Léon Gambetta
45th Prime Minister of France
In office November 14, 1881 – January 30, 1882
Preceded by	Jules Ferry
Succeeded by	Charles de Freycinet
Born	April 2, 1838
Died	December 31, 1882
Political party	None

Léon Gambetta (April 2, 1838, Cahors, Lot - December 31, 1882, Paris) was a French statesman prominent after the Franco-Prussian War. Events 68 - Galba, Governor of Hispania, names himself legatus senatus populique Romani, breaking the line of Year 1838 ( MDCCCXXXVIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common Cahors (kaɔʁ Occitan: Caors pronounced kaˈurs ˈkɔws ˈkɔw is the principal town and commune in south west France capital of the Lot ( Occitan: Òlt) is a department in the southwest of France named after the Lot River. Events 406 – Vandals, Alans and Suebians cross the Rhine, beginning an invasion of Gallia. Year 1882 ( MDCCCLXXXII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. The Franco-Prussian War or Franco-German War, often referred to in France as the 1870 War ( 19 July, 1870 — 10 May, 1871

Youth and education

He is said to have inherited his vigour and eloquence from his father, a Genoese grocer who had married a Frenchwoman named Massabie. At the age of fifteen, Gambetta lost the sight of his left eye in an accident, and it eventually had to be removed. Despite this handicap, he distinguished himself at school in Cahors, and in 1857 went to Paris to study law. Cahors (kaɔʁ Occitan: Caors pronounced kaˈurs ˈkɔws ˈkɔw is the principal town and commune in south west France capital of the Click here for Indian Rebellion of 1857 Year 1857 ( MDCCCLVII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city Law is a system of rules enforced through a set of Institutions used as an instrument to underpin civil obedience politics economics and society His southern temperament gave him great influence among the students of the Quartier Latin, and he was soon known as an inveterate enemy of the imperial government.

Career

He was called to the bar in 1859, but, although contributing to a Liberal review, edited by Challemel-Lacour, did not make much of an impression until, on November 17, 1868, he was selected to defend the journalist Delescluze, prosecuted for having promoted a monument to the representative Baudin, who was killed while resisting the coup d'état of 1851. Paul-Armand Challemel-Lacour ( May 19, 1827 - October 26, 1896) was a French statesman Events 284 - Diocletian is proclaimed emperor by his soldiers Year 1868 ( MDCCCLXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap Louis Charles Delescluze ( October 2, 1809 – May 25, 1871) was a French Journalist. The French Coup d'état of December 2nd 1851 staged by Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte (at the time President of the Second French Republic) ended in the successful dissolution Gambetta seized his opportunity and attacked both the coup d'état and the government with a vigour which made him immediately famous.

In May 1869, he was elected to the Assembly, both by a district in Paris and another in Marseille, defeating Hippolyte Carnot for the former constituency and Adolphe Thiers and Ferdinand de Lesseps for the latter. Year 1869 ( MDCCCLXIX) is a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Marseille, ( English alt Marseilles mɑrˈseɪ — French: maʁsɛj locally — Provençal Occitan: Marselha maʀˈsijɔ Lazare Hippolyte Carnot ( October 6, 1801 – March 16, 1888) was a French statesman Louis-Adolphe fr Thiers ( Marseille, 16 April 1797&ndash3 September 1877 was a French politician and Historian. Ferdinand Marie Vicomte de Lesseps, GCSI ( November 19[[ 805]]&ndash December 7[[ 894]] was the French developer of the Suez Canal, He chose to sit for Marseille, and lost no opportunity of attacking the Empire in the Assembly. At first opposed to the war with Germany, he did not, like some of his colleagues, refuse to vote for funds for the army, but took a patriotic line and accepted that the war had been forced on France. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. When the news of the disaster at Sedan reached Paris, Gambetta called for strong measures. The Battle of Sedan was fought during the Franco-Prussian War on 1 September 1870 He proclaimed the deposition of the emperor at the corps législatif, and the establishment of a republic at the Hôtel de Ville. He was one of the first members of the new Government of National Defense, becoming Minister of the Interior. Le Gouvernement de la Défense Nationale, or The Government of National Defence, was the first Government of the Third Republic of France from September The Minister of the Interior (full title Ministre de l’Intérieur et de l’Aménagement du Territoire) in France is one of the most important governmental He advised his colleagues to leave Paris and run the government from some provincial city.

