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Kwantung Army

Kwantung HQ in Hsinking, Manchukuo
Active April 1906- August 1945
Country Empire of Japan
Branch Imperial Japanese Army
Type Infantry
Role Army group
Garrison/HQ Hsinking, Manchukuo
Nickname Toku (徳兵団 Special?)
Engagements
*Second Sino-Japanese War
**Huanggutun Incident
**invasion of Manchuria
**Pacification of Manchukuo
**Operation Nekka
**Operation Chahar
*Soviet-Japanese Border Wars
**Battle of Lake Khasan
**Battle of Khalkhin Gol
*World War II
*Operation August Storm

The Kwantung Army (関東軍 Kantōgun?), also known as the Guandong Army simplified Chinese: 关东军; traditional Chinese: 關東軍; pinyin: Guāndōngjūn; Wade-Giles: Kwan-tung chün; Korean: 관동군), was an army group of the Imperial Japanese Army in the early twentieth century. The Empire of Japan ( {{unicode|Kyūjitai}}: ja 大日本帝國 Shinjitai: ja 大日本帝国 pronounced Dai Nippon Teikoku The Imperial Japanese Army ( IJA) ( Kyūjitai: 大日本帝國陸軍 Shinjitai: ja 大日本帝国陸軍 Romaji: Dai-Nippon Teikoku The Infantry is the oldest and most numerous of the Combat Arms in the Armed forces, and consists An army group is a Military organization consisting of several field armies, which is self-sufficient for indefinite periods Changchun ( is the capital and largest city of Jilin province, located in the northeast of the People's Republic of China, in the centre of the Manchukuo (ja [[wikt満州国 満州国]] Manshūkoku lit "State of Manchuria " was a Puppet state in Manchuria and eastern The Second Sino-Japanese War ( July 7, 1937 to September 9, 1945) was a major war fought between the Republic of China and the Huanggutun Incident ( Chinese: 皇姑屯事件 Japanese:) was an assassination plotted by Japanese Kantogun that targeted Fengtian warlord The invasion of Manchuria by the Kwantung Army of the Empire of Japan, beginning on September 19, 1931, immediately followed The Pacification of Manchukuo, was a campaign to pacify the resistance to the newly established Puppet state of Manchukuo between the Anti-Japanese The Defense of the Great Wall ( (January 1 1933 &ndash May 31 1933 was a campaign between the armies of Republic of China and Empire of Japan, which Operation Chahar, known by the Japanese as チャハル作戦 Operation Quhar and by the Chinese as the 长城抗战 (Battle of the Great Wall this campaign occurred in August 1937 The Battle of Lake Khasan ( July 29, 1938 &ndash August 11, 1938) and also known as the Changkufeng Incident (Chinese & Japanese The Battle of Khalkhyn Gol (бои на реке Халхин-Гол Халхын голын байлдаан Japanese ノモンハン事件 Nomonhan jiken --i World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including Pinyin, more formally Hanyu pinyin, is the most common Standard Mandarin Romanization system in use Wade-Giles (ˌweɪdˈʤaɪlz) sometimes abbreviated Wade, is a Romanization system (phonetic notation and Transcription) for the Mandarin This article is mainly about the spoken Korean language See Hangul for details on the native Korean writing system An army group is a Military organization consisting of several field armies, which is self-sufficient for indefinite periods The Imperial Japanese Army ( IJA) ( Kyūjitai: 大日本帝國陸軍 Shinjitai: ja 大日本帝国陸軍 Romaji: Dai-Nippon Teikoku It became the largest and most prestigious command in the IJA. Many of its personnel, such as Chief of Staff Hideki Tojo, were promoted to high positions in both the military and civil government in the Empire of Japan and it was largely responsible for the creation of the Japanese-dominated Empire of Manchukuo. The chief of staff is the chief aide to the Commander of larger military Formations and Units It is sometimes the case that the chief of staff is more directly The Empire of Japan ( {{unicode|Kyūjitai}}: ja 大日本帝國 Shinjitai: ja 大日本帝国 pronounced Dai Nippon Teikoku Manchukuo (ja [[wikt満州国 満州国]] Manshūkoku lit "State of Manchuria " was a Puppet state in Manchuria and eastern

