| Sri Krishnadevaraya | |
| King of Vijayanagara Empire | |
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| Reign | July 26, 1509 - 1529 |
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| Kannada | ಶ್ರೀ ಕೃಷ್ಣದೇವರಾಯ |
| Telugu | శ్రీ కృష్ణదేవరాయ |
| Titles | Kannada Rajya Rama Ramana, Mooru Rayaraganda, Andhra Bhoja. The Vijayanagara Empire ( Kannada: ವಿಜಯನಗರ ಸಾಮ್ರಾಜ್ಯ Telugu: విజయనగర సామ్రాజ్యము was a South Events 657 - Battle of Siffin. 811 - Battle of Pliska; Byzantine Emperor Nicephorus Kannada (kn [[wiktಕನ್ನಡ ಕನ್ನಡ]] Kannaḍa) is one of the major Dravidian languages of India, spoken predominantly in the state |
| Birthplace | Hampi, Karnataka |
| Died | 1529 |
| Predecessor | Viranarasimha Raya |
| Successor | Achyuta Deva Raya |
| Consort | Chinnambike, Thirumalambike |
| Dynasty | Tuluva Dynasty |
| Father | Narasa Nayaka |
| Mother | Nagala Devi |
| Vijayanagara Empire |
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Sri Krishnadevaraya (Kannada: ಶ್ರೀ ಕೃಷ್ಣದೇವರಾಯ, Telugu:శ్రీకృష్ణదేవరాయ) (1509-1529 CE) was the most famous king of Vijayanagara empire. Viranarasimha Raya (1505-1509 CE became the king of Vijayanagar empire after the death of Tuluva Narasa Nayaka Achyuta Raya (1529-1542 CE was a ruler of a Vijayanagara Empire of South India. See Tuluva The Dynasty is the third dynasty which ruled Vijayanagara empire. The Vijayanagara Empire ( Kannada: ವಿಜಯನಗರ ಸಾಮ್ರಾಜ್ಯ Telugu: విజయనగర సామ్రాజ్యము was a South The Sangama Dynasty was the first dynasty of the Vijayanagara Empire. Harihara I, (1336-1356 CE also called Hakka ಹಕ್ಕ and Vira Harihara I, was the founder of the Vijayanagara empire. Bukka ಬುಕ್ಕ್ (1356-1377 CE(also known as Bukka Raya I was an Emperor of the Vijayanagara Empire from the Sangama Dynasty. Harihara II (1377-1404 CE was an Emperor of the Vijayanagara Empire from the Sangama Dynasty. Virupaksha Raya (1404-1405 CE was an Emperor of the Vijayanagara Empire from the Sangama Dynasty. Bukka Raya II (1405 – 1406 CE was an Emperor of the Vijayanagara Empire from the Sangama Dynasty. Deva Raya I (1406-1422 CE was an Emperor of the Vijayanagara Empire from the Sangama Dynasty. Ramachandra Raya (1422-1422 CE was an Emperor of the Vijayanagara Empire from the Sangama Dynasty. Veera Vijaya Bukka Raya (1422-1424 CE or Vijaya Raya was an emperor of the Vijayanagara Empire from the Sangama Dynasty. Deva Raya II (1424-1446 CE was an Emperor of the Vijayanagara Empire from the Sangama Dynasty. Mallikarjuna Raya (1446-1465 CE was an Emperor of the Vijayanagara Empire from the Sangama Dynasty. Virupaksha Raya II (1465-1485 CE was an Emperor of the Vijayanagara Empire from the Sangama Dynasty. Praudha Raya (also known as Praudha Devaraya) was an unpopular king of Vijayanagara Empire who ruled for a very short period of time being driven out of the capital The Saluva Dynasty was created by the Saluvas who by historical tradition were natives of the Kalyani region of northern Karnataka Saluva Narasimha Deva Raya (1485&ndash1491 CE was an Emperor of the Vijayanagara Empire from the Saluva Dynasty. Thimma Bhupa (1491 was the elder son of Saluva Narasimha Deva Raya, the King of Vijayanagara Empire. Narasimha Raya II (r1491-1505 or Immadi Narasimha or Dhamma Tammaraya was the second son of King Saluva Narasimha Deva Raya. See Tuluva The Dynasty is the third dynasty which ruled Vijayanagara empire. Tuluva Narasa Nayaka (1491-1503 CE was the able commander of the Vijayanagar army under the rule of Saluva Narasimha Deva Raya and the de-facto sovereign Viranarasimha