Gambetta proclaiming the Republic of France, from the painting by Howard Pyle. Howard Pyle ( March 5, 1853 – November 9, 1911) was an American Illustrator and writer primarily of books for young audiences

This advice was rejected because of fear of another revolution in Paris, and a delegation to organize resistance in the provinces was despatched to Tours, but when this was seen to be ineffective, Gambetta himself (October 7) left Paris in a balloon - the "Armand-Barbès" - and upon arriving at Tours took control as minister of the interior and of war. Tours is a city in France the Préfecture (capital city of the Indre-et-Loire département, on the lower reaches of the river Events 3761 BC - The epoch (origin of the modern Hebrew calendar ( Proleptic Julian calendar) Aided by Freycinet, a young officer of engineers, as his assistant secretary of war, he displayed prodigious energy and intelligence. Charles Louis de Saulces de Freycinet (14 November 1828 - 14 May 1923 was a French statesman and President of the Council during the Third Republic, part He quickly organized an army, which might have relieved Paris if Metz had held out, but Bazaine's surrender brought the army of the crown prince into the field, and success was impossible. Metz (mɛs in French) is a city in the northeast of France, capital of the Lorraine région and Préfecture François Achille Bazaine ( 13 February, 1811 - 23 September, 1888) was a French General and from 1864 a Marshal of France, "who After the French defeat near Orléans early in December the seat of government was transferred to Bordeaux. This article is about the French city of Orléans for other meanings see Orleans (disambiguation. ( Gascon: Bordèu) is a port city in southwest France, with one million inhabitants in its metropolitan area at a 2008 estimate

Early in his political career, Gambetta was influenced by Le Programme de Belleville, the seventeen statutes that defined the radical program in French politics throughout the Third Republic. This made him the leading defender of the lower classes in the Corps Législatif. The Corps législatif was a part of the French legislature during the French Revolution and beyond On (January 17) (1870), he spoke out against naming a new Imperial Lord Privy Seal, putting him into direct conflict with the regime's de facto prime minster, Emile Ollivier. Events 38 BC - Octavian marries Livia Drusilla. 1287 - King Alfonso III of Aragon invades Minorca Year 1870 ( MDCCCLXX) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Olivier Émile Ollivier (2 July 1825 20 August 1913 was a French Statesman. (see Reinach, J. , Discours et Playdories de Léon Gambetta, I. 102 - 113) His powerful oratory caused a complete breakdown of order in the Corps. The Monarchist Right continually tried to interrupt his speech, only to have Gambetta's supporters on the Left attack them. The disagreement reached a high point when M. le Président Schneider asked him to bring his supporters back into order. Gambetta responded, thundering "l'indignation exclut le calme!"(Reinach, Discours et Playdories, I. 112)

Exile to San Sebastián

Gambetta had hoped for a republican majority in the general elections on February 8, 1871. Events 421 - Constantius III becomes co- Emperor of the Western Roman Empire. Year 1871 ( MDCCCLXXI) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common These hopes vanished when the conservatives and Monarchists won nearly 2/3 of the six hundred Assembly seats. He had won elections in eight different départements, but the ultimate victor was the Orléanist Adolphe Thiers, winner of twenty-three elections. Louis-Adolphe fr Thiers ( Marseille, 16 April 1797&ndash3 September 1877 was a French politician and Historian. Thiers's conservative and bourgeois intentions clashed with the growing expectations of political power by the lower classes. Hoping to continue his policy of "guerre à outrance" against the Prussian invaders, he tried in vain to rally the Assembly to the war cause. However, Thiers' peace treaty on March 1, 1871 ended the conflict. Events 86 BC - Lucius Cornelius Sulla, at the head of a Roman Republic army enters in Athens, removing the Tyrant Year 1871 ( MDCCCLXXI) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Gambetta, disgusted with the Assembly's unwillingness to fight - neither for nation nor honor - resigned and quit France for San Sebastián in Spain. Donostia-San Sebastián ( Basque: Donostia, IPA; Spanish: San Sebastián, known officially as Donostia-San Sebastián Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula.