Contents

History

Beginnings

Kwantung Army on maneuvers
Kwantung Army on maneuvers

Following the Russo-Japanese War, Japan obtained the Kwantung Leased Territory and the areas adjacent to the South Manchurian Railway. The Russo-Japanese War (日露戦争 Romaji: Nichi-Ro Sensō Русско-японская война Russko-Yaponskaya Voyna;, 10 February 1904 – 5 September The Kwantung Leased Territory ( Chinese: 關東州 关东州 Guāndōngzhōu Japanese: 関東州 Kantōshū was a territory in the southern part of the Liaodong The was a company founded in the Empire of Japan in 1906 after the Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905 and operated within China in the Japanese-controlled South Manchuria The Kwantung Garrison was established in 1906 to defend this territory, and originally was composed of an infantry division and a heavy siege artillery battalion, supplemented with six independent garrison battalions as railway guards deployed along the South Manchurian Railway Zone, giving a total troop strength of 10,000 men. A division is a large Military unit or formation usually consisting of around ten to thirty thousand soldiers Artillery (from French artillerie) is a military Combat Arm which employs any apparātus machine A battalion is a Military unit of around 500-1500 men usually consisting of between two and seven companies and typically commanded by a Lieutenant Colonel Garrison (various spellings (from the French garnison, itself from the verb garnir, "to equip" is the collective term for a body of Troops The, or SMR Zone was the area of Japanese Extraterritorial rights in Northeast China, in connection with the operation of the South Manchurian Railway. It was headquartered in Ryojun. Lüshun city or Lüshunkou or (literally Lüshun Port ( formerly known as both Port Arthur and Ryojun, is a town located at the extreme southern After a reorganization in 1919, the Kwantung Garrison was renamed the Kwantung Army.

In the highly politicized Imperial Japanese Army of the 1920s and 1930s, the Kwangtung Army was a stronghold of the radical Kodoha, and many of its senior leaders overty advocated political change in Japan through the violent overthrow of the civilian government to bring about a Showa Restoration, with a reoganization of society and the economy along totaliarian state socialist lines. The was a Political faction in the Imperial Japanese Army, active in the 1920s and 1930s largely supported by junior officers aiming to establish a military government and The Shōwa Restoration (昭和維新 shōwaishin) was promoted by Japanese author Kita Ikki, with the goal of restoring power to the newly enthroned Totalitarianism (or totalitarian rule) is a concept used to describe Political systems where a State regulates nearly every aspect of public and private Japanese Militarism-Socialism, sometimes also referred to as "Japanese right socialism", "Shōwa Nationalism" or Japanese fascism, refers to a They also advocated a more aggressive, expansionistic foreign policy with regards to the Asian mainland. Members, or former members, of the Kwantung Army were active in numerous coup d'etat attempts against the civilian government, cumulating with the February 26 Incident of 1936. The, or "2-2-6 incident", was an attempted Coup d'état in Japan, on 26 – 29 February 1936, launched by the radical [1]

Independent actions

Although the Kwangtung Army was nominally subordinate to the Imperial General Headquarters and the senior staff at the Army General Staff, its leadership demonstrated significant capability of autonomous action. The as part of the Supreme War Council was established in 1893 to coordinate efforts between the Imperial Japanese Army and Imperial Japanese Navy during wartime also called the Army General Staff was one of the four principal agencies charged with overseeing the Imperial Japanese Army. Conspirators within the junior officer corp of the Kwantung Army plotted and executed the the assassination of Manchurian warlord Zhang Zuolin in the Huanggutun Incident of 1928. The term junior officer is sometimes used to make clear that an officer in a Military or Paramilitary unit is not in overall command AssassiNation is the sixth album by Krisiun, released in 2006 on Century Media. A warlord is a person with power who has military control over a subnational area due to Armed forces loyal to the warlord and not to a central authority Zhāng Zuòlín ( Traditional Chinese: 張作霖 Simplified Chinese: 张作霖, Pinyin: Zhāng Zuòlín Wade-Giles: Chang Tso-lin Huanggutun Incident ( Chinese: 皇姑屯事件 Japanese:) was an assassination plotted by Japanese Kantogun that targeted Fengtian warlord Afterwards, the Kwantung Army leadership engineered the Mukden Incident and the subsequent invasion of Manchuria in 1931 in a massive scale act of gekokujo insubordination against the express orders of the political and military leadership based in Tokyo. On September 18, 1931, near Mukden (now Shenyang) in southern Manchuria, a section of railroad owned by Japan 's South Manchuria The invasion of Manchuria by the Kwantung Army of the Empire of Japan, beginning on September 19, 1931, immediately followed 　is a Japanese term variously translated as the lower rules the higher or the low overcomes the high.

Presented with the fait accompli, Imperial General Headquarters had little choice but to follow up on the actions of the Kwantung Army with reinforcements in the subsequent Pacification of Manchukuo. The Pacification of Manchukuo, was a campaign to pacify the resistance to the newly established Puppet state of Manchukuo between the Anti-Japanese The success of the campaign meant that the insubordination of the Kwantung Army was rewarded rather than punished.

