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LGBT history refers to the history of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender cultures around the world, dating back to the first recorded instances of same-sex love and sexuality within ancient civilizations. LGBT (also GLBT) is an initialism referring collectively to Lesbian, Gay, bisexual, and Transgender / transsexual " Queer studies " is the study of issues relating to Sexual orientation and Gender identity. A lesbian is a Woman who is romantically or sexually attracted only to other women In the English language, gay is an Adjective that in modern usage refers to Homosexuality. Bisexuality refers to sexual behavior with or attraction to people of both sexes or to a bisexual orientation Transgender (trænzˈdʒɛndɚ from ( Latin) derivatives Homosexuality refers to sexual behavior with or attraction to people of the same sex or to a Homosexual orientation. Timeline of Lesbian, Gay, bisexual and Transgender ( LGBT) history Homosexual rights during the 20th century Gay Liberation is the name used to describe the radical Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender movement of the late 1960s and early to mid 1970s Lesbian Gay Bisexual and Transgender social movements share related goals of social acceptance of Homosexuality, Bisexuality and Transgenderism Lesbian This is a Timeline of AIDS, including some discussion of early AIDS cases (especially those before 1980 Poliamory pride in San Francisco 2004jpg|thumb|Representatives of the Polyamory community at a San Francisco parade Gay community or LGBT community is a term used to describe the Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender subculture LGBT pride or gay pride refers to a world wide movement and philosophy asserting that LGBT ( Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Closeted Coming out (that is " coming out of the closet " describes the voluntary public announcement of one's Sexual orientation and/or Gender identity A gay village (also known as a gay neighborhood or by the slang gayborhood) is an urban geographic location with generally recognized boundaries Queer theory is a field of Gender Studies that emerged in the early 1990s out of the fields of gay and Lesbian studies and feminist studies the relationship between homosexuality and religion can vary greatly across time and place within and between different Religions and Sects and regarding different Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender ( LGBT) communities have adopted certain Symbols and symbolates for Queer has traditionally meant odd or unusual but is now also used to refer to anyone who is not heteronormative. Questioning is a term that can refer to a person who is questioning their Gender, Sexual identity or Sexual orientation. The countries of the world have a wide variety of laws relating to sexual relations between people of the same sex - everything from full legal recognition of Same-sex marriage Same-sex marriage (also referred to as gay marriage) is a term for a legally or Socially recognized Marriage between two people of the same A civil union is a legally recognized union similar to Marriage. LGBT adoption refers to the Adoption of children by Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, or Transgendered people A sodomy law is a Law that defines certain Sexual acts as sex crimes. The militaries of the world have a variety of responses to Gays Lesbians and Bisexuals Most Western military forces have now removed policies excluding sexual Hate crimes (also known as bias motivated crimes) occur when a perpetrator targets a victim because of his or her membership in a certain Social group, usually defined The countries of the world have a wide variety of laws relating to sexual relations between people of the same sex - everything from full legal recognition of Same-sex marriage Heterosexism is a term that applies to attitudes, Bias, and Discrimination in favor of opposite-sex sexuality and relationships BenPhelpsJPG|thumb|right|Westboro Baptist Church picket signs with Ben Phelps grandson of Fred Phelps Lesbophobia (sometimes Lesbiphobia) comprises various forms of negativity toward Lesbian women as individuals as a couple or as a social group Biphobia is a term used to describe the fear of aversion to or discrimination against Bisexuality or LGBT people who are bisexual or perceived to be bisexual A lesbian is a Woman who is romantically or sexually attracted only to other women In the English language, gay is an Adjective that in modern usage refers to Homosexuality. Bisexuality refers to sexual behavior with or attraction to people of both sexes or to a bisexual orientation Transgender (trænzˈdʒɛndɚ from ( Latin) derivatives "Ancient" redirects here For other uses see Ancient_(disambiguation.

Among historical figures, some were recorded as having relations with others of their own sex — exclusively or together with opposite-sex relations — while others were recorded as only having relations with the opposite sex. The Opposite Sex ( 1956) is a musical remake of the 1939 classic comedy The Women. However, the history of the former, marked as it is by persecution and misunderstanding, has often been overlooked or suppressed. The field of LGBT history is thus relatively new.

In recent times, some countries have begun to observe "LGBT History Month" to recognize the contributions and events related to LGBT communities. LGBT History Month occurs during February in the United Kingdom, but during October in the United States.