While in San Sebastián, Gambetta walked the beaches daily, the warm sea winds of early spring doing little to refresh his mind. Donostia-San Sebastián ( Basque: Donostia, IPA; Spanish: San Sebastián, known officially as Donostia-San Sebastián The Paris Commune had taken control of the city. The Paris Commune (La Commune de Paris was a Government that briefly ruled Paris from 18 March (more formally from 26 March) to 28 May Although often cited as another iteration of 'urban revolt' in Paris, especially by Roger V. Gould (see Gould R. , Insurgent Identities), the Commune was supported almost entirely by the working class and the "petit bourgeoisie", as seen in "arrondissement" election charts. (Tombs, R. , The Paris Commune, 1871, p. 110) Judging by his early career, one would expect Gambetta to have been a supporter of the Commune. However, in a letter from Gambetta to Antonin Proust, his former secretary while Minister of the Interior, he referred to the Commune as "les horribles aventures dans lesquelles s’engage ce qui reste de cette malheureuse France". Antonin Proust ( 15 March 1832 - 20 March 1905) was a French Journalist and Politician. (Gambetta, L. , Lettres de Gambetta, no. 118 (a Antonin Proust, 24 Mars 1871)

The reason for his change of heart still eludes us. However, a combination of conflicts may be ultimately responsible. As a lawyer, Gambetta was a part of the new republican tradition of the Paris bar, which had its foundation in the naming of Jules Favre to the governing Council of the Paris Bar. Jules Claude Gabriel Favre ( March 21, 1809 – January 20, 1880) was a French statesman As a republican lawyer, Gambetta had fought oppression and authoritarianism with rhetoric rather than rifles, from the bar instead of the barricade. This meant that Gambetta could neither philosophically comprehend nor actively participate in the bloody street fights that, coming from the "sans-culottes", created the lower class revolutionary identity (see Joly, M. , "Le Barreau de Paris"; Debré, J. -L. , Les Républiques des Avocats).

It is also arguable that Gambetta's ideas were shaped by his father being a grocer in Marseille. Marseille, ( English alt Marseilles mɑrˈseɪ — French: maʁsɛj locally — Provençal Occitan: Marselha maʀˈsijɔ As a small-scale producer during the decades of the Second Industrial Revolution in France, Joseph Gambetta had chain groceries taking business away from his establishment. The Second Industrial Revolution, typically dated between 1870 and 1914 was a second phase of the Industrial Revolution, involving several developments within the chemical This added a measure of resentment to the "petit bourgeois" identity. This resentment was not only directed at bourgeois industrial capitalism, but also at the worker, who was now proclaimed as the backbone of the French economy, stripping the title from the small, independent shopkeeper (see Nord, P. , Paris Shopkeepers and the Politics of Resentment). This resentment may have been passed down from father to son, and manifested itself in an unwillingness to support the lower-class Communards usurpation of what rightfully belonged to the "petit bourgeoisie".

Return

On June 24 1871, a letter was sent by Gambetta to his Parisian confidant, Dr. Events 972 - Battle of Cedynia, the first documented victory of Polish forces takes place Édouard Fieuzal:

Je veux déjouer l’intrigue de parti de ceux qui vont répéntant que je refuse toute candidature à Paris. Non. J’accepte au contraire avec fierté et reconnaissance les suffrages de la démocratie Parisienne si elle veut m’honorer de son choix. Je suis prêt.