With the foundation of Manchukuo in 1932, Kwantung Army played an controlling role in the political administration of the new state as well as in its defense. Manchukuo (ja [[wikt満州国 満州国]] Manshūkoku lit "State of Manchuria " was a Puppet state in Manchuria and eastern The commander in chief of the Kwantung Army simulateously held the post of Japanese ambassidor to Manchukuo. A commander-in-chief is the Commander of a nation's Military forces or significant element of those forces With the Kwantung Army administering all aspects of the politics and economic development of the new state, this made the Kwantung Army commander equivalent to a resident general, with the authority to approve or countermand any command from the nominal emperor of Manchukuo, Puyi. Resident Commissioner is the title of several quite different types of Commissioner in overseas possession or protectorate of the British Crown or of the U Puyi ( ( February 7, 1906 &ndash October 17, 1967) of the Manchu Aisin-Gioro ruling family was the last Emperor [2]

The Kwantung Army was heavily augmented over the next few years up to a strength of 700,000 men by 1941 and its headquarters was transferred to the new Manchukuo capital of Hsinking. Changchun ( is the capital and largest city of Jilin province, located in the northeast of the People's Republic of China, in the centre of the The Kwantung Army also oversaw the creation, training and equipping of an auxiliary force, the Manchukuo Imperial Army. The Manchukuo Imperial Army was the armed force of the Japanese dominated Puppet state of Manchukuo. During this time, Prince Tsuneyoshi Takeda worked as liaison officer between the Imperial house and the Kwantung Army. The, were branches of the Japanese Imperial Family created from branches of the Fushimi-no-miya house also known as, (April 29 1901 – January 7 1989 was the 124th Emperor of Japan according to the traditional order reigning from December 25 1926 until his death [3]

Second World War

After the campaign to secure Manchukuo, the Kwangtung Army continued to fight in numerous border skirmishes with China as part of its efforts to create a Japanese-dominated buffer zone in northern China. China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National Northern China or North China ( literally "China's north" is a Geographical region of China. The Kwantung Army also fought in the opening phase of the Second Sino-Japanese War in Operation Nekka, and various actions in Inner Mongolia to extend Japanese domination over portions of northern China and Inner Mongolia. The Second Sino-Japanese War ( July 7, 1937 to September 9, 1945) was a major war fought between the Republic of China and the The Defense of the Great Wall ( (January 1 1933 &ndash May 31 1933 was a campaign between the armies of Republic of China and Empire of Japan, which Inner Mongolia ( Mongolian:, Öbür mongɣul; occasionally romanized to Nei Mongol is the Mongol When War broke out in the Marco Polo Bridge Incident in July 1937 its forces participated in Battle of Beiping-Tianjin and Operation Chahar. The Marco Polo Bridge Incident ( 盧溝橋事變; also known as 七七事變 七七盧溝橋事變 or the Lugouqiao Incident) was a Battle between Operation Chahar, known by the Japanese as チャハル作戦 Operation Quhar and by the Chinese as the 长城抗战 (Battle of the Great Wall this campaign occurred in August 1937 Later forces were taken from Kwangtung Army to support the war in China from time to time.

However, the much vaunted reputation of the Kwantung Army was severely challenged in battle against the Soviet Union's Red Army at the Battle of Lake Khasan in 1938 and subsequent Battle of Nomonhan in 1939, during which time it sustained heavy casualties. The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 The Red Army ( Russian: Рабоче-Крестьянская Красная Армия R aboche- K rest'yanskaya K rasnaya A rmiya The Battle of Lake Khasan ( July 29, 1938 &ndash August 11, 1938) and also known as the Changkufeng Incident (Chinese & Japanese The Battle of Khalkhyn Gol (бои на реке Халхин-Гол Халхын голын байлдаан Japanese ノモンハン事件 Nomonhan jiken --i After the Nomonhan incident, the Kwantung Army was purged of its more insubordinate elements, as well as proponents of the Hokushin-ron doctrine who urged that Japan concentrate its expansionist efforts on Siberia rather southward towards China and Southeast Asia. Siberia (Сиби́рь Sibir) is the name given to the vast region constituting almost all of Northern Asia and for the most part currently serving 　[4]