Contents 1 Ancient history 1.1 Ancient Greece and Rome 1.2 Ancient China and Japan 1.3 South Asia 2 The Middle Ages 3 Pre-Contact North America 4 Modern History 4.1 Northern America 4.1.1 Late 19th Century 4.1.2 1920s 4.1.3 Late 1930s to Early 1960s 4.1.4 1960s and 1970s 4.1.5 1980s 4.2 The emancipation movement in Germany, 1890s-1934 4.3 Holocaust 4.4 Stonewall Riots 4.5 Same-sex marriage 4.6 Student groups 5 See also 6 References 6.1 General 6.2 Notes 7 Further Reading 8 External links

Ancient history

See also: Timeline of LGBT history

Among historical figures, some were recorded as having relations with others of their own sex — exclusively or together with opposite-sex relations — while others were recorded as only having relations with the opposite sex. Timeline of Lesbian, Gay, bisexual and Transgender ( LGBT) history Homosexual rights during the 20th century However, there are instances of same-sex love and sexuality within almost all ancient civilizations. Additionally, Transgender and third sex peoples have been recorded in almost all cultures across human history. The terms third gender and third sex describe individuals who are considered to be neither women nor men as well as the social category present in those societies who recognize

Ancient Greece and Rome

Main articles: Pederasty in Ancient Greece and Homosexuality in Ancient Rome

The earliest documents concerning same-sex pederastic relationships come from Ancient Greece. Greek Pederasty, as idealised by the Greeks from archaic times onward was a relationship and bond between an adolescent boy and an adult man outside Within the spectre of Sexuality in ancient Rome, sources for Ancient Roman homosexual practice and attitudes and acceptance of it are abundantly available Pederasty or paederasty refers to an erotic relationship sexually expressed or not between an adolescent boy and an adult male outside his immediate family The term ancient Greece refers to the period of Greek history lasting from the Greek Dark Ages ca Such relationships did not replace marriage between man and woman, but occurred before and beside it. A mature man would usually not have a mature male mate (exceptions aside, such as Alexander the Great) but he would be the erastes (lover) to a young eromenos (loved one). Alexander the Great ( or, Mégas Aléxandros; July 20 356 BC June 10 or June 11 323 BC also known as Alexander III of Macedon (el Ἀλέξανδρος Γ' In Ancient Greece, the erastes ( "lover" (pl erastae was an adult male involved in a pederastic relationship with an adolescent In the pederastic tradition of Classical Athens, the eromenos ( Greek ἐρώμενος pl The ideal held that both partners would be inspired by love symbolized by Eros, the erastes unselfishly providing education, guidance, and appropriate gifts to his eromenos, who became his devoted pupil and assistant, while the sexuality remained short of penetrative acts. The hoped for result was the mutual improvement of both erastes and eromenos, each doing his best to excel in order to be worthy of the other.

Relationships often fell short of the ideal, as some men merely used the boys sexually and then dumped them when their beauty faded, while others would contract with boys, paying them for their company and sexual services. Such behaviors, however, were regarded as uncultured and brutal. Boys also were often blamed for being cruel to their lovers, or for demanding money.

Kenneth J. Dover, followed by Michel Foucault and Halperin, assumed that it was considered improper for the eromenos to feel desire, as that would not be masculine. Sir Kenneth James Dover, FRSE, FBA (born March 11, 1920) is a distinguished British Michel Foucault ( (15 October 1926 – 25 June 1984 was a French philosopher, Historian, Intellectual, Critic and Sociologist. Halperin is a variation of the Jewish surname Heilprin and may refer to Bertrand Halperin, professor at Harvard University David Halperin However, Dover's claim has been questioned in light of evidence of love poetry which suggests a more emotional connection than earlier researchers liked to acknowledge.

Some research has shown that ancient Greeks believed semen, more specifically sperm, to be the source of knowledge, and that these relationships served to pass wisdom on from the erastes to the eromenos within society. ^[1]

In Ancient Greece and Phrygia, the Goddess Cybele was worshiped by a cult of people who castrated themselves, and thereafter took female dress and referred to themselves as female. The term ancient Greece refers to the period of Greek history lasting from the Greek Dark Ages ca In antiquity Phrygia (Φρυγία was a kingdom in the west central part of Anatolia, in what is now modern-day Turkey. Originally a Hittite and Phrygian Goddess, Cybele (Κυβέλη was a deification of the Earth Mother and was worshipped in ^{[2] [3]} These early transsexual figures have also been referred to as early gay role models by several authors. ^{[4] [5]}

Ancient China and Japan

Homosexuality has been acknowledged in China since ancient times. Scholar Pan Guangdan (潘光旦) came to the conclusion that nearly every emperor in the Han Dynasty had one or more male sex partners. The Han Dynasty ( 206 BC–220 AD followed the Qin Dynasty and preceded the Three Kingdoms in China. A catamite is the younger partner in a pederastic relationship between two males which was a popular arrangement in many areas of the ancient world There are also descriptions of lesbians in some history books. A lesbian is a Woman who is romantically or sexually attracted only to other women It is believed homosexuality was popular in the Song, Ming and Qing dynasties. The Song Dynasty ( Wade-Giles: Sung Ch'ao was a ruling dynasty in China between 960&ndash1279 CE it succeeded the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms The Ming Dynasty ( or Empire of the Great Ming ( was the ruling dynasty of China from 1368 to 1644 following the collapse of the Mongol -led Not to be confused with Qin Dynasty, the first dynasty of Imperial China Chinese homosexuals did not experience high-profile persecution as compared with that which was received by homosexuals in Europe during the Middle Ages.