I want to deter the intrigues of the party of those spreading the rumor that I am refusing all candidacy in Paris. No. I accept, to the contrary, with pride and recognition the sufferings of Parisian democracy, so that it honors me to be its choice. I am prepared. (Lettres de Gambetta, no. 122)

With that, the beachwalker abandoned his exile and returned to the political stage. He wasted no time, winning on three separate ballots. On November 5 1871 he established a journal, La Republique française, which soon became the most influential in France. Events 1499 - Publication of the Catholicon in Treguier ( Brittany) His orations at public meetings were more effective than those delivered in the Assembly, especially the one at Bordeaux. ( Gascon: Bordèu) is a port city in southwest France, with one million inhabitants in its metropolitan area at a 2008 estimate His turn towards moderate republicanism first became apparent in Firminy, a small coal-mining town along the Loire River. Firminy (Firminiaco "place of Firmin" is a town of central France in the département of Loire, on the Ondaine River 8 Loire ( Arpitan: Lêre, Occitan: Léger) is an administrative department in the east-central part of France occupying the There, he boldly proclaimed the radical republic he once supported to be "avoided as a plague" (se tenir éloignés comme de la peste) (Discours, III. 5). From there, he went to Grenoble. Grenoble is a city and commune in south-east France situated at the foot of the Alps where the Drac joins the Isère River. On 26 September 1872, he proclaimed the future of the Republic to be in the hands of "a new social level" (une couche sociale nouvelle) (Discours, III. Events 46 BC - Julius Caesar dedicates a Year 1872 ( MDCCCLXXII) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap year 101), ostensibly the petite bourgeoisie to whom his father belonged. When Adolphe Thiers fell in May 1873, and a Royalist, Marshal MacMahon, was placed at the head of the government, Gambetta urged his friends to a moderate course. Louis-Adolphe fr Thiers ( Marseille, 16 April 1797&ndash3 September 1877 was a French politician and Historian. Marie Edme Patrice Maurice de Mac-Mahon, 1st Duc de Magenta, Marshal of France (13 June 1808 - 17 October 1893 was a French By his tact, parliamentary dexterity and eloquence, he was instrumental in voting in the French Constitutional Laws of 1875 in February 1875. The Constitutional Laws of 1875 are the laws passed in France by the National Assembly between February and July 1875 which established the Third French He gave this policy the appropriate name of "opportunism," and became one of the leader of the "Opportunist Republicans. The Opportunist Republicans (Républicains opportunistes was a term given to a fraction of the French Republicans who considered after the proclamation of the Third "

Leon Gambetta, by Alphonse Legros

It was not until May 4, 1877, when the danger of reactionary intrigues was strong and the clerical party had begun a campaign for the restoration of the temporal power of the pope, that he delivered his famous speech denouncing "clericalism" as the enemy. Alphonse Legros ( 8 May 1837 - 8 December 1911) painter and Etcher, was born in Dijon. Events 1256 - The Augustinian monastic order is constituted at the Lecceto Monastery when Pope Alexander IV Year 1877 ( MDCCCLXXVII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common On May 16, Marshal MacMahon, in support of the clerical reactionaries, perpetrated his parliamentary coup d'état, and on August 15 Gambetta, in a speech at Lille, gave him the alternatives, se soumettre ou se démettre. Events 1204 - Baldwin IX Count of Flanders is crowned as the first Emperor of the Latin Empire. Events 778 - The Battle of Roncevaux Pass, at which Roland is killed Lille (lil Rijsel is a city in northern France. It is the principal city of the Lille Métropole, the fourth-largest Metropolitan area in the country He then undertook a campaign to rouse the republican party throughout France, which culminated in a speech at Romans (September 18, 1878) formulating its programme. Events 96 - Nerva is proclaimed Roman Emperor after Domitian is assassinated Year 1878 ( MDCCCLXXVIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common MacMahon, unwilling to resign or to provoke civil war, had no choice but to dismiss his advisers and form a moderate republican ministry under the premiership of Dufaure. Jules Armand Stanislas Dufaure (4 December 1798 28 June 1881 was a French Statesman.