Raya (1505-1509 CE became the king of Vijayanagar empire after the death of Tuluva Narasa Nayaka Achyuta Raya (1529-1542 CE was a ruler of a Vijayanagara Empire of South India. Sadasiva Raya was a ruler of the Vijayanagara Empire, a powerful South Indian empire based in the Deccan in 16th century India. The Aravidu Dynasty was the fourth and last Hindu dynasty which ruled Vijayanagara Empire in South India. Rama Raya, (1542-1565 CE popularly known as "Aliya" Rama Raya was the progenitor of the "Aravidu" dynasty of Vijayanagar Empire. Tirumala Deva Raya (1565-1572 CEwas the first Coronated King of the Vijayanagara Empire from the Aravidu Dynasty. Sriranga I (aka Sriranga Deva Raya (1572-1586 CE was the king of Vijayanagara empire, from 1572-1586 Venkata II,(aka Venkatapathi Raya)(1586-1614 CE the younger brother of Sriranga I became the King of Vijayanagara Empire from 1586-1614 Sriranga II (aka Sriranga Chika Raya) (1614-1614 CE was nominated in 1614 by King Venkata II to succeed him as king of the Vijayanagara Empire in Southern Rama Deva Raya, (aka Vira Rama Deva Raya) (1617-1632 CE ascended the throne after a gruesome war in 1617 as the King of Vijayanagara Empire. Venkata III (aka Peda Venkata Raya),the grandson of Aliya Rama Raya became the King of Vijayanagara Empire from 1632-1642 Sriranga III (1642-1652 CE was the last ruler of the Vijayanagara Empire, who came to power in 1642 following the death of his uncle Venkata III. Hampi ( Kannada: ಹಂಪೆ is a village in northern Karnataka state India. Kannada (kn [[wiktಕನ್ನಡ ಕನ್ನಡ]] Kannaḍa) is one of the major Dravidian languages of India, spoken predominantly in the state The Vijayanagara Empire ( Kannada: ವಿಜಯನಗರ ಸಾಮ್ರಾಜ್ಯ Telugu: విజయనగర సామ్రాజ్యము was a South He presided over the empire at its zenith. He is regarded as a hero of people of Kannada and Telugu descent and considered to be one of the great kings of India. Kannada (kn [[wiktಕನ್ನಡ ಕನ್ನಡ]] Kannaḍa) is one of the major Dravidian languages of India, spoken predominantly in the state Telugu people refer to the group of peoples who natively speak the Telugu language. India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country Emperor Krishnadevaraya also earned the titles Kannada Rajya Rama Ramana (ಕನ್ನಡರಾಜ್ಯರಮಾರಮಣ), Moorurayaraganda (ಮೂರುರಾಯರಗಂಡ) (meaning King of three kings) and Andhra Bhoja (ఆంధ్రభోజ). Much of our information about his reign comes from the accounts of Portuguese travelers Domingos Paes and Nuniz. He was assisted in the administration by the very able prime minister Timmarusu. Saluva Timmarusu or simply Timmarasa was Prime minister of Krishna Deva Raya. It was Timmarusu, who was responsible for the coronation of Krishnadevaraya. Saluva Timmarusu or simply Timmarasa was Prime minister of Krishna Deva Raya. Krishnadevaraya revered Timmarusu as a father figure. Saluva Timmarusu or simply Timmarasa was Prime minister of Krishna Deva Raya. Krishnadevaraya was the son of Nagala Devi and Tuluva Narasa Nayaka[1] an army commander under Saluva Narasimha Deva Raya, who later took control of the reign of the empire to prevent it from disintegration. See Tuluva The Dynasty is the third dynasty which ruled Vijayanagara empire. Saluva Narasimha Deva Raya (1485&ndash1491 CE was an Emperor of the Vijayanagara Empire from the Saluva Dynasty. The kings coronation took place on the birthday of Lord Krishna and his earliest inscription is from July 26th. 1509 C. E. He built a beautiful suburb near Vijayanagara called Nagalapura in memory of his mother.
