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Kufa, in present day Iraq
Kufa, in present day Iraq

Kufa (Arabic,الكوفة transliteration: al-Kūfah) is a city in modern Iraq, about 170 km south of Baghdad, and 10 km northeast of Najaf. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iraq topics. Arabic (ar الْعَرَبيّة (informally ar عَرَبيْ) in terms of the number of speakers is the largest living member of the Semitic language Different approaches and methods for the Romanization of Arabic exist For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iraq topics. Baghdad (بغداد) is the Capital of Iraq and of Baghdad Governorate, with which it is also coterminous Najaf ( BGN: An Najaf) is a city in Iraq about 160 km south of Baghdad. It is located on the banks of the Euphrates River. The Euphrates ( ( Arabic: ar نهر الفرات; Turkish: tr Fırat Syriac: syr ܦܪܬ; Hebrew: he פרת The estimated population in 2003 was 110,000. Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar.

Along with Samarra, Karbala, and Najaf, Kufa is one of four Iraqi cities that are of great importance to Shia Muslims. Sāmarrā ( Arabic, سامَرّاء) is a city in Iraq. It stands on the east bank of the Tigris Karbala ( BGN: Al-Karbalā’; also spelled Karbala al-Muqaddasah) is a city in Iraq, located about southwest of Baghdad at Najaf ( BGN: An Najaf) is a city in Iraq about 160 km south of Baghdad. The city was the final capital of ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib, and was founded within the first century of the 622 Hijra. ‘Alī ibn Abī Ṭālib (a=علي بن أﺑﻲ طالب|t=ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib 13th Rajab, 24 BH – 21st Ramaḍān, 40 AH The Hijra (هِجْرَة or withdrawal is the migration of Muhammad and his followers to the city of Medina in 622 ( Common Era)

Contents

History of Al-Kufa

Part of Mesopotamia

See Ancient Mesopotamia. Mesopotamia (from the Greek meaning "land between the rivers" is an area geographically located between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers largely corresponding

Under the Sassanid Empire

Ruled by Sassanian Empire as part of Suristan province. The Sassanid Empire or Sassanian Dynasty or Sassanian Dynasty (ساسانیان) is the name used for the third Iranian dynasty and the second Persian empire Suristan was used as a name in two senses during the Sassanid Persian Empire. See Middle Bih-Kavad. Middle Bih-Kavad was one of the Persian provinces during the Sassanid era

Umar's era — 637-644

The Arabs, led by Caliph ˤUmar ibn Khattāb, conquer Iraq and begin ruling Suristan around 637. The Caliph is the Head of state in a Caliphate, and the title for the leader of the Islamic Ummah, an Islamic community ruled by the Shari'ah Umar (a=عمر بن الخطاب|t=`Umar ibn al-Khattāb c 581-83 CE &ndash 7 November, 644) also known as Umar the Great or Omar the Great For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iraq topics. Suristan was used as a name in two senses during the Sassanid Persian Empire.

Founded by Saˤd — 637

ˤUmar ibn Khattāb became the second caliph in 634. Umar (a=عمر بن الخطاب|t=`Umar ibn al-Khattāb c 581-83 CE &ndash 7 November, 644) also known as Umar the Great or Omar the Great The Caliph is the Head of state in a Caliphate, and the title for the leader of the Islamic Ummah, an Islamic community ruled by the Shari'ah after the Arab victory against the Roman-Byzantine Empire at Battle of Yarmouk in 636, Kūfah was founded and given its name in 637-638 CE, about the same time as Basra. The Battle of Yarmouk ( معركة اليرموك, also spelled Yarmuk, Yarmuq or Hieromyax) comprised a series of engagements between the Events By Place Europe Battle of Mag Rath Dál Riata influence in Ulster is greatly reduced or ended Events By Place Asia The Muslims capture Jerusalem, Antioch, Caesarea Maritima and Akko Basra ( BGN: AlBasrah also called Basorah Abillah and Uruk or IRAQ The name that British colony has adopted for Basra The Companion Saˤd ibn Abī Waqqas founded it as an encampment adjacent to the Lakhmi Arab city Hīrah, and incorporated it as a city of seven divisions. In Islam, the Ṣaḥābah (الصحابة "Companions" were the companions of the Islamic prophet Muḥammad. Sa`ad ibn Abī Waqqās ( was an early convert to Islam and one of the important companions of Muhammad. Al Hīra ( Arabic, الحيرة) was an ancient city located south of Al-Kufah in south-central Iraq. The city was alternately known to non-Arabs as Hīrah and Aqulah before the consolidations of ˤAbdu l-Mālik in 691. Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan (646-705 (عبد الملك بن مروان was the 5th Umayyad Caliph. See 691 (number Events By Place Europe Theuderic III is succeeded by Clovis III as king of Austrasia