Same-sex love was celebrated in Chinese art, many examples of which have survived the book burnings of the Cultural Revolution. Chinese art ( Chinese: 中國藝術/中国艺术 has varied throughout its ancient history, divided into periods by the ruling Dynasties of China and changing The Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution in the People’s Republic of China was a struggle for power within the Communist Party of China that manifested into Though no large statues are known to still exist, many hand scrolls and paintings on silk can be found in private collections. Chinese painting is one of the oldest continuous artistic traditions in the world [1]

In Japan, several Heian diaries which contain references to homosexual acts exist as well. The is the last division of classical Japanese history, running from 794 to 1185. Some of these also contain references to emperors involved in homosexual relationships and to "handsome boys retained for sexual purposes" by emperors. In other literary works can be found references to what Leupp has called "problems of gender identity", such as the story of a youth's falling in love with a girl who is actually a cross-dressing male. "Falling in love" is a mainly Western term used to describe the process of moving from a feeling of neutrality towards someone to one of Love. Cross-dressing is the act of wearing clothing commonly associated with another gender within a particular Society.

Japanese shunga are erotic pictures which include same-sex and opposite-sex love. is a Japanese term for Erotic Pictures Most shunga are a type of Ukiyo-e, usually executed in woodblock print format

South Asia

In South Asia the Hijra are a caste of third-gender, or transgender group who live a feminine role. In the culture of the Indian subcontinent, a hijra ( Hindi: हिजड़ा Urdu: حجڑا is usually considered a member of "the Third Hijra may be born male or intersexed, and some may have been born female. Intersexuality is the state of a living thing of a gonochoristic species whose Sex chromosomes, Genitalia, and/or Secondary sex characteristics Such third gender roles have been documented in south Asia since antiquity, and acknowledged in Vedic culture, Hinduism and in royal Islamic courts. The Vedic Period (or Vedic Age) is the period in the History of India during which the Vedas, the oldest sacred texts of Hinduism, were being Hinduism is a religious tradition that originated in the Indian subcontinent. For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation.

The Middle Ages

Same-sex scholarly 'empires of the mind' were common in medieval Arabic and Hebrew cultures, as seen in their poetry on same-sex love.

According to John Boswell, author of Christianity, Social Tolerance and Homosexuality (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1980), there were same-sex Christian monastic communities and other religious orders in which homosexuality thrived. John Eastburn Boswell ( March 20, 1947 – December 24, 1994) was a prominent historian and a professor at Yale University. Yale University Press is a book Publisher founded in 1908. It became an official department of Yale University in 1961, but remained A religious order is a lineage of communities and organizations of people who live in some way set apart from society in accordance with their specific religious devotion usually According to Chauncey et al (1989), the book "offered a revolutionary interpretation of the Western tradition, arguing that the Roman Catholic Church had not condemned gay people throughout its history, but rather, at least until the twelfth century, had alternately envinced no special concern about homosexuality or actually celebrated love between men. Western culture (sometimes equated with Western Civilization) are terms which are used to refer to Cultures of European origin Homosexuality refers to sexual behavior with or attraction to people of the same sex or to a Homosexual orientation. "

Boswell was also the author of Same-Sex Unions in Pre-Modern Europe (New York: Villard, 1994) in which he argues that the adelphopoiia liturgy was evidence that attitude of the Christian church towards homosexuality has changed over time, and that early Christians did on occasion accept same-sex relationships. Christianity ( Greek Χριστιανισμός from the word Xριστός ( Christ)is a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings Early Christianity is commonly defined as the Christianity of the three centuries between the Crucifixion of Jesus ( c [2] Unnamed critics dispute Boswell's findings and scholarly rigor.

Bennett and Froide, in "Singlewomen in the European Past", note: "Other singlewomen found emotional comfort and sexual pleasure with women. The history of same-sex relations between women in medieval and early modern Europe is exceedingly difficult to study, but there can be no doubt of its existence. Church leaders worried about lesbian sex; women expressed, practiced, and were sometimes imprisoned or even executed for same-sex love; and some women cross-dressed in order to live with other women as married couples. " They go on to note that even the seemingly modern word "lesbian" has been traced back as far as 1732, and discuss lesbian subcultures, but add, "Nevertheless, we certainly should not equate the single state with lesbian practices. " While same-sex relationships among men were highly documented and condemned, "Moral theologans did not pay much attention to the question of what we would today call lesbian sex, perhaps because anything that did not involve a phallus did not fall within the bounds of their understanding of the sexual . . . Some legislation against lesbian relations can be adduced for the period . . . mainly involving the use of "instruments," in other words, dildoes. A dildo is a Sex toy, often explicitly Phallic in appearance intended for bodily penetration during self-administered Masturbation "^[6]

Pre-Contact North America

Prior to western contact, many American Native tribes had third-gender roles. Native Americans in the United States are the indigenous peoples from the regions of North America now encompassed by the continental United States The terms third gender and third sex describe individuals who are considered to be neither women nor men as well as the social category present in those societies who recognize ^[2] These include "Berdaches" (a derogatory term for Genetic males who assumed a feminine role) and "Passing women" (genetic females who took on a masculine role). Two-Spirit (also two spirit or twospirit) people are Native Americans who fulfill one of many mixed Gender roles found traditionally among many The term Berdache is not a Native American word; rather it was a European definition covering a range of third-gender people in different tribes. Not all Native American tribes had Transgender people. ^{[7] [8]}