Although a source of constant unrest during the 1930s, the Kwantung Army remained remarkably obedient during the 1940s. As combat spread south into central China and southern China in the Second Sino-Japanese War, and with the outbreak of the Pacific War, Manchukuo was largely a backwater to the conflict. South Central China ( Chinese: 中南 Pinyin: Zhōngnán) is a region of China defined by governmental bureaus that includes the provinces Alternative meaning In Geology, North China (continent and South China (continent were two ancient landmasses that correspond to modern northern The Second Sino-Japanese War ( July 7, 1937 to September 9, 1945) was a major war fought between the Republic of China and the The Pacific War was the part of World War II —and preceding conflicts—that took place in the Pacific Ocean, its islands and in East Asia, between

However, as the war situation began to deteriorate for the Imperial Japanese Army on all fronts, the huge, well-trained and well-equipped Kwangtung Army could no longer be held in strategic reserve. For the military term see Military reserve A strategic reserve is a term used to describe a reserve of a commodity or items held back from normal use by governments Many of its front line units were systematically stripped of their best units and equipment, which were sent south against the forces of the United States in the Pacific Islands or the Philippines. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The Philippines ( Filipino: Pilipinas, officially known as the Republic of the Philippines (fil ''Republika ng Pilipinas'' RP Other units were sent south into China for Operation Ichi-Go. Operation Ichi-Go was a campaign of a series of major battles between the Imperial Japanese Army forces and the National Revolutionary Army of the Republic of

At the time of Operation August Storm, when the Soviet Red Army invaded Manchukuo in August 1945, the Kwantung Army's strength was still at around 600,000 men, with one armored division, 25 infantry divisions, six independent brigades, and up to 25 security battalions. A division is a large Military unit or formation usually consisting of around ten to thirty thousand soldiers However, the men remaining were largely semi-trained conscripts or raw recruits, equipped primarily as a counterinsurgency and border security force and unable to withstand the massive Soviet armored and mechanized infantry invasion. See also Insurgency In the context of an occupation or a Civil war, counter-insurgency (abbreviated COIN is a military term for the combat Mechanized infantry (or "mech infantry" are Infantry equipped with Armored personnel carriers (APCs or Infantry fighting vehicles (IFVs

Surrender of the Kwantung Army

The final commander in chief of the Kwantung Army, General Otozo Yamada, ordered a surrender on August 16, 1945, one day after Emperor Hirohito announced the defeat of the Japanese empire in a radio announcement. was a General in the Imperial Japanese Army during World War II. Events 1384 - The Hongwu Emperor of Ming China, Emperor Dong hears a case of a couple who tore paper money bills while fighting Year 1945 ( MCMXLV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar The surrender of Japan in August 1945 brought World War II to a close Some Japanese divisions refused to surrender, and combat continued for the next few days. Marshal Hata received "Ultimatum to surrender" from Russian General Georgii Shelakhov[5][6] in Harbin on August 18, 1945. Field Marshal, was a field marshal in the Imperial Japanese Army during World War II. ( Russian Kharbin) is a Sub-provincial city and the Capital of the Heilongjiang Province in Northeast China. [7] He was one of the senior generals who agreed with the decision to surrender, and on August 19th, 1945, Hata had talks with Marshal Aleksandr Vasilevsky[8], but asked that he be stripped of his title of Field Marshal in atonement for the Army’s failures in the war. The surrender of Japan in August 1945 brought World War II to a close Aleksandr Mikhaylovich Vasilevsky (Алекса́ндр Миха́йлович Василе́вский &ndash December 5 1977 was a Soviet military commander promoted [9]

The remnants of the Kwantgung Army either lay dead on the battlefield or were on their way to Soviet Prisoner-of-war camps. A prisoner-of-war camp is a site for the containment of enemy combatants captured by the enemy in time of war and is similar to an Internment camp which is used for civilian Over five hundred thousand of Japanese prisoners of war were forced to work as slave labor in Soviet labor camps in Siberia, Russian Far East and Mongolia. By the end of World War II there were from 510000 to 600000 Japanese POWs in the Soviet Union and Mongolia interned to work in Labor As a social-economic system slavery is a legal institution under which a Person (called "a slave" is compelled to work for another A labor camp is a simplified detention facility where inmates are engaged in Penal labor. Siberia (Сиби́рь Sibir) is the name given to the vast region constituting almost all of Northern Asia and for the most part currently serving Russian Far East (Да́льний Восто́к Росси́и ˈdalʲnʲɪj vʌˈstok rʌˈsʲiɪ is a term that refers to the Russian part of the Far East, i Mongolia (mɒŋˈɡoʊliə, literally Mongol country/nation,) is a Landlocked Country in East The survivors were not freed until after the normalization of diplomatic relations between Japan and the Soviet Union in the mid-1950s.