Islamic conquest of Persia — 638

As of 638, it was a base for those Arab armies which were fighting the Sassanid Persians (637-651) at Mahoze / al-Madā'in "The Two Cities" (Ctesiphon-Seleucia); the Kūfans succeeded and carried off the gates of Mahoze that year. The Islamic conquest of Persia (633–656 led to the end of the Sassanid Empire and the eventual extirpation of the Zoroastrian religion in Persia Al-Mada'in ( Arabic المدائن "The cities" also known under the Aramaic name "Mahoze" or as "Madayn" is the name of For the Spanish saint see Ctesiphon of Vergium. Ctesiphon (قطسيفون تیسفون was one of the great cities of the Persian Empire For the Syrian seaport of the same name that figures in the travels of Saint Paul see Seleucia Pieria.

The tribes which came to Kūfah afterward tended to be Arabs of the Yemen, Hijaz and Najd, such as the Azdī and Kindī; there were also increasing numbers of mawālī or "foreign clients" who immigrated from Persia when their lands were overrun. Yemen ( Arabic: اليَمَن al-Yaman officially the Republic of Yemen ( Arabic: الجمهورية اليمنية al-Jumhuuriyya al-Hejaz (also Hijaz, Hedjaz; الحجاز al-Ḥiǧāz, literally "the barrier" is a region in the west of present-day Saudi Arabia Nejd or Najd (literally "highland" نجد) is the central region of the Arabian Peninsula. The Azd or Al Azd, are an Arabian tribe They were a branch of the Kahlan tribe which was one of the two branches of Qahtan the other being Himyar The Kindah (كندة kingdom was a vassal kingdom ruled from Qaryah dhat Kahl (the present-day Qaryat al-Faw) in Central Arabia. Mawali or mawala ( Arabic, موالي) is a term in Classical Arabic used to address non-Arab Muslims None of these could or would claim to be descended from Ishmael as did the ruling Quraysh. Ishmael ( Hebrew: יִשְׁמָעֵאל, Standard Yišmaʿel Tiberian Yišmāʿêl Arabic: إسماعيل Quraish is also the name of a Surah in the Qur'an. Quraysh or Quraish (Arabic ar قريش

Saˤd deposed — 642

In the 640s, the Kūfan commons agitated that the Caliph ˤUmar's governor was distributing the spoils of war unfairly. Umar (a=عمر بن الخطاب|t=`Umar ibn al-Khattāb c 581-83 CE &ndash 7 November, 644) also known as Umar the Great or Omar the Great In 642, ˤUmar summoned Saˤd to Medina with his accusers. Events By Place Europe August 5 — In the Battle of Maserfield, Penda, king of Mercia defeats and Medina mɛˈdiːnə (المدينة المنورة ælmæˈdiːnæl muˈnɑwːɑrɑ or المدينة ælmæˈdiːnæ also transliterated into English as ˤUmar deposed Saˤd, and by design or not averted a crisis.