One female-born Mohave berdache (known as a hwame) is known to have been murdered. Mohave and Mojave are both tribally accepted and interchangeably used phonetic spellings for a Native American people known among themselves as the Sahaykwisa told other Mohaves that he had been turned into a man by white man's magic, and took several female lovers. Sahaykwisa was raped, and later murdered by a group of men. ^{[2] [8]}

Katz^[7] puts forth that there is documentation of "intimate relationships between two males, often of a lifelong character", and "homosexual relations between adults and youths" (Pederasty)

Modern History

Northern America

Late 19th Century

We'wha was a relatively modern Ihamana (Berdache) of the Native American Zuni tribe. Pederasty or paederasty refers to an erotic relationship sexually expressed or not between an adolescent boy and an adult male outside his immediate family The Zuni (also spelled Zuñi by the Spanish and in early 20th Century ethnological texts or Ashiwi (as the Zuni refer to themselves in their own She made a trip to Washington in 1886, and later shook President Roosevelt's Hand. Theodore Roosevelt (ˈroʊzəvɛlt October 27 1858 January 6 1919 also known as T She was revered by her tribe for her skill at weaving and pottery, as well as taking part in community ceremonies and rituals. ^[2] Her life was originally documented by anthropologist Matilda Coxe Stevenson in the late 19th century. Matilda Coxe Stevenson ( née Evans (1855-1915 was an American ethnologist, born at San Augustine Tex ^[9]

1920s

The 1920s ushered in a new era of social acceptance of minorities and homosexuals, at least in heavily urbanized areas. This was reflected in many of the films (see Pre-Code) of the decade that openly made references to homosexuality. Pre-Code films were created before the Motion Picture Production Code or Hays Code - censorship guidelines - took effect on 1 July 1934 in the United Even popular songs poked fun at the new social acceptance of homosexuality. One of these songs had the title "Masculine Women, Feminine Men. "^[10] It was released in 1926 and recorded by numerous artists of the day and included the following lyrics:^[11]

Masculine women, Feminine men

Which is the rooster, which is the hen?

It's hard to tell 'em apart today! And, say!

Sister is busy learning to shave,

Brother just loves his permanent wave,

It's hard to tell 'em apart today! Hey, hey!

Girls were girls and boys were boys when I was a tot,

Now we don't know who is who, or even what's what!

Knickers and trousers, baggy and wide,

Nobody knows who's walking inside,

Those masculine women and feminine men! ^[12]

Homosexuals received a level of acceptance that was not seen again until the 1960s. A permanent wave, commonly called a perm, is the chemical and/or thermal treatment of Hair to produce waves or curls Until the early 1930s, gay clubs were openly operated, commonly known as "pansy clubs". gay bar (also known as a boy bar if the clientele is predominantly male or conversely a girl bar) is a drinking establishment that caters exclusively The relative liberalism of the decade is demonstrated by the fact that the actor William Haines, regularly named in newspapers and magazines as the number-one male box-office draw, openly lived in a gay relationship with his lover, Jimmy Shields. Liberalism is a broad array of related ideas and theories of Government that consider individual Liberty to be the most important political goal Charles William Haines ( January 2, 1900 &ndash December 26, 1973) was an American film actor who was one of the most notable film stars A box office is a place where tickets are sold to the public for Admission to a venue Charles William Haines ( January 2, 1900 &ndash December 26, 1973) was an American film actor who was one of the most notable film stars ^[13] Other popular gay actors/actresses of the decade included Alla Nazimova and Ramon Novarro. Alla Nazimova (Алла Назимова born Mariam Edez Adelaida Leventon (Мириам Эдес Аделаида Левентон May 22, 1879 Ramón Novarro ( February 2, 1899 - October 30, 1968) was a Mexican Actor who achieved fame as a " Latin lover ^[14] In 1927, Mae West wrote a play about homosexuality called The Drag, and alluded to the work of Karl Heinrich Ulrichs. Mae West (August 17 1893 &ndash November 22 1980 was an American actress, Playwright, Screenwriter, and Sex symbol. The Drag is the name for a portion of Guadalupe Street that runs along the western edge of the University of Texas campus in Austin Texas. for the (unrelated periodical directory see Ulrich's Periodicals Directory Karl-Heinrich Ulrichs weiner ( Aurich, 28 August It was a box-office success. West regarded talking about sex as a basic human rights issue, and was also an early advocate of gay rights. Human rights refers to the "basic Rights and freedoms to which all humans are entitled Lesbian Gay Bisexual and Transgender social movements share related goals of social acceptance of Homosexuality, Bisexuality and Transgenderism Lesbian With the return of conservatism in the 1930s, the public grew intolerant of homosexuality, and gay actors were forced to choose between retiring or agreeing to hide their sexuality. Conservatism is a term used to describe political philosophies that favour Tradition, where tradition refers to various religious cultural or nationally defined