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Personality
Along with inscriptions, writings of foreign travellers provide most of the information about his rule[2]. The king was of medium height, cheerful disposition, respectful to foreign visitors, ruthless in maintaining the law and was prone to fits of anger. He maintained himself to high level of physical fitness by daily physical exercises. From the travelogues it becomes apparent that not only was the king an able administrator, he was also an excellent army general. He led from the front and even attended to the wounded.
Military Campaigns and Foreign Relations
The rule of Krishnadevaraya was a glorious chapter in Vijayanagar history when its armies were successful everywhere. On occasions, the king was known to change battle plans abruptly and turn a losing battle into victory. The first decade of his rule was one of long sieges, bloody conquests and victories. His main enemies were the Gajapatis of Orissa who had been at constant conflict since the rule of Saluva Narasimha Deva Raya, The Bahamani Sultans, though divided into five small kingdoms were still a constant threat, the Portuguese were a rising maritime power and hence controlled much of the sea trade. Saluva Narasimha Deva Raya (1485&ndash1491 CE was an Emperor of the Vijayanagara Empire from the Saluva Dynasty. The feudatory chiefs of Ummatur, Reddys of Kondavidu and Velamas of Bhuvanagiri had time and again rebelled against Vijayanagar authority.
Success in Deccan
The annual affair of the raid and plunder of Vijayanagar towns and villages by the Deccan sultans came to an end during the Raya's rule. In 1509. Krishnadevaraya's armies clashed with the Sultan of Bijapur at Diwani and the sultan Mahmud was severely injured and defeated. Yusuf Adil Khan was killed and Kovilkonda was annexed. Taking advantage of the victory and disunity of the Bahamani Sultans, the Raya invaded Bidar, Gulbarga and Bijapur and earned the title "establisher of the Yavana kingdom" when he released Sultan Mahmud and made him de-facto ruler.
War with Feudatories
He subdued local rulers, Reddys of Kondavidu and Velamas of Bhuvanagiri, and seized lands up to the Krishna river. This article is about an Indian river For other meanings of this river names see Krishna (disambiguation and Krishnaveni. Gangaraja, the Ummatur chief fought Krishnadevaraya on the banks of the Kaveri and was defeated. The chief later drowned in the Kaveri in 1512. The region was made a part of the Srirangapatna province. WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> Srirangapattana ( Kannada:ಶ್ರೀರಂಗಪಟ್ಟಣ (also spelt Srirangapatna In 1516-1517, he pushed beyond the Godavari river. This article is about the river Godavari in India. For other uses see Godavari (disambiguation The Godavari ( Marathi language:गोदावरी
War with Kalinga
He defeated the Gajapatis of Orissa who were in occupation of northern Andhra in five campaigns. Gajapatis were a medieval Hindu dynasty that ruled over Kalinga (modern Orissa) parts of Andhra Pradesh and West Bengal. Orissa (ଓଡ଼ିଶା is a state located on the east coast of India, by the Bay of Bengal. The success at Ummatur provided the necessary impetus to carry his campaign into to Telangana region which was in control of Gajapati Prathaparudra. in 1513 the Vijayanagar army laid siege to Udayagiri fort which lasted for a year before the Gajapati army was routed. Krishnadevaraya offered prayers at Tirupati thereafter along with his wives Tirumala Devi and Chinna Devi. Tirupati ( Telugu: తిరుపతి is the richest pilgrimage city (of any religious faith in the world located in the state of Andhra Pradesh in India His kulaguru Vyasatirtha wrote many songs in praise of the King after this victory. Vyasatirtha ( Kannada:ವ್ಯಾಸತೀರ್ಥ (1460-1539 also called Vyasaraja or Vyasaraya, was acclaimed as one on the three spiritual lights The Gajapati army was then met at Kondavidu where after a siege of a few months, Krishnadevaraya along with Saluva Timmarasa inflicted another defeat on Prathaparudra. Saluva Timmarasa took over as governor of Kondavidu thereafter. The Vijayanagar army then accosted the Gajapati army at Kondapalli area and laid another siege. This was the final defeat for the Gajapathi king who offered his daughter Jaganmohini in marriage to Krishnadevaraya. She became his third queen.