At first, ˤUmar appointed Ammar ibn Yasir and secondly Basra's founder Abū Mūsā al-Ashˤarī; but the Kūfans accepted neither. ˤAmmār ibn Yāsir (Arabic عمار بن ياسر is one of the most famous Sahaba and was among the Slaves freed by Abu Bakr. Abu-Musa Abd-Allah Ibn Qays al-Ash'ari, better known as Abu Musa al-Ashari (أبو موسى الأشعري (d ˤUmar and the Kūfans finally agreed on al-Mughīra ibn Shuˤbah. Mughira ibn Shu'ba or Mugheera ibn Shu'ba (المغيرة بن شعبة بن أبي عامر بن مسعود الثقفي was one of the more prominent companions of Muhammad

Uthman's era — 644-656

Governor Walid — 645

Following Umar's death (644), his successor Uthman replaced Mughira with Walid ibn Uqba in 645. Uthman (a=عثمان|t=Othman Osman Usman Ozman is a male Arabic given name meaning "the chosen one amongst the tribe of brave and noble people" "honest" Walid ibn Uqba ( وليد بن عقبة) was one of the companions of Muhammad. Events By Place Byzantine Empire The Byzantines recapture Alexandria from the Arabs Asia

While this was going on, the Arabs were continuing their conquest of western Persia under Uthman ibn hakam from Tawwaj, but late in the 640s these forces suffered setbacks.

Setbacks, governor Abu Musa — 650-654

Uthman in 650 reorganised the Iranian frontier; both Basra and Kufa received new governors (Sa'id ibn al-A'as in Kufa's case), and the east came under Basra's command while north of that remained under Kufa's. Events By Place Asia The first Chinese Paper money is issued yet these banknotes will not become government-issued But while Basra's wing recovered its momentum in Khurasan, Kufa's wing continued to fail in Tabaristan, and in Khazar territory it suffered a crushing defeat in 651. "Kazar" redirects here for the Marvel Comics character see Ka-Zar; for the village in Azerbaijan see Xəzər. Events Europe Clovis II, king of Neustria and Burgundy, marries the future Saint Bathilde. The majority in Kufa chafed at their city's diminished status, and in 654 deposed Sa'id and elected Abu Musa, which Uthman found expedient to recognise. Events By Place Europe Rhodes is invaded by an Arab force remains of the Colossus of Rhodes are sold off Abu-Musa Abd-Allah Ibn Qays al-Ash'ari, better known as Abu Musa al-Ashari (أبو موسى الأشعري (d

Kufa remained discontented with its lot; and this evolved into opposition to Uthman's clan, the Banu Umayyah. In 656 when Egypt sent emissaries to Uthman in Medina, Abu Musa counseled neutrality, but the Kufans sent a contingent despite him. Events By Place Europe Oswiu of Northumbria annexes Mercia Asia The Battle of Medina mɛˈdiːnə (المدينة المنورة ælmæˈdiːnæl muˈnɑwːɑrɑ or المدينة ælmæˈdiːnæ also transliterated into English as

Ali's era — 656-661

Capital of Ali — 656

Upon Uthman's murder, governor Abu Musa attempted to restore a neutral state to Kufa; but the people of Kufa supported the right of Ali ibn Abu Talib to the caliphate. ‘Alī ibn Abī Ṭālib (a=علي بن أﺑﻲ طالب|t=ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib 13th Rajab, 24 BH – 21st Ramaḍān, 40 AH A caliphate (from the Arabic خلافة or khilāfa) is the political leadership of the Muslim community in classical and medieval Islamic history Ali found it easy to depose Abu Musa and to install Qarazah ibn Ka'b in his place.

Not long after, Ali moved his headquarters to Kufa directly as he prepared for battle against Uthman's cousin Muawiyah, who was leading a revolt from Syria. Mu'awiyah I (a=معاوية بن أبي سفيان|t=Mu‘āwīyah ibn Abī Sufyān 602-680 was a Sahaba (companion of the Islamic prophet, Muhammad Syria ( سوريّة or) officially the Syrian Arab Republic (Arabic ar الجمهورية العربية السورية Kufa remained loyal to Ali until Ali was killed there in 661. Events By Place Europe Perctarit and Godepert become co-rulers of the Lombards, following the death of their Ali's son Hasan later signed a peace treaty with Muawiyah. Hasan may refer to Hasan (hadith Hasan (name Mount Hasan - volcano Hasan Afghanistan The Ummayyad house eventually reneged and that resulted in the Revolution of Husayn, Hasan's brother.

