The Kurdish alphabet is a writing system for the Kurdish language. A writing system is a type of Symbolic system used to represent elements or statements expressible in Language. The Kurdish language (Kurdish Kurdî or کوردی is a term used for the language spoken by Kurds. Three systems currently exist. The form used in Turkey was derived from the Latin alphabet by Jaladat Ali Badirkhan in 1932, and thus is also called the Bedirxan script or more properly Hawar. Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches Jaladat Ali Badirkhan (or Celadet Elî Bedirxan in Kurdish, also known as Mîr Celadet) ( April 26, 1893 - 1951 Year 1932 ( MCMXXXII) was a Leap year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar. It is used by Kurds in Turkey and Syria. Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches Syria ( سوريّة or) officially the Syrian Arab Republic (Arabic ar الجمهورية العربية السورية The Sorani alphabet is used by Kurds in Iraq and Iran, and recent alphabet called Yekgirtú, unified, this alphabet is however not used extensively. Soranî ( Kurdish: سۆرانی is the name of a Kurdish dialect that is spoken in Iran and Iraq and such is a member of the Iranian languages The Kurdish alphabet is a Writing system for the Kurdish language.
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Hawar Alphabet
The Kurmanji Kurdish dialect contains 31 letters:
A, B, C, Ç, D, E, Ê, F, G, H, I, Î, J, K, L, M, N, O, P, Q, R, S, Ş, T, U, Û, V, W, X, Y, Z
There are seven vowels in this alphabet, four short and three long. The long vowels are represented using a circumflex. Pitch The circumflex accent was first used in the polytonic orthography of Ancient Greek, where it occurred (subject to certain rules on the accented syllable The short vowels are (E, I, U) and the long ones are (A, Ê, Î, O, Û). The Kurdish vowel system is almost the same as English [1]. The Turkish state does not recognise the alphabet, and use of the letters X, W, Q which do not exist in the Turkish alphabet have led to persecution in 2000 and 2003 (see [2], p. Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches The Turkish alphabet is a variant of the Latin alphabet used for writing the Turkish language, consisting of 29 letters a certain number of which ( Ç, 2000 ( MM) was a Leap year that started on Saturday of the Common Era, in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. 8, and [3]). Since September 2003, many Kurds have applied to the courts seeking to change their names to Kurdish ones written with the letters Q, W, and X but eventually failed. September 2003: January - February - March - April - May - June - July - August - September [1]
Sorani Alphabet
The Sorani is an alphabet in which vowels are mandatory, making the script easy to read. Soranî ( Kurdish: سۆرانی is the name of a Kurdish dialect that is spoken in Iran and Iraq and such is a member of the Iranian languages An alphabet is a standardized set of letters basic written symbols each of which roughly represents a Phoneme, a Spoken language, either This idea has stemmed from the Persian alphabet.
ى, ێ, ﮪ , ﻭﻭ, ﻭ , ﯙ , ﻥ , ﻡ , ﻝ, ڵ, ﮒ, ﮎ, ﻕ, ڤ, ﻑ, ﻍ, ﻉ, ﺵ, ﺱ, ﮊ, ﺯ, ڕ, ﺭ, ﺩ, ﺥ, ﺡ, ﭺ, ﺝ, ﺕ, ﭖ, ﺏ, ﺋ, ﺍ
Kurds in Iraq and Iran mainly use this alphabet, though the Kurmanji alphabet is also in use. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iraq topics. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iran topics.
Despite there being less Sorani speakers, this alphabet is used more.