Late 1930s to Early 1960s

By 1935, the United States had become conservative once again. Victorian values and mores, which had been widely ridiculed during the 1920s became fashionable once again. Victorian morality is a distillation of the moral views of people living at the time of Queen Victoria (reigned 1837 - 1901 in particular and to the moral climate During this period life was harsh for homosexuals as they were forced to hide their behavior and identity is order to escape ridicule and even imprisonment. Many laws were passed against homosexuals during this period and it was declared to be a mental illness. Mental disorder or mental illness is a psychological or behavioral pattern that occurs in an individual and is thought to cause distress or disability that is not expected as Many police forces conducted operations to arrest homosexuals by using young undercover cops to get them to make propositions to them. Police are agents or agencies usually of the executive, empowered to enforce the law and to effect public and social order through the legitimatized use of force Undercover Cops is a Beat'em up Arcade game by Irem. Players control "city sweepers" who fight Crime by beating up thugs

1960s and 1970s

A new period of liberalism in the late 1960s began a new era of more social acceptance for homosexuality which lasted until the late 1970s. In the 1970s, the popularity of disco music and its culture in many ways made society more accepting of homosexuality. Disco is a Genre of dance-oriented music whose origins are hard to define Late in 1979, a new religious revival ushered in the conservatism that would reign in the United States during the 1980s and made life hard once again for homosexuals. Revival in a Christian context generally refers to a specific period of spiritual renewal in the life of the Church

1980s

The 1980s were a dismal period for homosexuals as a new intolerance (and even hatred) against them was manifested by society as they became more conservative. This hatred resulted in many blaming gays for AIDS, which surfaced in the early 1980s. Many conservatives called it a "punishment from God" and blamed homosexuals for their "loose morals. "

The emancipation movement in Germany, 1890s-1934

Prior to the Third Reich, Berlin was considered a liberal city, with many gay bars, nightclubs and cabarets. Nazi Germany and the Third Reich are the common English names for Germany under the regime of Adolf Hitler and the National Socialist German Workers Berlin is the capital city and one of sixteen states of Germany. gay bar (also known as a boy bar if the clientele is predominantly male or conversely a girl bar) is a drinking establishment that caters exclusively There were even many drag bars where tourists straight and gay would enjoy female impersonation acts. Drag in its broadest sense means any clothing one wears however the traditional use of the term is for any Costume or outfit that carries symbolic significance Heterosexuality refers to sexual behavior with or attraction to people of the opposite sex or to a heterosexual orientation A drag queen is a person usually a man who dresses (or "drags" in female clothes and make-up for special occasions and usually because they are performing and entertaining Hitler decried cultural degeneration, prostitution and syphilis in his book Mein Kampf, blaming at least some of the phenomena on Jews. Hi and welcome to Wikipedia! Please understand that this article is frequently vandalized and vandalism is reverted immediately Prostitution is the act of performing Sexual activity in exchange for Money. Syphilis is a Sexually transmitted disease caused by the spirochetal Bacterium Treponema pallidum pallidum. Mein Kampf ( English: My Struggle/My Battle) is a book by Adolf Hitler.

Berlin also had the most active LGBT rights movements in the world at the time. Lesbian Gay Bisexual and Transgender social movements share related goals of social acceptance of Homosexuality, Bisexuality and Transgenderism Lesbian Jewish doctor Magnus Hirschfeld had co-founded the Scientific-Humanitarian Committee (Wissenschaftlich-humanitäres Komitee, WhK) in Berlin in 1897 to campaign against the notorious "Paragraph 175" law that made sex between men illegal. Magnus Hirschfeld ( May 14, 1868 - May 14, 1935) was a German- Jewish physician sex researcher, and early Gay rights The Scientific-Humanitarian Committee (, WhK was founded in Berlin on the 14th or 15th of May 1897 to campaign for social recognition of homosexual and transgender Year 1897 ( MDCCCXCVII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common Paragraph 175 (known formally as §175 StGB; also known as Section 175 in English) was a provision Men who have sex with men or males who have sex with males ( MSM) refers to men who engage in sexual activity with other men whether It also sought social recognition of homosexual and transgender men and women. Transgender (trænzˈdʒɛndɚ from ( Latin) derivatives It was the first public gay rights organization.