War crimes

After the surrender of Japan, the Soviet Red Army discovered secret installations for experimenting with and producing chemical weapons and biological weapons of mass destruction centered around secret Army Unit 731 and its subsidiaries. Chemical warfare involves using the toxic properties of Chemical substances to kill injure or incapacitate an enemy. Biological warfare (BW — known as a germ warfare, biological weapons and bioweaponry — is the use of any Pathogen ( Bacterium A weapon of mass destruction ( WMD) is a weapon which can kill large numbers of humans and/or cause great damage to man-made structures (e was a covert biological and Chemical warfare research and development unit of the Imperial Japanese Army that undertook lethal human experimentation during [10]. At these locations, the Kwantung Army was also responsible for some of the most infamous Japanese war crimes, including the operation of several human experimentation programs using live Chinese, Korean, Mongolian, American and Russian[11] civilians and POW [12], directed by Shiro Ishii. Japanese war crimes occurred during the period of Japanese imperialism. Human subject research (HSR or human subject use (HSU involves the use of human beings as research subjects was a Microbiologist and the Lieutenant general of Unit 731, a Biological warfare unit of the Imperial Japanese Army during the Second

Trials

Some members of the World War II leadership of the Kwantung Army were sentenced as war criminals by the Khabarovsk War Crime Trials, where other were taken into custody by the United States, and sentenced at the 1948 International Military Tribunal for the Far East in Tokyo. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including War crimes are "violations of the laws or customs of war" including but not limited to "murder the ill-treatment or deportation of civilian residents of an occupied Khabarovsk War Crime Trials were a series of hearings held between December 25 - 31st 1949 in the Russian industrial city of Khabarovsk, (Хабáровск situated Among those sentenced to death were former generals Seishiro Itagaki, Iwane Matsui, Kenji Doihara, Hideki Tojo and Akira Muto. was general in the Imperial Japanese Army in World War II and a War Minister. General was a General of the Japanese Imperial Army and the commander of the expeditionary forces sent to China in World War II. was a general in the Imperial Japanese Army in World War II, and was instrumental in the planning of the Japanese invasion of Manchuria. was a general in the Imperial Japanese Army during World War II.

List of Commanders

Kwantung Army

Commanding officer

Name From To
1 General Ichiro Tachibara 12 April 1919 6 January 1921
2 General Misao Kawai 6 January 1921 10 May 1922
3 General Shinobu Ono 10 May 1922 10 October 1923
4 General Yoshinori Shirakawa 10 October 1923 28 July 1926
5 Field Marshal Baron Nobuyoshi Muto 28 July 1926 26 August 1927
6 General Chotaro Muraoka 26 August 1927 1 July 1929
7 General Eitaro Hata 1 July 1929 31 May 1930
8 General Takashi Hishikari 3 June 1930 1 August 1931
9 General Shigeru Honjo 1 August 1931 8 August 1932
10 Field Marshal Baron Nobuyoshi Muto 8 August 1932 27 July 1933
11 General Takashi Hishikari 29 July 1933 10 December 1934
12 General Jiro Minami 10 December 1934 6 March 1936
13 General Kenkichi Ueda 6 March 1936 7 September 1939
14 General Yoshijiro Umezu 7 September 1939 18 July 1944
14 General Otozo Yamada 18 July 1944 11 August 1945

Chief of Staff

Name From To
1 Major General Matasuke Hamamo 12 April 1919 11 March 1921
2 Major General Kaya Fukuhara 11 March 1921 6 August 1923
3 Major General Kawada Akiji 6 August 1923 2 December 1925
4 Major General Tsune Saito 2 December 1925 10 August 1928
5 Lieutenant General Koji Miyake 10 August 1928 8 August]] 1932
6 General Kuniaki Koiso 8 August 1932 5 March 1934
7 General Juzo Nishio 5 March 1934 23 March 1936
8 General Seishiro Itagaki 23 March 1936 1 March 1937
9 General Hideki Tojo 1 March 1937 30 May 1938
10 Lieutenant General Rensuke Isogai 18 June 1938 7 September 1939
11 Lieutenant General Jo Iimura 7 September 1939 22 October 1940
12 General Heitaro Kimura 22 October 1940 10 April 1941
13 General Teiichi Yoshimoto 10 April 1941 1 August 1942
14 Lieutenant General Yukio Kasahara 1 August 1942 7 April 1945
15 Lieutenant General Hikosaburo Hata 7 April 1945 11 August 1945

Command Structure (1945)