When the downfall of the Dufaure cabinet brought about MacMahon's resignation, Gambetta declined to become a candidate for the presidency, but supported Jules Grévy; nor did he attempt to form a ministry, but accepted the office of president of the chamber of deputies in January 1879. François Paul Jules Grévy (15 August 1807 - 9 September 1891 was a President of the French Third Republic and one of the leaders of the Opportunist Republicans This position did not prevent his occasionally descending from the presidential chair to make speeches, one of which, advocating an amnesty to the communards^[1], was especially memorable. Although he directed the policy of the various ministries from behind the scenes, he evidently thought that the time was not ripe for asserting openly his direction of the policy of the Republic, and seemed inclined to observe a neutral attitude as far as possible. However, events hurried him on, and early in 1881 he headed off a movement for restoring scrutin de liste, or the system by which deputies are returned by the entire department which they represent, so that each elector votes for several representatives at once, in place of scrutin d'arrondissement, the system of small constituencies, giving one member to each district and one vote to each elector. Year 1881 ( MDCCCLXXXI) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common A bill to re-establish scrutin de liste was passed by the Assembly on May 19, 1881, but rejected by the Senate on June 19th. Events 1535 - French explorer Jacques Cartier sets sail on his second voyage to North America with three ships 110 men and Events 1179 - The Norwegian Battle of Kalvskinnet outside Nidaros.

This personal rebuff could not alter the fact that his name was on the lips of voters at the election. His supporters won a large majority, and Jules Ferry's cabinet quickly resigned. Jules François Camille Ferry (5 April 1832 17 March 1893 was a French statesman and ardent imperialist Early life Born in Saint-Dié, Gambetta was unwillingly asked by Grévy on November 24, 1881 to form a ministry, known as Le Grand Ministère. Events 380 - Theodosius I makes his adventus, or formal Year 1881 ( MDCCCLXXXI) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Many suspected him of desiring a dictatorship; unjust attacks were directed against him from all sides, and his cabinet fell on January 26, 1882, after only sixty-six days. Events 1340 - King Edward III of England is declared King of France. Year 1882 ( MDCCCLXXXII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Had he remained in office, he would have cultivated the British alliance and cooperated with Britain in Egypt; and when the succeeding Freycinet government shrank from that enterprise only to see it undertaken with signal success by Britain alone, Gambetta's foresight was quickly justified. Charles Louis de Saulces de Freycinet (14 November 1828 - 14 May 1923 was a French statesman and President of the Council during the Third Republic, part

On December 31, 1882, at his house in Ville d'Avray, near Sèvres, he was killed by an accidental discharge from a revolver. Events 406 – Vandals, Alans and Suebians cross the Rhine, beginning an invasion of Gallia. Year 1882 ( MDCCCLXXXII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Sèvres is a commune in the southwestern suburbs of Paris, France. Five artists, Jules Bastien-Lepage, a realist painter, Antoni Proust, defensor of the vanguard who Gambetta had named Minister of Beaux-Arts, Léon Bonnat, an academic painter, Alexandre Falguière, who did his mortuary mask, and his personal photographer Étienne Carjat all sat at his death-bed, making five widely different representations of him which were each published by the press the following day ^[2]. Jules Bastien-Lepage ( November 1, 1848 - December 10, 1884) French painter, was born in the village of Damvillers Léon Joseph Florentin Bonnat ( 20 June 1833 &ndash September 8, 1922) was a French painter. Jean Alexandre Joseph Falguière (also given as Jean-Joseph-Alexandre Falguière, or in short Alexandre Falguière) ( September 7, 1831, His public funeral on January 6, 1883 evoked one of the most overwhelming displays of national sentiment ever witnessed. Events 1066 - Harold Godwinson is crowned King of England. 1205 - Philip of Swabia becomes King Year 1883 ( MDCCCLXXXIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common

Gambetta rendered France three inestimable services: by preserving her self-respect through the gallantry of the resistance he organized during the German War, by his tact in persuading extreme partisans to accept a moderate Republic, and by his energy in overcoming the usurpation attempted by the advisers of Marshal MacMahon. The Franco-Prussian War or Franco-German War, often referred to in France as the 1870 War ( 19 July, 1870 — 10 May, 1871 His death at forty-four cut short a career which had given promise of still greater things, for he had real statesmanship in his conceptions of the future of his country, and he had an eloquence which would have been potent in the education of his supporters.

