag on which a sword and torches would be deposited, raise their right arm and swear the oath Ad majorem Galliæ gloriam(for the greatest glory of France)^[3]. This oath imitated the one of the jesuits Ad majorem Dei Gloria" (for the greatest glory of God). Treason would be punished by death. For instance, the arms suppliers Léon Jean-Baptiste and Maurice Juif were murdered by the Cagoulards respectively in October 1936 and in February 1937 for attempting to enrich themselves by lying on the price they had paid for the arms.

The group was founded in 1935, drawing its troops mostly from Orléanists disappointed by the lack of action from Charles Maurras' Action Française, and undertook various actions aimed at destroying the French Republic. Year 1935 ( MCMXXXV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The Orléanists were a French Right-wing / Center-right Political faction or party which arose out of the French Revolution __FORCETOC__ Charles Maurras ( 20 April 1868 Martigues Bouches-du-Rhône France – 16 November 1952) was On January 26, 1937 Jean Filliol stabbed to death Dimitri Navachine in the Bois de Boulogne using a shortened bayonet. A bayonet (from French baïonnette) is a Knife - Dagger - or spike-shaped Weapon designed to fit on or over the muzzle ^[4] In order to obtain arms from fascist Italy, the group assassinated two Italian antifascists, the Rosselli brothers,^[5][6] on June 9, 1937 and sabotaged airplanes clandestinely supplied by the French governement to the Spanish Republic. Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest Carlo Rosselli ( 16 November 1899 - 9 June 1937) was an Italian political leader journalist historian and anti-fascist activist The Cagoule blew up two buildings owned by the Comité des Forges (Ironmasters Association) on September 11, 1937 to create the impression of a communist conspiracy. Although at the time it was widely believed that the bombs had been deposited by communists, to the disappointment of cagoulards no action was taken against the French Communist Party. The French Communist Party ( French: Parti communiste français or PCF) is a political party in France which advocates the principles of The Cagoule also tried to infiltrate the International Brigades for the same purpose. The group, organized along military lines,^[7] infiltrated parts of the French military via Georges Loustanau-Lacau Corvignolles organization (especially in order to get weapons), and prepared the overthrowing of the Popular Front government in November 1937. The French Army, officially the Armée de Terre (Land Army is the land-based component of the French Armed Forces and its largest The Popular Front (French Front populaire) was an alliance of left-wing movements including the French Communist Party (PCF the Socialist The plans of the Cagoulards were, after having overthrown the French Republic, to make Philippe Pétain chief of state. Henri Philippe Benoni Omer Joseph Pétain (24 April 1856 – 23 July 1951 generally known as Philippe Pétain or Marshal Pétain ( Maréchal Pétain) After Pétain's refusal, they had to chose Marshall Louis Franchet d'Esperey as their future chief of state. Louis Félix Marie François Franchet d'Espérey ( 25 May 1856 &ndash 8 July 1942) was a French general during the First However, they were themselves infiltrated by the police (it is believed that Laetitia Toureaux, assassinated in the Paris subway on May 16, 1937 was an informant of the French Police, and that she was stabbed by Filliol), and, on November 15 1937, Marx Dormoy, Minister of the Interior (and thus in charge of law enforcement) denounced their plot and ordered arrests. Year 1937 ( MCMXXXVII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Marx Dormoy ( 1 August[[ 888]]&mdash July 26, 1941) was a French socialist politician noted for his opposition to the Far right The Minister of the Interior (full title Ministre de l’Intérieur et de l’Aménagement du Territoire) in France is one of the most important governmental On this occasion, the french police seized 2 tons of high explosives, several anti-tank or anti-aircraft guns, 500 machine guns, 65 submachine guns, 134 rifles and 17 sawed-off shotguns. ^[8]. Some of the arms were of German or Italian origin. About 70 men were arrested, but Deloncle boasted that he had 12,000 men under his order in Paris, and 120,000 in the Province. At the time, the revelations of the French governement were disbelieved by the editors of the New York Times, but taken more seriously by TIME Magazine who viewed La Cagoule as a french Klan. Time (trademarked in capitals as TIME) is a weekly American Newsmagazine, similar to Newsweek and Ku Klux Klan ( KKK) is the name of several past and present secret domestic terrorist organizations in the United States, generally in the southern states that are At the outbreak of WWII, the imprisoned cagoulards were released so that they could fight in the French Army. During the Occupation of France, as reprisal for the arrest, Marx Dormoy was assassinated in Montélimar with a clockwork bomb in 1941. Marx Dormoy ( 1 August[[ 888]]&mdash July 26, 1941) was a French socialist politician noted for his opposition to the Far right Montélimar ( Latin name Acumum and Montelaimar in Occitan) is a commune in the Drôme department in southeastern Year 1941 ( MCMXLI) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (the link will display 1941 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. ^[9]

Organization of the Cagoule

• Premier Bureau: Eugène Deloncle and Jacques Corrèze
• Deuxième Bureau (intelligence): Dr. Henri Martin, Alfred Corre (Dagore)
• Troisième Bureau (operations): Georges Cachier
• Quatrième Bureau (recruits and equipment): Jean Moreau de La Meuse
• Sources of funding: Eugène Schueller, Louis Renault, Lemaigre-Dubreuil (owner of table oil Lesieur and department stores Le Printemps), Gabriel Jeantet (Lafarge cements), Pierre Pucheu (Comptoir Sidérurgique)