In 1919, Hirschfeld had also co-founded the Institut für Sexualwissenschaft (Institute for Sex Research), a private sexology research institute. Year 1919 ( MCMXIX) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common The Institut für Sexualwissenschaft was an early private Sexology research institute in Germany from 1919 to 1933 Sexology is the study of sexual interests behavior and function A research institute is an establishment endowed for doing Research. It had a research library and a large archive, and included a marriage and sex counseling office. A research library is a Library which contains an in-depth collection of material on one or several subjects In addition, the institute was a pioneer worldwide in the call for civil rights and social acceptance for homosexual and transgender people. Transgender (trænzˈdʒɛndɚ from ( Latin) derivatives

See also : Magnus Hirschfeld, Gustav Wyneken, Adolf Brand, Madchen in Uniform, Institut für Sexualwissenschaft

Holocaust

Main article: History of gays during the Holocaust

Homosexuality records as to the specific reasons for internment are non-existent in many areas making it hard to put an exact number on just how many gay men perished in death camps (see History of Gays during the Holocaust for more information). Magnus Hirschfeld ( May 14, 1868 - May 14, 1935) was a German- Jewish physician sex researcher, and early Gay rights Gustav Wyneken ( March 19, 1875 &ndash December 8, 1964) German Educational reformer free thinker and charismatic Adolf Brand (1874-1945 was a German Writer, anarchist and pioneering Campaigner for the acceptance of male Homosexuality. Mädchen in Uniform ( 1931, 89 minutes 16 mm) is a German feature-length film based on a Novel by Christa Winsloe The Institut für Sexualwissenschaft was an early private Sexology research institute in Germany from 1919 to 1933 After World War I, in the period known as the Weimar Republic, gay men in Germany, especially in Berlin, enjoyed more freedom and acceptance After World War I, in the period known as the Weimar Republic, gay men in Germany, especially in Berlin, enjoyed more freedom and acceptance Conditions for gay men in the camps was especially rough; they faced not only persecution from German soldiers, but also other prisoners, and many gay men were reported to die of beatings. German soldiers were also known to use the pink triangles that the men were forced to wear for target practice with their weapons. Target practice refers to any exercise in which Projectiles are fired at a specified target usually to improve the aim of the person or persons firing the Weapon.

Female homosexuality was not, technically, a crime and thus gay women were generally not treated as hardly as gay men. Although their are some scattered reports that gay women were sometimes imprisoned for their sexuality, most would have been imprisoned for other reasons, i. e. "anti-social".

Stonewall Riots

Main article: Stonewall riots

In the autumn of 1959, the police force of New York City's Wagner administration began closing down the city's gay bars, which had numbered almost two dozen in Manhattan at the beginning of the year. The Stonewall riots were a series of spontaneous violent demonstrations against a police raid that took place in the early morning hours of June 28 1969 at the Stonewall Inn This crackdown was largely the result of a sustained campaign by the right-wing, ardently homophobic, NY Mirror newspaper columnist Lee Mortimer. In Politics, right-wing, the political right, and the Right are positions that uphold traditional values and/or authorities Existing gay bars were quickly closed and new ones lasted only a short time.

The election of John Lindsay in 1965 signaled a major shift in city politics, and a new attitude toward sexual mores began changing the social atmosphere of New York. John Vliet Lindsay ( November 24, 1921 – December 19, 2000) was an American Politician who served as a member of the

On April 21, 1966, Dick Leitsch, president of the New York Mattachine Society and two other members staged the Sip-in at Julius bar on West 10th Street in Greenwich Village. Events 753 BC - Romulus and Remus found Rome ( traditional date) Year 1966 ( MCMLXVI) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the 1966 Gregorian calendar. The Mattachine Society was the earliest lasting Homophile organization in the United States. This resulted in the anti-gay accommodation rules of the NY State Liquor Authority being overturned in subsequent court actions. These SLA provisions declared that it was illegal for homosexuals to congregate and be served alcoholic drinks in bars. An example of when these laws had been upheld is in 1940 when Gloria's, a bar that had been closed for such violations, fought the case in court and lost. Prior to this change in the law, the business of running a gay bar had to involve paying bribes to the police and Mafia. As soon as the law was altered, the SLA ceased closing legally licensed gay bars and such bars could no longer be prosecuted for serving homosexuals.

Mattachine pressed this advantage very quickly and Mayor Lindsay was confronted with the issue of police entrapment in gay bars, resulting in this practice being stopped. On the heels of this victory, the mayor cooperated in getting questions about homosexuality removed from NYC hiring practices. The police and fire departments resisted the new policy, however, and refused to cooperate.

The result of these changes in the law, combined with the open social- and sexual-attitudes of the late Sixties, led to the increased visibility of gay life in New York. Several licensed gay bars were in operation in Greenwich Village and the Upper West Side, as well as illegal, unlicensed places serving alcohol, such as the Stonewall Inn and the Snakepit, both in Greenwich Village. Greenwich Village (ˌgrɛnɪtʃ ˈvɪlɪdʒ often simply called the Village, is a largely residential area on the west side of downtown (southern Manhattan The Upper West Side is a neighborhood of the borough of Manhattan in New York City that lies between Central Park and the Hudson River The Stonewall Inn, and its surrounding area also known as Stonewall, was the site of the famous Stonewall riots of 1969, which have come to symbolize the