He established friendly relations with the Portuguese, who set up the Portuguese Dominion of India in Goa in 1510. Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic (República Portuguesa is a country on the Iberian Peninsula. Goa ( Konkani: गोंय /ɡɔ̃j/ is India 's smallest state in terms of area and the fourth smallest in terms of population. The Emperor obtained guns and Arabian horses from the Portuguese merchants. He also utilized Portuguese expertise in improving water supply to Vijayanagara City.
Final conflict
The complicated alliances of the empire and the five Deccan sultanates meant that he was continually at war; in one of these campaigns, he defeated Golconda and captured its commander Madurul-Mulk, crushed Bijapur and its sultan Ismail Adil Shah and restored Bahmani sultanate to Muhammad Shah. The Adil Shahi or Adilshahi dynasty ruled the Sultanate of Bijapur in the Western area of the Deccan region of Southern India from 1490 Sultan (سلطان is an Islamic title with several historical meanings The Bahmani Sultanate (Also called the Bahmanid Empire was a Muslim state of the Deccan in southern India and one of the great medieval Indian kingdoms
The highlight of his conquests occurred on May 19, 1520 where he secured the fortress of Raichur from Ismail Adil Shah of Bijapur after a difficult siege during which 16,000 Vijaynagar soldiers were killed. The exploits of the chief military commander, Pemmasani Ramalinga Nayudu, during the battle of Raichur were suitably rewarded by the grateful emperor. Pemmasani Ramalinga Nayudu was the Chief military commander of the famous Vijayanagar king Sri Krishnadevaraya. During the campaign against Raichur, it is said that 703,000 foot soldiers, 32,600 cavalry and 551 elephants were used (See The battle of Raichur). Raichur is a small town in the south Indian state of Karnataka. Finally, in his last battle, he razed to the ground the fortress of Gulburga, the early capital of the Bahmani sultanate. The Bahmani Sultanate (Also called the Bahmanid Empire was a Muslim state of the Deccan in southern India and one of the great medieval Indian kingdoms His empire extended over the whole of South India.
In 1524 he made his son Tirumalai Raya the Yuvaraja though the crown prince did not survive for long. He was poisoned to death. Suspecting the involvement of Saluva Timmarasa, Krishnadevaraya had his trusted commander and adviser blinded.
Internal Affairs
Paes summarises the king's attitude to matters of law and order by the sentence, "The king maintains the law by killing. " Offences against property (designed to maintain stability) and for murder ranged from cutting of a foot and hand for theft and beheading for murder (except for those occurring as a result of duel). Paes could not estimate the size of Vijaynagar as his view was obscured by the hills but estimated the city to be at least as large as Rome. Rome ( Roma ˈroma Roma is the capital city of Italy and Lazio, and is Italy's largest and most populous city with more than 2 Furthermore, he considered Vijaynagar to be "the best provided city in the world" with a population of not less than a half a million.
The empire was divided into a number of provinces often under members of the royal family and into further subdivisions. The official languages of the court were Kannada and Telugu . Kannada (kn [[wiktಕನ್ನಡ ಕನ್ನಡ]] Kannaḍa) is one of the major Dravidian languages of India, spoken predominantly in the state
Sewe I remarks that Krishnadevaraya was not only a monarch de – jure, but he was also a de – facto sovereign with extensive powers and strong personal influence. With the active co – operation of Saluva Thimmarasa he administered the Kingdom well, maintained peace in the land and increased the prosperity of the people.