Muawiyah's era — 661-680

Governor Mughira — 661

In Kufa, Mu`awiyah found it expedient to reinstall Mughira, an old follower of Umar acceptable to all parties of this divided city: Umayyads, Alids, and the older inhabitants of Kufa.

Governor Ziyad — 670

But Justinian's Plague was still active in the cities of the Near East, and Mughira was becoming frail; Mughira fled Kufa and avoided it, only to fall to it on his return in 670. The Plague of Justinian was a Pandemic that afflicted the Byzantine Empire, including its capital Constantinople, in the years 541 – 542 Events By Place Europe On the death of his brother Clotaire Childeric II becomes king of all of the Frankish kingdoms ( Austrasia Mu`awiyah then imposed upon Kufa the draconian Basran governor Ziyad ibn Abihi. Ziyad ibn Abi Sufyan (زياد بن أبي سفيان (d 673 AD was a Muslim general and administrator and a member of the clan of the Umayyads Ziyad immediately altered the structure of the city, for instance by consolidating the seven districts into four quarters. At this point the surviving supporters of Ali, such as Hujr ibn Adi, began to foment rebellion. Hujr ibn ‘Adī ( حجر بن عدي) was a supporter of Ali ibn Abi talib he and his companions were killed by Muawiya I for refusing to Curse Ali

Umayyad era revolts — 699-694

Throughout the Umayyad era Kufa's inhabitants would go on to support caliphal claimants from `Ali's descendents; for example Hussein, Al-Mukhtar (on behalf of Ibn al-Hanifiya), and Zayd ibn Ali. Ḥusayn ibn ‘Alī ibn Abī Ṭālib ( ar حسين بن علي بن أﺑﻲ طالب)‎ (third of Shaban 4 AH / 8th January 626 AD at Medina Al-Mukhtar ibn Abi Ubayd al Thaqafi was an early Islamic revolutionary who led an abortive rebellion against the Umayyid Caliphs who ruled the Muslim world Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyyah was the son of Ali ibn Abi Talib, the fourth Islamic Caliph. Zayd ibn ‘Alī ( زيد بن علي, also spelled Zaid) (695-740 He was given the title "Zayd the Martyr" ( Zayd ash-Shahīd) by his sympathizers Kufa also supported the mutiny of `Abd al-Rahman ibn Muhammad ibn Ash`ath in 699-702. Events By Place Asia Umayyad general Hajjaj suppresses a rebellion by Ibn al-Ash'ath Events By Place Byzantine Empire The Byzantine Emperor Justinian II Rhinotmetus, regains his throne In response, the Umayyads and (in the 680s) the Zubayrids continued to impose their governors upon Kufa, such as al-Hajjaj in 694. Events By Place Europe November 9 — Hispano-Visigothic king Egica accuses the Jews of aiding the Muslims These movements from Hujr onward were all defeated, and their leaders executed or killed in battle.

Abbasid era — 749

In 749, the `Abbasids took Kufa and made it their capital. Events By Place Europe June — Aistulf succeeds his brother Ratchis as king of the Lombards. In 762, they moved their seat to Baghdad. Events By Place Asia Abbasid caliph Al-Mansur founds a new capital at Baghdad, Iraq. Baghdad (بغداد) is the Capital of Iraq and of Baghdad Governorate, with which it is also coterminous Under the Umayyad and early `Abbasid decades, Kufa's importance gradually shifted from caliphal politics to Islamic theory and practice.