The Stonewall riots were a series of violent conflicts between homosexuals and police officers in New York City. The Stonewall riots were a series of spontaneous violent demonstrations against a police raid that took place in the early morning hours of June 28 1969 at the Stonewall Inn The City of New York The first night of rioting began on Friday, June 27, 1969 at about 1:20 a. Riots are a form of Civil disorders characterized by disorganized groups lashing out in a sudden and intense rash of Violence, Vandalism or other Events 1358 - Republic of Dubrovnik is founded 1709 - Peter the Great defeats Charles XII of Sweden Year 1969 ( MCMLXIX) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. m. , when police raided the Stonewall Inn, a gay bar operating without a state license in Greenwich Village. Stonewall is considered a turning point for the modern gay rights movement worldwide. Lesbian Gay Bisexual and Transgender social movements share related goals of social acceptance of Homosexuality, Bisexuality and Transgenderism Lesbian Newspaper coverage of the events was minor in the city, since, in the Sixties, huge marches and mass rioting had become commonplace and the Stonewall disturbances were relatively small. It was the commemorative march one year later, organized by the impetus of Craig Rodwell, owner of the Oscar Wilde Book Shop, which drew 5,000 marchers up New York City's Sixth Avenue, that drew nationwide publicity and put the Stonewall events on the historical map.

Same-sex marriage

Main article: Same-sex marriage

In the late 20th and early 21st centuries, there has been a growing movement in a number of countries to regard marriage as a right which should be extended to same-sex couples. Same-sex marriage (also referred to as gay marriage) is a term for a legally or Socially recognized Marriage between two people of the same The twentieth century of the Common Era began on The 21st century is the current century of the Christian Era or Common Era in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. Same-sex marriage (also referred to as gay marriage) is a term for a legally or Socially recognized Marriage between two people of the same Legal recognition of a marital union opens up a wide range of entitlements, including social security, taxation, inheritance and other benefits unavailable to couples unmarried in the eyes of the law. Social security primarily refers to a Social insurance program providing social protection or protection against socially recognized conditions including poverty old Restricting legal recognition to opposite-sex couples excludes same-sex couples from gaining legal access to these benefits, and while opposite-sex unmarried couples without other legal impediments have the option of marrying in law and so gaining access to these rights, that option is unavailable to same-sex couples. Similarly, though certain rights extending from marriage can be replicated by legal means (for example, by drawing-up contracts), many cannot; thus, despite the presence of legal contracts, same-sex couples may still face insecurity in areas such as inheritance, hospital visitation and immigration. Lack of legal recognition also makes it more difficult for same-sex couples to adopt children. Adoption is the act of legally placing a child with a Parent or parents other than those to whom they were born

The first country to legalize same-sex marriages was the Netherlands (2001), while the first marriages were performed in the Amsterdam city hall on the 1st April, 2001. The Netherlands has allowed Same-sex marriage since 1 April 2001, the first nation in the world to do so At present, same-sex marriages are legal nationally in several countries (see map on the left): the Netherlands, Belgium, Canada, Spain, and South Africa. The Netherlands has allowed Same-sex marriage since 1 April 2001, the first nation in the world to do so On January 30, 2003, Belgium became the second country in the world to legally recognise Same-sex marriage, with some restrictions On July 20, 2005, Canada became the fourth country in the world to legalize same-sex marriage nationwide with the approval of the Civil Marriage Act. Same-sex marriage in Spain was legalized in 2005 In 2004 the nation's newly elected Socialist government led by President José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero Same-sex marriage became legal in South Africa on 30 November 2006 when the Civil Unions Bill was enacted after having been passed

In the United States as of March 2007, only the state of Massachusetts recognizes same-sex marriages, while the states of Vermont, New Jersey, and California offer same-sex partners benefits similar to those of legally married couples. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the March 2007 is the third month of the year It began on a Thursday, and ended 31 days later on a Saturday. The Commonwealth of Massachusetts ( is a state located in the New England region of the northeastern United States. Vermont ( is a state in the New England region of the northeastern United States of America. New Jersey ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States. California ( is a US state on the West Coast of the United States, along the Pacific Ocean. NOTICE TO WOULD-BE ROMEOS ************** Seventeen other States have constitutional provisions that limit marriages to one man and one woman, while 25 states have statutes containing similar definitions. In the United States, the debate over whether or not to make same-sex marriages legally binding remains one of the most polarizing and divisive political debates of the early 21st century and it is discussed with great passion all over the world. During 2004, 13 US states amended their constitutions to define marriage as being only between one man and one woman. A US state is any one of the fifty subnational entities of the United States of America that share Sovereignty with the federal government Some people, including many gay rights advocates and some heterosexual same-sex marriage advocates, view restrictions such as these as being an example of the tyranny of the majority in action. Lesbian Gay Bisexual and Transgender social movements share related goals of social acceptance of Homosexuality, Bisexuality and Transgenderism Lesbian Heterosexuality refers to sexual behavior with or attraction to people of the opposite sex or to a heterosexual orientation The phrase tyranny of the majority, used in discussing systems of Democracy and Majority rule, is a criticism of the Scenario in which decisions made ^[15][16]