Personal life

The romance of his life was his connection with Léonie Leon, the full details of which were not known to the public till her death in 1906. Year 1906 ( MCMVI) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting She was the daughter of a French artillery officer. Gambetta fell in love with her in 1871. She became his mistress, and the liaison lasted until he died. Gambetta constantly urged her to marry him during this period, but she always refused, fearing to compromise his career; she remained, however, his confidante and intimate adviser in all his political plans. It seems she had just consented to become his wife, and the date of the marriage had been fixed, when the accident which caused his death occurred in her presence. Contradictory accounts of this fatal episode exist, but it was certainly accidental, and not suicide. Her influence on Gambetta was absorbing, both as lover and as politician, and the correspondence which has been published shows how much he depended upon her.

However, some of her later recollections are untrustworthy. For example, she claimed that an actual interview took place in 1878 between Gambetta and Bismarck. That Gambetta after 1875 felt strongly that the relations between France and Germany might he improved, and that he made it his object, by travelling incognito, to become better acquainted with Germany and the adjoining states, may be accepted, but M. Laur appears to have exaggerated the extent to which any actual negotiations took place. On the other hand, the increased knowledge of Gambetta's attitude towards European politics which later information has supplied confirms the view that in him France lost prematurely a master mind, whom she could ill spare. In April 1905 a monument by Dalou to his memory at Bordeaux was unveiled by President Loubet. Aimé-Jules Dalou ( 31 December 1838 - 15 April 1902) was a French sculptor. Émile François Loubet (31 December 1838 - 20 December 1929 was a French Politician and the 7th President of France.

Gambetta's Ministry, 14 November 1881 - 26 January 1882

Painting of Léon Gambetta by Léon Bonnat. Events 1533 - Conquistadors from Spain under the leadership of Francisco Pizarro arrive in Cajamarca, Inca Year 1881 ( MDCCCLXXXI) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Events 1340 - King Edward III of England is declared King of France. Year 1882 ( MDCCCLXXXII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Léon Joseph Florentin Bonnat ( 20 June 1833 &ndash September 8, 1922) was a French painter.

• Léon Gambetta - President of the Council and Minister of Foreign Affairs
• Jean-Baptiste Campenon - Minister of War
• René Waldeck-Rousseau - Minister of the Interior
• François Allain-Targé - Minister of Finance
• Jules Cazot - Minister of Justice
• Maurice Rouvier - Minister of the Colonies and of Commerce
• Auguste Gougeard - Minister of Marine
• Paul Bert - Minister of Public Instruction and Worship
• Antonin Proust - Minister of the Arts
• Paul Devès - Minister of Agriculture
• David Raynal - Minister of Public Works
• Adolphe Cochery - Minister of Posts and Telegraphs

References

This article incorporates text from the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition, a publication now in the public domain. The Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition (1910–1911 is a 29-volume reference work that marked the beginning of the Encyclopædia Britannica The public domain is a range of abstract materials &ndash commonly referred to as Intellectual property &ndash which are not owned or controlled by anyone The 1911 Britannica gives the following references:

• By Gambetta
  • Discours et plaidoyers politiques, published by J Reinach in 11 vols. (Paris, 1881-1886)
  • Dépêches, circulaires, décrets… in 2 vols. (Paris, 1886-1891)
• Biographies:
  • Joseph Reinach, Léon Gambetta (1884), Gambetta orateur (1884) and Le Ministère Gambetta, histoire et doctrine (1884)
  • Neucastel, Gambetta, sa vie, et ses idées politiques (1885)
  • J Hanlon, Gambetta (London, 1881)
  • Dr Laborde, Léon Gambetta biographie psychologique (1898)
  • PB Gheusi, Gambetta, Life and Letters (Eng. Joseph Reinach ( 30 September 1856 &ndash 18 April 1921) was a French Author and Politician. trans. by VM Montagu, 1910)
• Other:
  • G Hanotaux, Histoire de la France contemporaine (1903)
  • F Laur Le Creur de Gambetta (1907, Eng. Albert Auguste Gabriel Hanotaux, known as Gabriel Hanotaux, ( November 19, 1853 &ndash April 11, 1944) was a French trans. , 1908) contains the correspondence with Léonie Leon
  • F Laur: articles on "Gambetta and Bismarck" in The Times of August 17 and 19, 1907, with the correspondence arising from them.
  • Cartoons