Kufa in Islamic Theology and Scholarship

Wael Hallaq notes that by contrast with Medina and to a lesser extent Syria, in Iraq there was no unbroken Muslim or Ishmaelite population dating back to the prophet Muhammad's time. Wael B Hallaq (born in 1955 is one of the world’s leading scholars in Sunni jurisprudence and Islamic legal thought Medina mɛˈdiːnə (المدينة المنورة ælmæˈdiːnæl muˈnɑwːɑrɑ or المدينة ælmæˈdiːnæ also transliterated into English as Syria ( سوريّة or) officially the Syrian Arab Republic (Arabic ar الجمهورية العربية السورية For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iraq topics. A Muslim (مسلم pronounced Muslim, not Muzlim) is an adherent of the Religion Ishmael ( Hebrew: יִשְׁמָעֵאל, Standard Yišmaʿel Tiberian Yišmāʿêl Arabic: إسماعيل IMPORTANT PLEASE READ ##### For all questions relating to the addition of (pbuh peace be upon him or other honorifics Therefore Maliki (and Azwa'i) appeals to the practice (amal) of the community could not apply. The Maliki Madhhab ( Arabic مالكي) is one of the four schools of Fiqh or religious law within Sunni Islam Instead the people of Iraq relied upon those Companions of the Muhammad who settled there, and upon such factions from the Hijaz whom they respected most. al-Hejaz (also Hijaz, Hedjaz; الحجاز al-Ḥiǧāz, literally "the barrier" is a region in the west of present-day Saudi Arabia A primary founder of a Sunni school of thought, Abu Hanifa, was a Kufan who had supported Zayd's rebellion in the 730s; and his jurisprudence was systematised and defended against non-Iraqi rivals (starting with Malikism) by other Kufans, such as al-Shaybani. Sunni Islam is the largest denomination of Islam. Sunni Islam is also referred to as Ahl as-Sunnah wa’l-Jamā‘h (Arabic Al-Imam al-A'zam ( الامام الاعظم) "The Greatest Imam" Nu’man bin Thabit bin Zuta bin Mahan ( النعمان بن ثابت‎) better known by The Maliki Madhhab ( Arabic مالكي) is one of the four schools of Fiqh or religious law within Sunni Islam

Shirazi's "Tabaqat", which Hallaq labels "an important early biographical work dedicated to jurists", covered 84 "towering figures" of Islamic jurisprudence; to which Kufa provided 20. It was therefore a center surpassed only by Medina (22), although Basra came close (17). Medina mɛˈdiːnə (المدينة المنورة ælmæˈdiːnæl muˈnɑwːɑrɑ or المدينة ælmæˈdiːnæ also transliterated into English as Basra ( BGN: AlBasrah also called Basorah Abillah and Uruk or IRAQ The name that British colony has adopted for Basra Kufans could claim that the more prominent of Muhammad's Companions had called that city home: not only Ibn Abu Waqqas, Abu Musa, and Ali; but also Abd Allah ibn Mas'ud, Salman the Persian, Ammar ibn Yasir, and Huzayfa ibn Yaman. This is a geographical article For the Palestinian leader see Said al-Muragha, for the Sahaba, see Abu-Musa al-Asha'ari. ‘Alī ibn Abī Ṭālib (a=علي بن أﺑﻲ طالب|t=ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib 13th Rajab, 24 BH – 21st Ramaḍān, 40 AH TemplateInfobox Muslim scholars --> Abd-Allah ibn Mas'ud ( عبدالله بن مسعود (d TemplateInfobox Salaf --> Salman the Persian or Salman al Farisi ( سلمان فارسی Salman e Farsi ˤAmmār ibn Yāsir (Arabic عمار بن ياسر is one of the most famous Sahaba and was among the Slaves freed by Abu Bakr. Among its jurists prior to Abu Hanifa, Hallaq singles out Sa'id ibn Jubayr, Ibrahim al-Nakha`i, and Hammad ibn Abi Sulayman; and considers Amir al-Sha`bi a pioneer in the science of judicial precedent. Sa'id bin Jubayr (665-714 (سعيد بن جبير also known as Abū Muhammad was originally from Kufa, in modern-day Iraq.