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Harries, Soldiers of the Sun: The Rise and Fall of the Imperial Japanese Army
  2. ^ Young, Japan's Total Empire: Manchuria and the Culture of Wartime Imperialism
  3. ^ Yamamuro, Manchuria Under Japanese Domination
  4. ^ Coox, Nomonhan: Japan Against Russia, 1939
  5. ^ Surrender of the Kwantung Army. The commanding officer ( CO) is the officer in command of a Military unit. Events 467 - Anthemius is elevated to Emperor of the Western Roman Empire. Year 1919 ( MCMXIX) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Events 1066 - Harold Godwinson is crowned King of England. 1205 - Philip of Swabia becomes King Year 1921 ( MCMXXI) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display full 1921 calendar of the Gregorian calendar Events 1066 - Harold Godwinson is crowned King of England. 1205 - Philip of Swabia becomes King Year 1921 ( MCMXXI) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display full 1921 calendar of the Gregorian calendar Events 1291 - Scottish Nobles recognize the authority of Edward I of England. Year 1922 ( MCMXXII) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1291 - Scottish Nobles recognize the authority of Edward I of England. Year 1922 ( MCMXXII) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 680 - Battle of Karbala: Shia Imam Husayn bin Ali, the grandson of the Prophet Muhammad, is decapitated Year 1923 ( MCMXXIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. was a general in the Imperial Japanese Army. Biography Shirakawa was born to a Samurai class family in Iyo Ehime domain in Shikoku Events 680 - Battle of Karbala: Shia Imam Husayn bin Ali, the grandson of the Prophet Muhammad, is decapitated Year 1923 ( MCMXXIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1540 - Thomas Cromwell is executed at the order of Henry VIII of England on charges of Treason. Year 1926 ( MCMXXVI) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. For other meanings see Field Marshal (disambiguation Field marshal is a military officer rank Baron is a specific Title of nobility. The word baron comes from Old French baron, itself from Old High German and Latin (liber Baron was Commander of the Kwangtung Army in 1933 Japanese Ambassador to Manchukuo, and a field marshal in the Imperial Japanese Army Events 1540 - Thomas Cromwell is executed at the order of Henry VIII of England on charges of Treason. Year 1926 ( MCMXXVI) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1071 - Battle of Manzikert: The Seljuk Turks defeat the Byzantine Army at Manzikert. Year 1927 ( MCMXXVII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1071 - Battle of Manzikert: The Seljuk Turks defeat the Byzantine Army at Manzikert. Year 1927 ( MCMXXVII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. "July 1st" redirects here For the Ayumi Hamasaki song see H (song. Year 1929 ( MCMXXIX) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. "July 1st" redirects here For the Ayumi Hamasaki song see H (song. Year 1929 ( MCMXXIX) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1279 BC - Rameses II (The Great (19th dynasty becomes pharaoh of Ancient Egypt. Year 1930 ( MCMXXX) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display 1930 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. was a general in the Imperial Japanese Army. Biography A native of Kagoshima, Hishikari graduated from the 5th class of the Imperial Japanese Army Academy Events 350 - Roman usurper Nepotianus, of the Constantinian dynasty, proclaims himself Roman Emperor, entering Year 1930 ( MCMXXX) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display 1930 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 30 BC - Octavian (later known as Augustus enters Alexandria, Egypt, bringing it under the control of the Roman Year 1931 ( MCMXXXI) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1931 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. General Baron was a general in the Imperial Japanese Army during the early period of the Second Sino-Japanese War. Events 30 BC - Octavian (later known as Augustus enters Alexandria, Egypt, bringing it under the control of the Roman Year 1931 ( MCMXXXI) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1931 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1220 - Sweden is defeated by Estonian tribes in the Battle of Lihula. Year 1932 ( MCMXXXII) was a Leap year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar. For other meanings see Field Marshal (disambiguation Field marshal is a military officer rank Baron is a specific Title of nobility. The word baron comes from Old French baron, itself from Old High German and Latin (liber Baron was Commander of the Kwangtung Army in 1933 Japanese Ambassador to Manchukuo, and a field marshal in the Imperial Japanese Army Events 1220 - Sweden is defeated by Estonian tribes in the Battle of Lihula. Year 1932 ( MCMXXXII) was a Leap year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1214 - Battle of Bouvines: In France, Philip II of France defeats John of England. Year 1933 ( MCMXXXIII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. was a general in the Imperial Japanese Army. Biography A native of Kagoshima, Hishikari graduated from the 5th class of the Imperial Japanese Army Academy Events 1014 - Byzantine-Bulgarian Wars: Battle of Kleidion: Byzantine emperor Basil II inflicts a decisive defeat Year 1933 ( MCMXXXIII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1041 - Empress Zoe of Byzantium elevates her adoptive son to the throne of the Eastern Roman Empire as Michael V Year 1934 ( MCMXXXIV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display full 1934 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. was a general in the Imperial Japanese Army and Governor-General of Korea between 1936 and 1942 Events 1041 - Empress Zoe of Byzantium elevates her adoptive son to the throne of the Eastern Roman Empire as Michael V Year 1934 ( MCMXXXIV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display full 1934 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1079 - Omar Khayyám completes the Iranian calendar. 