| LP album | |
 |
|
A typical LP, showing its center label
|
|
| Media type | Audio playback |
|---|---|
| Encoding | Analog grooves |
| Capacity | Typical 22-26 minutes per side; 2 sides |
| Read mechanism | Stylus |
| Dimensions | 12 in (30 cm); 10 in (25 cm) |
| Weight | 90-200 grams |
| Usage | Audio storage |
| Extended from | 1948 |
Long playing (LP) record albums are either 10 or 12-inch diameter, 33-1/3 rpm vinyl phonograph records. Mifu01jpg|200px|thumb|right|Chinese calligraphy written in a language content format by Song Dynasty (A In mathematics the dimension of a Space is roughly defined as the minimum number of Coordinates needed to specify every point within it Inches redirects here To see the Les Savy Fav album see Inches. A gramophone They were first introduced in 1948 and served as a primary release format for recorded music until the compact disc began to significantly displace them in the late 1980s. Events Aldeburgh Festival is founded by Benjamin Britten, Eric Crozier and Peter Pears. A Compact Disc (also known as a CD) is an Optical disc used to store digital data, originally developed for storing digital audio The 1980s was the decade spanning from January 1 1980 to December 31 1989.
The long-playing record is an analog format. Analog (or analogue) recording (Greek ana is "according to" and logos "relationship" is a technique used to store The digital recording of sound was only made practical by the technical advances in microprocessors and computing which occurred in the 1970s and 1980s. In digital recording, the analog signal of Video or Sound is converted into a stream of Discrete numbers representing the changes in Air A microprocessor incorporates most or all of the functions of a Central processing unit (CPU on a single Integrated Computing is usually defined like the activity of using and developing Computer technology Computer hardware and software. This article is about the Decade 1970-1979 For the Year 1970 see 1970. The 1980s was the decade spanning from January 1 1980 to December 31 1989.
Physical and technical aspects
At first, many LPs were 10in (25cm) in diameter, matching that of 78rpm singles. A gramophone The diameter was eventually increased to 12in (30cm), matching higher-priced classical 78s, and 10in records were relegated to the status of EPs (extended play). An extended play ( EP) is a Vinyl record, CD, or Music download which contains more music than a single, but is too short to qualify When initially introduced, LPs played for a maximum of 45 minutes, divided over two sides. However, in 1952, Columbia Records began to bring out "extended play" LPs that played for as long as 52 minutes, or 26 minutes per side. Events Pierre Schaeffer publishes his A la recherche d'une musique concrète (The Search for a Concrete Music, an explanation of his experimental Columbia Records is an American Record label founded in 1888 Columbia is the oldest surviving Brand name in pre-recorded sound being the first record company These were used mainly for the original cast albums of some Broadway musicals, such as Kiss Me, Kate and My Fair Lady, or in order to fit an entire play, such as the 1950 production of Don Juan in Hell, onto just two LPs. A cast recording is a recording of a musical that is intended to document the songs as they were performed in the show and experienced by the audience Broadway theater, commonly called simply Broadway, refers to theatrical performances presented in one of the 39 large professional theaters with 500 seats or more located Kiss Me Kate is a musical with music and lyrics by Cole Porter. My Fair Lady is a musical based upon George Bernard Shaw 's Pygmalion and with book and lyrics by Alan Jay Lerner Events January 3 - Sam Phillips launches Sun Records at 706 Union Avenue in Memphis Tennessee. Man and Superman by George Bernard Shaw was written in 1903 as a four act drama responding to those who had questioned Shaw as to why he had never written a play The 52+ minute playing time remained rare, however, due to mastering limitations, and most LPs continued to be issued with a 30- to 45-minute playing time throughout the lifetime of their production.
Even so, the 45-minute play time of the LP was a significant improvement over the previous dominant format, the 78 rpm single, which was generally limited to 3- to 5-minutes. At around 15–20 minutes per side, LPs provided a measured time to enjoy a recording before having to flip discs.
Some record turntables, called record changers, could play a "stack" of records piled on a specially-designed spindle and arm arrangement. A record changer or autochanger is a device that plays multiple Gramophone records in sequence without user intervention Because of this, many multiple-record sets were released in what's called "automatic sequence. A record changer or autochanger is a device that plays multiple Gramophone records in sequence without user intervention " A two-record set would have Side 1 and Side 4 on one record, and Side 2 and Side 3 on the other, so that the first two sides could play in a changer without the listener's intervention, and then they could simply flip the stack over. Larger boxed sets used appropriate automatic sequencing (1+8, 2+7, 3+6, 4+5 for example) leading to a sometimes-bewildering search.
In contrast to today's CD players, very few record players (e. g. , laser turntables) could provide a per-track programmable interface, so the record albums play in the same order every time. A laser turntable is a Phonograph that plays Gramophone records using a laser beam as the pickup, rather than a conventional diamond tipped Stylus An album or record album is a collection of related audio or Music tracks distributed to the public As the LP achieved market dominance, musicians and producers began to pay special attention to the flow from song-to-song, to keep a consistent mood or feel, or to provide thematic continuity, as in concept albums. In Popular music, a concept album is an Album which is "unified by a theme which can be instrumental compositional narrative or lyrical"
Records, like CDs, are easy to scratch. With a record, a scratch causes "tick" sound every time the record makes one revolution.