The administration of the empire was carried on along the lines indicated in his Amuktamalyada. He was the opinion that the King should always rule with an eye towards dharma. His concern for the welfare of the people is amply proved by his extensive annual tours all over the empire, during which he studied everything personally and tried to redress the grievances of the people and to punish the evil doers.
The Portuguese Chronicler Domingo Paes praises Krishnadevaraya as, “the most feared and perfect King… a great ruler and a man of much justice”. Though a staunch follower of Vaishnavism he showed respect all sects and petty religious prejudices never influenced him either in granting gifts or in his choice of companions and officers. Vaishnavism is a tradition of Hinduism, distinguished from other schools by its worship of Vishnu or its associated avatars principally as Rama and According to Barbosa, “The King allows such freedom that every man may come and go live according to his own creed, without suffering any annoyance”.
Art and Literature
The rule of Krishnadevaraya was an age of prolific literature in many languages, although it is also known as a golden age of Telugu literature. Vithoba ( Marathi: Viṭhobā विठोबा) also known as Vitthala ( Sanskrit: Viṭṭhala विठ्ठल Kannada: Viṭṭala Hampi ( Kannada: ಹಂಪೆ is a village in northern Karnataka state India. Many Telugu, Sanskrit, Kannada and Tamil poets enjoyed the patronage of the emperor. Emperor Krishnadevaraya was fluent in many languages.
Kannada Literature
He patronised Kannada poets Mallanarya who wrote Veerasaivamrita, Bhavachintaratna and Satyendra Cholakathe, Chatu Vittalanatha who wrote Bhagavatha, Timmanna Kavi who wrote a eulogy of his king in Krishnaraya Bharata[3][4]. Vyasatirtha, the great saint from Mysore belonging to the Madhwa order of Udupi was his Rajguru who wrote many songs in praise of his devoted king[5]. Vyasatirtha ( Kannada:ವ್ಯಾಸತೀರ್ಥ (1460-1539 also called Vyasaraja or Vyasaraya, was acclaimed as one on the three spiritual lights Udupi ( Kannada, Tulu: ಉಡುಪಿ Odipu, Konkani - उडुपी) is a city and the headquarters of the Udupi District in Krishnadevarayana Dinachari in Kannada is a recently discovered work[6]. The record highlights the contemporary society during Krishnadevaraya's time in his personal diary. However it is not yet clear if the record was written by the king himself.
Tamil Literature
Krishnadevaraya patronised Tamil poet Haridasa [7].
Sanskrit Literature
In Sanskrit, Vyasatirtha wrote Bhedojjivana, Tatparyachandrika, Nyayamrita (a work directed against Advaita philosophy) and Tarkatandava. Vyasatirtha ( Kannada:ವ್ಯಾಸತೀರ್ಥ (1460-1539 also called Vyasaraja or Vyasaraya, was acclaimed as one on the three spiritual lights Krishnadevaraya himself an accomplished scholar wrote Madalasa Charita, Satyavadu Parinaya and Rasamanjari and Jambavati Kalyana[8][9][10].