La Cagoule was organized into cells. Louis Renault may refer to Louis Renault (jurist Louis Renault (industrialist A character from Casablanca (film Light cells comprised 8 men with armed with submachine guns (typically one per light cell), rifles, automatic pistols and hand grenades. A submachine gun (SMG is a Firearm that combines the automatic fire of a Machine gun with the cartridge of a Pistol, and is A rifle is a Firearm designed to be fired from the shoulder with a barrel that has a helical groove or pattern of grooves ("rifling" cut into the barrel walls Heavy cells comprised 12 men, and the submachine gun was replaced by a heavy machine gun. For other uses of the phrase see Machine Gun (disambiguation. A group of 3 cells formed 1 unit, 3 units a batallion, 3 battalions a regiment, two regiments a brigade, and two brigades a division. Battalions could be divided into automobile squads of about 50 men. Written communications were avoided as much as possible, and the street fighting handbook was entitled Secret Rules of the Communist Party to avoid revealing the existence of the organisation in case it would be found by the polics. ^[10]

World War II

During World War II, members of the Cagoule were divided. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including Some of them joined various Fascist movements; Schueller and Deloncle founded the Mouvement Social Révolutionnaire, which conducted various pro-Nazi Germany activities in occupied France, including the October 1941 bombing of seven synagogues in Paris. The Mouvement Social Révolutionnaire (MSR was a right-revolutionary movement founded in France in September 1940 Nazi Germany and the Third Reich are the common English names for Germany under the regime of Adolf Hitler and the National Socialist German Workers The military history of France during World War II covers the period from 1939 until 1940 which witnessed French military participation under the Third Republic, and the period Year 1941 ( MCMXLI) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (the link will display 1941 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. A synagogue (from Greek: grc συναγωγή transliterated synagogē, "assembly" he בית כנסת beit knesset, "house of Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city Others were prominent members of Philippe Pétain's Vichy Regime. Henri Philippe Benoni Omer Joseph Pétain (24 April 1856 – 23 July 1951 generally known as Philippe Pétain or Marshal Pétain ( Maréchal Pétain) Vichy France, or the Vichy regime are the common terms used to describe the government of France from July 1940 to August 1944 Darnand was the leader of the Milice, the Vichy paramilitary group of who fought the French Resistance, and enforced anti-semitic policies; he took an oath of loyalty to Adolf Hitler, and had a Waffen SS rank. The Milice Française ( French Militia) generally called simply Milice (" Militia " was a Paramilitary force A paramilitary is a force whose function and organization are similar to those of a professional military force but which are not regarded as having the same status The French Resistance is the collective name used for the French Resistance movements which fought against the Nazi German Antisemitism (alternatively spelled anti-semitism or anti-Semitism; also rarely known as judeophobia) is the Prejudice against or hostility Hi and welcome to Wikipedia! Please understand that this article is frequently vandalized and vandalism is reverted immediately The Waffen-SS ( German for "Armed SS" literally "Weapons SS" was the Combat arm of the Schutzstaffel ("Protective Squadron"

On the other hand, many sided with the anti-German camp, either as members of the Resistance (such as Marie-Madeleine Fourcade, Pierre Guillain de Bénouville or Georges Loustaunau-Lacau) in the Maquis, or as members of Charles de Gaulle's Free French Forces such as General Henri Giraud or Colonel Passy. Marie-Madeleine Fourcade (1909 - 1989 was during the occupation of France in the Second World War, the leader of the French Resistance network Alliance Georges Loustaunau-Lacau ( 17 April 1894 – 11 February 1955) was a French army officer anti-communist conspirator The Maquis (ma'ki were the predominantly rural guerrilla bands of the French Resistance. Charles André Joseph Marie de Gaulle ( ( 22 November 1890 – 9 November 1970) was a French General and statesman who led the Free French The Free French Forces (Forces Françaises Libres FFL) were French fighters in World War II who decided to continue fighting against Axis forces Henri Honoré Giraud ( 18 January 1879 &ndash 13 March 1949) was a French general who fought in World War I and World Andre Dewavrin ( June 9, 1911 - December 21, 1998) was a French officer who served with Free French Forces intelligence In the latter case, this has led to charges by Henri de Kérillis that de Gaulle himself was a member of La Cagoule and that he would install a fascist governement if the Allies let him become France's chief of state. ^[11] The cagoulards arrested for the 1937 conspiracy were brought to trial only after the liberation of France, in 1948. Year 1948 ( MCMXLVIII) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the 1948 calendar of the Gregorian calendar.

External links

• Bio of Marx Dormoy and details on the Cagoule

References

1. ^ Pierre Péan Le Mystérieux docteur Martin, 1895-1969 Fayard 1993
2. ^ Pierre Péan Vies et Morts de Jean Moulin (Fayard, 1998)
3. ^ Rémi Kauffer La Cagoule tombe le masque Historia, n°108, July 1, 2007
4. ^ Annette Finley-Croswhite and Gayle K. Jean Moulin ( June 20, 1899 – July 8, 1943) was a high-profile member of the French Resistance during World War II BrunelleMurder in the Metro
5. ^ Stanislao G. Pugliese Death in Exile: The Assassination of Carlo Rosselli Journal of Contemporary History, 32 (1997), pp. 305-319
6. ^ M. Agronsky Foreign Affairs 17 391 (1938)
7. ^ TIME Magazine Monstrous Conspiracy Monday December 6, 1937
8. ^ TIME Magazine Terrible Gravity Monday, Nov. 29, 1937
9. ^ TIME Magazine Death by bomb Aug. 4, 1941
10. ^ John L. Spivak Secret Armies, the new tactics of nazi warfare Chapter III, France's Secret Fascist Army p. 31 (Modern Age books, NY, 1939)
11. ^ Henri de Kérillis, I accuse De Gaulle Harcourt, Brace & co. (1946)