Additionally, Shi'a Imams like Muhammad al-Baqir and his son Jafar al-Sadiq made decisions from Medina that contributed to the law of Kufa; and to this day Shi`ite law follows their example. Muḥammad ibn ‘Alī al-Baqir (محمد ابن علي الباقر) (676-743 AD or 1 Rajab 57 AH – 7 Dhu al-Hijjah 114 AH was the Fifth Imām Jaʿfar al-Sadiq (702-765 in accurate transliteration Jaʿfar al-Ṣādiq Arabic: جعفر الصادق in full Jaʿfar ibn Muhammad ibn Ali ibn Husayn Abu Hanifa too learnt from al-Baqir and especially al-Sadiq. Al-Imam al-A'zam ( الامام الاعظم) "The Greatest Imam" Nu’man bin Thabit bin Zuta bin Mahan ( النعمان بن ثابت‎) better known by As a result, while Hanafism is doctrinally Sunni, in practical terms Hanafi law is closer to Imami law than either is to the Medina-based schools of Malik, Shafi`i, and Ibn Hanbal. The Hanafi ( Arabic حنفي school is the oldest of the four schools of thought ( Madhhabs Malik (ملك) as an Arabic word meaning " king " It has been adopted in various other mainly Asian languages for their ruling princes and to The Shāfi‘ī Madhab ( ar شافعي) is one of the four schools of Fiqh, or religious law within Ahmed ibn Hanbal ( Arabic: ‏‎‎‎‎‎‎‎‎أحمد بن حنبل‏‎‎‎‏‎‎‎ ‎‎‎‎‎‎‎ Ahmad bin Hanbal) (780 -

Kufa was also among the first centers of Qur'anic interpretation, which Kufans credited to the exegete Mujahid (until he escaped to Mecca in 702). Tafsir ( Arabic: تفسير, tafsīr, "interpretation" is the Arabic word for Exegesis A Mujahid (Arabic ar مجاهد, literally "struggler" is a Muslim involved in a Jihad, id est fighting in a war or Events By Place Byzantine Empire The Byzantine Emperor Justinian II Rhinotmetus, regains his throne It further recorded general traditions as Hadith; in the ninth century, Yahya ibn `Abd al-Hamid al-Himmani compiled many of these into a Musnad. Hadith ( ar الحديث, pl aḥadīth; lit. "narrative" are oral Traditions relating to the words and deeds of the Islamic

Given Kufa's opposition to Damascus, Kufan traditionists had their own take on Umayyad history. Damascus ( دمشق,, also commonly known as الشام ash-Shām) is the capital and largest city of Syria. The historian Abu Mikhnaf al-Azdi (d. TemplateInfobox Muslim scholars --> Abi Mekhnaf (Yahya ibn Sa'id ibn Mikhnaf Al-Kufi ( ar أبو مخنَف) was a 774) compiled their accounts into a rival history, which became popular under Abbasid rule. Events By Place Europe Charlemagne conquers the kingdom of the Lombards, and takes title King of the Lombards This history does not survive but later historians like Tabari quoted from it extensively.