Student groups

Main article: Gay-straight alliance

Since the mid-1980s students at high schools and universities have organized LGBT groups, often called Gay-Straight Alliances (GSAs) at their respective schools. Gay–straight alliances are student organizations found primarily in North American High schools and universities, that are intended to provide a safe and High school is the name used in some parts of the world (in particular Scotland, North America and Australia) to describe an institution The groups form to provide support for LGBT students and to promote awareness of LGBT issues in the local community. In 1990, a student group named The Other Ten Percentile (Hebrew: העשירון האחר) was founded by a group of teachers and students in the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, becoming the first LGBT organization in Jerusalem. The Hebrew University of Jerusalem (האוניברסיטה העברית בירושלים الجامعة العبرية في القدس abbreviated HUJI) is LGBT (also GLBT) is an initialism referring collectively to Lesbian, Gay, bisexual, and Transgender / transsexual Jerusalem (יְרוּשָׁלַיִם, he-Latn Yerushaláyim; Arabic: ar القُدس, ar-Latn al-Quds) is the Frequently, such groups have been banned or prohibited from meeting or receiving the same recogniztion as other student groups. For example, in September 2006, Touro University of California briefly attempted to ban the school's GSA, the Touro University Gay-Straight Alliance. Touro University Gay-Straight Alliance ( TUGSA) is a group of LGTB & Allied medical students staff and faculty at Touro University, a Jewish-sponsored university After student demonstrations and an outcry of support from the American Medical Student Association, the Gay and Lesbian Medical Association and the Vallejo City Council, Touro University retracted its revocation of the school's GSA. The American Medical Student Association (AMSA founded in 1950 and based in Washington D The Gay and Lesbian Medical Association (GLMA is an International organization of approximately 1000 (as of Aug 2008 lesbian gay bisexual and transgendered A city council is a form of Local government, usually covering a City or other Urban area, such as a Town. The university went on to reaffirm its commitment to non-discrimination based on sexual orientation.

See also

• Lesbian American history

References

General

• Denina, Chris. Lesbian American history addresses the history of women who are attracted to other women in the United States. "Gay Club Loses Touro OK. " Vallejo Times-Herald 9 Sept. 2006: A1 [3]
• American Medical Student Association. 13 Sept 2006: "Nation's Medical Students Applaud California Osteopathic Medical School's Affirmation of Gay-Straight Alliance. Gay–straight alliances are student organizations found primarily in North American High schools and universities, that are intended to provide a safe and " [4]

Notes

Further Reading

• Bullough, Vern L. Lesbian Gay Bisexual and Transgender social movements share related goals of social acceptance of Homosexuality, Bisexuality and Transgenderism Lesbian The countries of the world have a wide variety of laws relating to sexual relations between people of the same sex - everything from full legal recognition of Same-sex marriage A list of LGBT rights activists who have worked to advance gay rights by political change legal action or publication The Declaration of Montreal on Lesbian Gay Bisexual and Transgender Human Rights is a document adopted in Montreal, Quebec, Canada, on July 29 Same-sex marriage (also referred to as gay marriage) is a term for a legally or Socially recognized Marriage between two people of the same LGBT adoption refers to the Adoption of children by Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, or Transgendered people LGBT rights opposition refers to various movements or attitudes which oppose the extension of certain rights to Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Heterosexism is a term that applies to attitudes, Bias, and Discrimination in favor of opposite-sex sexuality and relationships Violence against LGBT people queer identifying and the same-sex attracted are actions which may occur either at the hands of , et al. , (ed. ) Before Stonewall: Activists for Gay and Lesbian Rights in Historical Context. New York, London, Oxford: Harrington Park Press, 2002. ISBN 978-1560231929
• Cante, Richard C. (March 2008). Gay Men and the Forms of Contemporary US Culture. London: Ashgate Publishing. ISBN 0 7546 7230 1.  
• Chauncey, George. Gay New York: Gender, Culture, and the Making of the Gay Male World, 1890–1940. New York: BasicBooks, 1994.
• Dynes, Wayne R. (ed. ) Encyclopedia of Homosexuality. New York and London, Garland Publishing, 1990. ISBN 978-0824065447
• Johansson, Warren and Percy, William A. Outing: Shattering the Conspiracy of Silence. New York and London: Haworth Press, 1994. ISBN 978-1560244196
• Meeker, Martin. Contacts Desired: Gay and Lesbian Communications and Community, 1940s-1970s. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2006. The University of Chicago Press is the largest University press in the United States
• Percy, William A. Pederasty and Pedagogy in Archaic Greece, Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1996. The University of Illinois Press ( UIP) is a major American University press and part of the University of Illinois. ISBN 978-0252067402
• Stein, Marc, ed. Encyclopedia of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgendered History in America. 3 vols. New York: Charles Scribners' Sons, 2003.

External links

• A left-wing analysis of the history of LGBT politics and the state of the movement from International Socialism journal
• The Politics of Homosexuality resources
• "Out Of The Past" PBS Documentary On Gay American History
• BBC - United Kingdom Celebrates Gay History Month
• GLBT Historical Society
• Gay, Lesbian and Bisexual history links at the Open Directory Project

The Open Directory Project ( ODP) also known as dmoz (from directory

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