Cyrillic Alphabet
A third system, used for the few (Kurmanji-speaking) Kurds in the former Soviet Union, uses a modified Cyrillic alphabet, consisting of 32 letters:
А, Б, В, Г, Г', Д, Е, Ә, Ә́, Ж, З, И, Й, К, К', Л, М, Н, О, Ö, П, П', Р, Р', С, Т, Т', У, Ф, Х, Һ, Һ', Ч, Ч', Ш, Щ, Ь, Э, Q, W
Armenian alphabet
From 1921 to 1929 the Armenian alphabet was used for Kurdish languages in the Soviet Armenia. The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 The Cyrillic alphabet (səˈrɪlɪk also called azbuka, from the old name of the first two letters is actually a family of Alphabets, subsets of which are used by Year 1921 ( MCMXXI) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display full 1921 calendar of the Gregorian calendar Year 1929 ( MCMXXIX) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The Armenian alphabet is an Alphabet that has been used to write the Armenian language since the year 405 or 406. The Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic (Հայկական ՍովետականՍոցիալիստական Հանրապետություն Haykakan Sovetakan Sotsialistakan Hanrapetutyun [2]
Then it was replaced to Janalif-like Latin alphabet during Latinisation campaign. History The earliest example of the Kypchak language, the main ancestor of the modern Tatar language and In the USSR, latinization (латиниза́ция — latinizatsiya was the name of the campaign during the 1920s-1930s which aimed to replace traditional
Uniform Turkic Alphabet adaptation for Kurdish
In 1928 Kurdish language in all USSR, including Armenian SSR, was switched to Latin alphabet, containing some additional Cyrillic characters: a, b, c, ç, d, e, ә, f, g, г, h, i, ь, j, k, ʀ, l, m, ɴ, o, ө, w, p, n, q, ч, s, ш, ц, t, u, y, v, x, z, ƶ. The Uniform Turkic Alphabet was a Latin based alphabet used by non- Slavic peoples of the USSR in the 1930s The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 The Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic (Հայկական ՍովետականՍոցիալիստական Հանրապետություն Haykakan Sovetakan Sotsialistakan Hanrapetutyun In 1929 it was reformed and was replaced by [3]:
| A a | B b | C c | Є є | Ç ç | D d | E e | Ә ә |
| Ә́ ә́ | F f | G g | Ƣ ƣ | H h | Ħ ħ | I i | J j |
| K k | K̡ k̡ | L l | M m | N n | O o | Ö ö | P p |
| | Q q | R r | S s | Ş ş | T t | T̡ t̡ | U u |
| Û û | V v | W w | X x | Z z | Ƶ ƶ | Ь ь |
Yekgirtú
The Yekgirtú alphabet is a recent creation. It has many advantages compared to the Kurmanji and Sorani alphabets. It is adapted for all Kurdish dialects and not exclusive to just one, and is therefore called Yekgirtú, which means "unified. " It is also better adapted to the vowel-rich Kurdish language than to the Arabic script.
The Yekgirtú alphabet consists of 34 letters:
A, B, C, D, E, É, F, G, H, I, Í, J, Jh, K, L, ll, M, N, O, P, Q, R, rr, S, Sh, T, U, Ú, Ù, V, W, X, Y, Z
Comparison of Kurmanji, Yekgirtú and Sorani Alphabets
| Kurmanji | Yekgirtú | Stand-alone (Sorani) | Initial (Sorani) | Medial (Sorani) | Final (Sorani) | IPA |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| A,a | A,a | ا | ئا | — | ـا | [a:] |
| B,b | B,b | ﺏ | ﺑ | ـبـ | ـب | [b] |