Kufa is also where the kufic script was developed, the earliest script of the Arabic language. Kufic is the oldest calligraphic form of the various Arabic scripts and consists of a modified form of the old Nabataean script. Arabic (ar الْعَرَبيّة (informally ar عَرَبيْ) in terms of the number of speakers is the largest living member of the Semitic language As the scholar al-Qalqashandi maintained, "The Arabic script [khatt] is the one which is now known as Kufic. Shihab al-Din abu 'l-Abbas Ahmad ben Ali ben Ahmad Abd Allah al-Qalqashandi (1355 or 1356 &ndash 1418 was a medieval Egyptian writer and mathematician born From it evolved all the present hands. " The angular script which later came to be known as Kufic had its origin about a century earlier than the founding of the town of Kufa, according to Moritz in the Encyclopaedia of Islam. The Encyclopaedia of Islam ( EI) is the standard Encyclopaedia of the Academic discipline of Islamic studies. The kufic script was derived from one of the four pre-Islamic Arabic scripts, the one called al-Hiri (used in Hira). Hira (حراء) or the Cave of Hira (غار حراء) is a cave on the peak named Jabal an-Nūr in the Hejaz region of present (The other three were al-Anbari (from Anbar), al-Makki (from Mecca) and al-Madani (from Medina)). Anbar refer to Al Anbar Governorate Anbar (town Mecca ˈmɛkə also spelled Makkah ˈmækə (in full Makkah Al-Mukarramah (Arabic mækːæ(t ælmʊkarˑamæ مكّة المكرمة, literally Honored Medina mɛˈdiːnə (المدينة المنورة ælmæˈdiːnæl muˈnɑwːɑrɑ or المدينة ælmæˈdiːnæ also transliterated into English as The famous author of the Kitab al-Fihrist, an index of Arabic books, Ibn al-Nadim (died ca. Abu'l-Faraj Muhammad bin Ishaq al-Nadim ( Arabic: ابو الفرج محمد بن إسحاق النديم whose father was known as al-Warraq (Arabic الورّاق Abu'l-Faraj Muhammad bin Ishaq al-Nadim ( Arabic: ابو الفرج محمد بن إسحاق النديم whose father was known as al-Warraq (Arabic الورّاق 999), was the first to use the word 'kufic' to characterize this script, which reached a state is decorative perfection in the 8th century, when surahs were used to decorate ceramics, for representations of nature were strictly forbidden under the Islamic regime. Sura (sometimes spelt "Surah" ar سورة, plural "Suwar" ar سور is an Arabic term literally meaning "something enclosed or surrounded

In the first decades of Islam, Kufa was prominent in literacy and politics, it was founded before Uthman (whom Ibn Shihab al-Zuhri among others credited with the canonisation of the Qur'an's text), and it was opposed to the central authorities of Medina and Damascus. TemplateInfobox Muslim scholars --> Muhammad ibn Muslim ibn Ubaydullah ibn Shihab al-Zuhri (ابن شهاب الزهري From the perspective of eighth-century CE (second-century AH) Medina and Damascus, Kufa was associated with "variant" readings and interpretations of the Qur'an, typically in the name of Ibn Mas'ud and often (it was claimed) read from the pulpit as if they were part of the Qur'an itself. TemplateInfobox Muslim scholars --> Abd-Allah ibn Mas'ud ( عبدالله بن مسعود (d It became said that Uthman had sent an exemplar of the text to Kufa, but that it was burnt during the wars of Mukhtar and Ibn Zubayr. Abd Allah al-Zubayr or Ibn Zubayr or Abdullah ibn az-Zubayr' (624 - 692 (عبد الله بن الزبير was a Sahabi whose father was Zubayr ibn al-Awwam Al-Hajjaj restored or at any rate promulgated the standard text under Abd al-Malik, castigating even the memory of Abd Allah ibn Mas'ud as "Ibn Umm Abd (son of a slave's mother)". Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan (646-705 (عبد الملك بن مروان was the 5th Umayyad Caliph. A patronym, is a component of a Personal name based on the name of one's father Abd (عبد is an Arabic word meaning one who is totally subordinated a Slave. But a faction in Kufa preserved the readings "of `Abd Allah / Ibn Mas`ud", whence Mujahid and his fellow mujtahids compiled them along with other readings and interpretations. A Mujahid (Arabic ar مجاهد, literally "struggler" is a Muslim involved in a Jihad, id est fighting in a war or From there these readings entered the vast repository of Near Eastern hadith, ultimately to be written down into collections of hadith and tafsir.

Post-Abbasid History

Kufa began to come under constant attack in the 11th century and eventually shrunk and lost its importance. Over the last century, the population of Kufa has begun to grow again. It continues to be an important pilgrimage site for Shi`ite Muslims.

People related to Kufa

See also

Bibliography

External links

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