1454 - Thirteen Years' War: Delegates of Year 1936 ( MCMXXXVI) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. was a general in the Imperial Japanese Army during the Second Sino-Japanese War, most notably during the Soviet-Japanese Border Wars of the late 1930s Events 1079 - Omar Khayyám completes the Iranian calendar. 1454 - Thirteen Years' War: Delegates of Year 1936 ( MCMXXXVI) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1251 BC - A Solar eclipse on this date might mark the birth of legendary Heracles at Thebes Greece. Year 1939 ( MCMXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. ( 4 January 1882 - 8 January 1949) was a general in the Imperial Japanese Army in World War II. Events 1251 BC - A Solar eclipse on this date might mark the birth of legendary Heracles at Thebes Greece. Year 1939 ( MCMXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 390 BC - Roman - Gaulish Wars Battle of the Allia - a Roman army is defeated by raiding Gauls, Year 1944 ( MCMXLIV) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. was a General in the Imperial Japanese Army during World War II. Events 390 BC - Roman - Gaulish Wars Battle of the Allia - a Roman army is defeated by raiding Gauls, Year 1944 ( MCMXLIV) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 2492 BC - Traditional date of the defeat of Bel by Hayk, progenitor and founder of the Armenian nation Year 1945 ( MCMXLV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar The chief of staff is the chief aide to the Commander of larger military Formations and Units It is sometimes the case that the chief of staff is more directly Major General or Major-General is a Military rank used in many countries Events 467 - Anthemius is elevated to Emperor of the Western Roman Empire. Year 1919 ( MCMXIX) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Events 1425 BC - Thutmose III, Pharaoh of Egypt, dies (according to the Low Chronology of the 18th Dynasty Year 1921 ( MCMXXI) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display full 1921 calendar of the Gregorian calendar Major General or Major-General is a Military rank used in many countries Events 1425 BC - Thutmose III, Pharaoh of Egypt, dies (according to the Low Chronology of the 18th Dynasty Year 1921 ( MCMXXI) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display full 1921 calendar of the Gregorian calendar Events 1538 - Bogotá, Colombia, is founded by Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada. Year 1923 ( MCMXXIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Major General or Major-General is a Military rank used in many countries Events 1538 - Bogotá, Colombia, is founded by Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada. Year 1923 ( MCMXXIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1409 - The University of Leipzig opens 1755 - The second Eddystone Lighthouse is destroyed by fire Year 1925 ( MCMXXV) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Major General or Major-General is a Military rank used in many countries Events 1409 - The University of Leipzig opens 1755 - The second Eddystone Lighthouse is destroyed by fire Year 1925 ( MCMXXV) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 612 BC - Killing of Sinsharishkun, King of Assyrian Empire Year 1928 ( MCMXXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Lieutenant General is a Military rank used in many countries The rank traces its origins to the Middle Ages where the title of Lieutenant General was held by the Events 612 BC - Killing of Sinsharishkun, King of Assyrian Empire Year 1928 ( MCMXXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Year 1932 ( MCMXXXII) was a Leap year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar. was a general in the Imperial Japanese Army, Governor-General of Korea and 41st Prime Minister of Japan from 22 July 1944 to 7 April Events 1220 - Sweden is defeated by Estonian tribes in the Battle of Lihula. Year 1932 ( MCMXXXII) was a Leap year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 363 - Roman Emperor Julian moves from Antioch with an army of 90000 to attack the Sassanid Empire, in a Year 1934 ( MCMXXXIV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display full 1934 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 363 - Roman Emperor Julian moves from Antioch with an army of 90000 to attack the Sassanid Empire, in a Year 1934 ( MCMXXXIV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display full 1934 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1174 - Jocelin, Abbot of Melrose, is elected Bishop of Glasgow. Year 1936 ( MCMXXXVI) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. was general in the Imperial Japanese Army in World War II and a War Minister. Events 1174 - Jocelin, Abbot of Melrose, is elected Bishop of Glasgow. Year 1936 ( MCMXXXVI) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 86 BC - Lucius Cornelius Sulla, at the head of a Roman Republic army enters in Athens, removing the Tyrant Year 1937 ( MCMXXXVII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 86 BC - Lucius Cornelius Sulla, at the head of a Roman Republic army enters in Athens, removing the Tyrant Year 1937 ( MCMXXXVII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1416 - The Council of Constance, called by the Emperor Sigismund a supporter of Antipope John XXIII burns Jerome of Prague following Year 1938 ( MCMXXXVIII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Lieutenant General is a Military rank used in many countries The rank traces its origins to the Middle Ages where the title of Lieutenant General was held by the was a general in the Imperial Japanese Army and Governor of Hong Kong under Japanese occupation from 20 February 1942 to 24 December 1944 Events 618 - Coronation of the Chinese governor Li Yuan as Emperor Gaozu of Tang, the new Emperor of China, initiating three centuries Year 1938 ( MCMXXXVIII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1251 BC - A Solar eclipse on this date might mark the birth of legendary Heracles at Thebes Greece. Year 1939 ( MCMXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Lieutenant General is a Military rank used in many countries The rank traces its origins to the Middle Ages where the title of Lieutenant General was held by the was a general in the Imperial Japanese Army in the Pacific War. Events 1251 BC - A Solar eclipse on this date might mark the birth of legendary Heracles at Thebes Greece. Year 1939 ( MCMXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 202 BC - Hannibal Barca, leader of the Carthaginians, is defeated by the Roman legions under Scipio Africanus Year 1940 ( MCMXL) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full 1940 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. was a general in the Imperial Japanese Army. Biography Kimura was born in Saitama prefecture, north of Tokyo, but was raised in Hiroshima prefecture Events 202 BC - Hannibal Barca, leader of the Carthaginians, is defeated by the Roman legions under Scipio Africanus Year 1940 ( MCMXL) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full 1940 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 879 - Louis III becomes King of the Western Franks. 1407 - the lama Year 1941 ( MCMXLI) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (the link will display 1941 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 879 - Louis III becomes King of the Western Franks. 1407 - the lama Year 1941 ( MCMXLI) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (the link will display 1941 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 30 BC - Octavian (later known as Augustus enters Alexandria, Egypt, bringing it under the control of the Roman Year 1942 ( MCMXLII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (the link will display the full 1942 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Lieutenant General is a Military rank used in many countries The rank traces its origins to the Middle Ages where the title of Lieutenant General was held by the was a general in the Imperial Japanese Army in the Second Sino-Japanese War. Events 30 BC - Octavian (later known as Augustus enters Alexandria, Egypt, bringing it under the control of the Roman Year 1942 ( MCMXLII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (the link will display the full 1942 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 529 - First draft of Corpus Juris Civilis (a fundamental work in Jurisprudence) is issued by Eastern Roman Emperor Year 1945 ( MCMXLV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar Lieutenant General is a Military rank used in many countries The rank traces its origins to the Middle Ages where the title of Lieutenant General was held by the Events 529 - First draft of Corpus Juris Civilis (a fundamental work in Jurisprudence) is issued by Eastern Roman Emperor Year 1945 ( MCMXLV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar Events 2492 BC - Traditional date of the defeat of Bel by Hayk, progenitor and founder of the Armenian nation Year 1945 ( MCMXLV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar The was a Field army of the Imperial Japanese Army during World War II, based in northern Manchukuo and active in combat against the Soviet Union The was a Field army of the Imperial Japanese Army during World War II, based in southern Manchukuo and active in combat against the Soviet Union The was an army of the Imperial Japanese Army during the final days of World War II. The was an army of the Imperial Japanese Army during the final stages of World War II. The was a Field army of the Imperial Japanese Army during the final stages of World War II. The military history of Japan is characterised by a long period of Feudal Wars, followed by domestic stability and then foreign conquest In the Imperial Japanese Army (IJA the term Gun, literally meaning "army" was used in a different way to the military forces of other countries Organization of the Kwantung Army of Japan The following are commanders and units of the Japanese army which was stationed in the Kwantung peninsula of Manchuria Military Memoirs. [1]
  6. ^ Thunder in the East. Vladimir Karpov. 2005. [2]
  7. ^ Surrender of the Kwantung Army. Military Memoirs. [3]
  8. ^ The Soviet Strategic Offensive in Manchuria, 1945: August Storm By David M. Glantz. [4]
  9. ^ Budge, Pacific War Online Encyclopedia
  10. ^ A Russian military publication on Kwantung Army: [5]
  11. ^ Unit 731[6]
  12. ^ Unit 731. Japanese Experimentation Camp (1937-1945)[7]

References

Books

External links

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