| C,c | J,j | ﺝ | ﺟ | ـجـ | ـج | [ʤ] |
| Ç,ç | C,c | چ | ﭼ | ـچـ | ـچ | [tʃ] |
| D,d | D,d | ﺩ | — | ــد | [d] | |
| E,e | E,e | ﮦ | ﺋﮫ | — | ﮫ | [æː] |
| Ê,ê | É,é | ێ | ئێـ | ـێـ | ـێ | [ɛ] |
| F,f | F,f | ﻑ | ﻓ | ـفـ | ﻒ | [f] |
| G,g | G,g | ﮒ | ﮔ | ـگـ | ـگ | [g] |
| H,h | H,h | ﻫ | ﻫ | ـهـ | ـهـ | [h] |
| I,i | I,i | — | ||||
| Î,î | Í,í | ﯼ | ﺋﯾ | ـيـ | ﯽ | [iː] |
| J,j | Jh,jh | ﮊ | — | ـژ | [ʒ] | |
| K,k | K,k | ﮎ | ﮐ | ـکـ | ﮏ | [k] |
| L,l | L,l | ﻝ | ﻟ | ـلـ | ـل | [l] |
| — | ll | ڵ, ڶ | ڵــ, ڶــ | ـڵـ, ـڶـ | ـڵ, ـڶ | [lˁ] |
| M,m | M,m | ﻡ | ﻣ | ـمـ | ـم | [m] |
| N,n | N,n | ﻥ | ﻧ | ـنـ | ـن | [n] |
| O,o | O,o | ۆ | ئۆ | - | ـۆ | [oʊ] |
| P,p | P,p | پ | پــ | ـپـ | ـپ | [p] |
| Q,q | Q,q | ﻕ | ﻗ | ـقـ | ـق | [q] |
| R,r | R,r | ﺭ | — | ـر | [r] | |
| — | rr | ڕ, ڒ, ڔ | — | ـڕ, ـڒ, ـڔ | [r] | |
| S,s | S,s | ﺱ | ﺳ | ـسـ | ـس | [s] |
| Ş,ş | Sh,sh | ﺵ | ﺷ | ـشـ | ـش | [ʃ] |
| T,t | T,t | ﺕ | ﺗ | ـتـ | ـت | [t] |
| U,u | U,u | ﻭ | — | ـو | [u] | |
| Û,û | Ú,ú | ﻭﻭ | — | ـوﻭ | [ʉ] | |
| — | Ù,ù | — | ||||
| — | — | ۊ | — | ـۊ | [œ] | |
| V,v | V,v | ڤ | ڤـ | ـڤـ | ـڤ | [v] |
| W,w | W,w | ﻭ | — | ـو | [w] | |
| X,x | X,x | ﺥ | ﺧ | ـخـ | ـخ | [x] |
| — | — | ﻍ | ﻏ | ـغـ | ـغ | [ʁ] |
| Y,y | Y,y | ﯼ | يـ | — | [j] | |
| Z,z | Z,z | ﺯ | — | ـز | [z] | |
References
- ^ Karakaş, Saniye; Diyarbakır Branch of the Contemporary Lawyers Association (March 2004). Diyarbakır (دیاربکر Diyâr-i Bekr 'land of the Bekr ' (from Persian) Kurdish Amed Zazaki language Dêrbekir Syriac Submission to the Sub-Commission on Promotion and Protection of Human Rights: Working Group of Minorities; Tenth Session, Agenda Item 3 (a) (MS Word). Microsoft Word is Microsoft 's flagship word processing software. United Nations Commission on Human Rights. The United Nations Commission on Human Rights ( UNCHR) was a functional commission within the overall framework of the United Nations. Retrieved on 2006-11-07. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1492 - The Ensisheim Meteorite the oldest Meteorite with a known date of impact strikes the Earth around noon in a Wheat “Kurds have been officially allowed since September 2003 to take Kurdish names, but cannot use the letters "x,w or q", which are common in Kurdish but do not exist in Turkey's version of the Latin alphabet. [. . . ] Those letters, however, are used in Turkey in the names of companies, TV and radio channels, and trademarks. For example Turkish Army has company under the name of AXA OYAK and there is SHOW TV television channel in Turkey. The Turkish Army ( Turkish: Türk Kara Kuvvetleri) is a branch of the Turkish Armed Forces. AXA () is a French global insurance companies group headquartered in Paris and founded in 1985 by Claude Bébéar. Show TV is a nation-wide television channel in Turkey owned by Çukurova Holding. ”
- ^ (Russian) Курдский язык (Kurdish language), Кругосвет (Krugosvet)
- ^ Template:Ru-icon Культура и письменность Востока. 1928, №2.
External links
- A table of the various Kurdish alphabets
- Kurdish language, alphabet and pronunciation
- Kurdish Unicode Fonts
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