The large surface area of the record, being vinyl and therefore susceptible to becoming statically charged, pulls dust and smoke suspended particles out of the air, also causing crackles, pops and (in worst cases of contamination) distortion during playback. Electric charge is a fundamental conserved property of some Subatomic particles which determines their Electromagnetic interaction. Dust is a general name for minute Solid particles with Diameters less than 500 micrometers. Smoke is the collection of airborne solid and liquid Particulates and Gases ref> ''Smoke Production and Properties'' - SFPE Handbook of Fire Protection Engineering In Chemistry, A suspension is a Heterogenous fluid containing Solid particles that are sufficiently large for Sedimentation. Records may be cleaned before playing, using record cleaner and/or antistatic record cleaning fluid. Vinyl disc records preservation refers to the preventative measures taken to defend against damage and slow degradation and to maintain Fidelity of singles 12" singles [1]
LP discs being delicate, as well as deceptively heavy for their size, people were less inclined to lug the significant weight of a stack of them around, for example, when visiting friends or when traveling, than a similar quantity of music compiled onto 90-minute cassettes compilation-tapes or in comparison with today's digital formats. The Compact Cassette, often referred to as audio cassette, cassette tape, cassette, or simply tape, is a Magnetic tape sound A mixtape or mixed tape is a compilation of Songs recorded in a specific order traditionally onto a Compact audio cassette.
The average LP has about 1,600 feet of groove on each side, or about a third of a mile. The needle travels approximately 1 mph on average. It travels fastest on the outside edge, unlike CDs, which change their speed of rotation to provide constant linear velocity. (Also, CDs play from the inner radius outward, the reverse of phonograph records. )
The RIAA equalization curve (used since 1954) provides a de-emphasis in the bass notes, allowing closer spacing of record grooves and hence more playing time. RIAA equalization is a specification for the correct playback of Gramophone records established by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA Events Frank Sinatra wins the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor in From Here to Eternity, 1953 resuscitating his singing Turntable cartridge preamplifiers reverse the RIAA curve to flatten out the frequencies again.
Disc jockeys (or DJs) still rely heavily on vinyl records, as there is no efficient way to cue tracks from cassette tapes and CDs did not allow creative playback options until quite recently. A disc jockey (also known as DJ or deejay) is a person who selects and plays recorded music for an audience The term "DJ" has come to encompass all kinds of skills in "scratching" (record playback manipulation) and mixing dance music, rapping over the music or even playing musical instruments, but the original definition was simply somebody who played records (LP tracks or 12" singles) in a club, alternating between two turntables. "Scratching" is also a Present participle of " Scratch " and may also refer to a form of street art Scratching This article is about music for dancing in general You may also be looking for Electronic dance music. Rapping (also known as emceeing, MCing, spitting, or just rhyming) is the Rhythmic spoken delivery of Rhymes wordplay and A musical instrument is a device constructed or modified for the purpose of making Music. The skill came in subtly matching beats or instruments from one song-to-the-next, providing a consistent dance floor tempo. DJs also made occasional announcements and chatted with patrons to take requests while songs were actually playing.
Fidelity and formats
The audio quality of LPs increased greatly over time, and a small contingent of analog fans still maintain they are superior to digital media. Early LP recordings were monaural, but stereo LP records became commercially available in 1957. Monaural (often shortened to mono) sound reproduction is single-channel Stereophonic sound, commonly called stereo, is the reproduction of Sound, using two or more independent audio channels through a Symmetrical Events January 5 - Renato Carosone and his band start their American tour in Cuba. In the 1970s, quadraphonic sound (4-channel) records became available. This article is about the Decade 1970-1979 For the Year 1970 see 1970. Quadraphonic (or quadrophonic) sound &ndash the most-widely-used early term for what is now called 4 These did not achieve the popularity of stereo records, partly due to scarcity of consumer playback equipment and partly due to the lack of quality in quad-remix releases. Quad never escaped the reputation of being a "gimmick". In marketing language a gimmick is a unique or quirky special feature that makes something "stand out" from its contemporaries
Besides the standard black vinyl, specialty records were also pressed on different colors of PVC (red, yellow, green, blue, white, clear, pink, multi-color and more) or special "picture discs" with a cardboard picture sandwiched between two clear sides. Records in different novelty shapes were also produced.
Although most LPs played at 33-1/3 rpm, some "super fidelity" discs were designed to play at 45 rpm. There were also, early in the evolution of the LP, some records (primarily spoken word) designed to play at 16-2/3 rpm, though players were rare.
The composition of vinyl used to press records varied considerably over the years. Virgin vinyl is preferred, but during the petrochemical crisis in the late 1970s it became commonplace to use recycled vinyl, melted unsold records with all the impurities. Sound quality suffered, with increased ticks, pops and other surface noises. Other experiments included reducing the thickness of LPs, leading to inherent warpage or increased susceptibility to damage. Using a bead of 130 grams of vinyl had been the standard, but some labels experimented with as little as 90 grams per LP. Today, high fidelity pressings follow the Japanese standard of 160, 180 or 200 grams.
See also
Dapyx Software network: MP3 Explorer | Ebook Manager | Zenithic