Telugu Literature
Krishnarayalu’s reign was the golden age of Telugu literature. Telugu literature is the Literature of the Telugu people, an ethnic group based in southern India. Eight poets known as Astadiggajalu (eight elephants in the eight cardinal points such as North, South etc. Astadiggajas (అష్టదిగ్గజులు is the collective title given to the eight telugu Poets in the court of the emperor Sri Krishnadevaraya ) were part of his court (known as Bhuvanavijayamu). According to the Vaishnavite religion there are eight elephants in eight corners in space and hold the earth in its place. Similarly these eight poets were the eight pillars of his literary assembly. Who constituted Ashtadiggajas is not certain. Astadiggajas (అష్టదిగ్గజులు is the collective title given to the eight telugu Poets in the court of the emperor Sri Krishnadevaraya But, it is popularly believed to include these : Allasani Peddana, Nandi Thimmana, Madayyagari Mallana, Dhurjati, Ayyalaraju Ramabhadrudu, Pingali Surana, Ramarajabhushanudu and Tenali Ramakrishnudu. Allasani Peddana ( Telugu:అల్లసాని పెద్దన (15th and 16th centuries CE) was a famous Telugu Poet and was ranked as Nandi Thimmana ( Telugu:నంది తిమ్మన ( 15th and 16th centuries CE) was a Telugu Poet and one of the Mallana ( Telugu:మల్లన ( 15th, CE) was a Telugu Poet and one of the Astadiggajas (literally means eight Dhurjati ( Telugu:ధూర్జటి ( 15th and 16th centuries, CE) was a Telugu Poet in the court of the Ayyalaraju Ramabhadrudu ( Telugu:అయ్యలరాజు రామభద్రుడు (16th century CE) was a famous Telugu Poet and Pingali Surana ( Telugu:పింగళి సూరన (16th century CE) was a Telugu Poet and was one of the Astadiggajas Ramarajabhushanudu ( Telugu:రామరాజభూషణుడు (mid 16th century CE) was a Telugu Poet and a notable musician was one of Garlapati Tenali Ramakrishna (తెనాలి రామకృష్ణుడు popularly known as Tenali Rama and Vikata Kavi, was a court- Poet of
Among these eight poets Allasani Peddana is considered to be the greatest and is given the title of Andhra Kavita Pitamaha (the father of Telugu poetry). Allasani Peddana ( Telugu:అల్లసాని పెద్దన (15th and 16th centuries CE) was a famous Telugu Poet and was ranked as Manucharitramu is his popular prabhanda work. Nandi Timmana wrote Parijataapaharanamu. Madayyagari Mallana wrote Rajasekhara Charitramu. Dhurjati wrote Kalahasti Mahatyamu and Ayyalraju Ramabhadrudu wrote Ramaabhyudayamu. Pingali Surana wrote the still remarkable Raghavapandaveeyamu, a dual work with double meaning built into the text, describing both the Ramayana and the Mahabharata. The Rāmāyaṇa ( Devanāgarī: sa रामायण is an ancient Sanskrit epic attributed to the Hindu sage ( Maharishi) Valmiki Battumurty alias Ramarajabhushanudu wrote Kavyalankarasangrahamu, Vasucharitramu, and Harischandranalopakhyanamu. Among these works the last one is a dual work which tells simultaneously the story of King Harishchandra and Nala and Damayanti. Harishchandra, in Hindu religious texts is the 28th king of the Solar Dynasty. Damayanti (दमयंती a character in Hindu mythology was the princess of Vidarbha Kingdom, who married king Nala, of Nishadha Kingdom Tenali Ramakrishna first wrote Udbhataradhya Charitramu, a Shaivite work and later wrote Vaishnava devotional texts Panduranga Mahatmyamu, and Ghatikachala Mahatmyamu. Garlapati Tenali Ramakrishna (తెనాలి రామకృష్ణుడు popularly known as Tenali Rama and Vikata Kavi, was a court- Poet of Shaivism, also spelled "Saivism" names the oldest of the four sects of Hinduism. The period of the Empire is known as “Prabandha Period,” because of the quality of the prabandha literature produced during this time. Tenali Rama remains one of the most popular folk figures in India today, a quick-witted courtier ready even to outwit the all-powerful emperor.
Amuktamalyada
Sri Krishnadevaraya wrote the Amuktamalyada in Telugu, in which he beautifully describes the pangs of separation suffered by Andal (one of the twelve bhakti era alwars) for her lover Lord Vishnu. Aandaal (ஆண்டாள் is a 10th century Tamil saint and one of the twelve Alvars (saints and the only woman Alvar of Vaishnavism. Bhakti ( Devanāgarī: भक्ति) is a word of Sanskrit origin meaning devotion. The Alvars (ஆழ்வார்கள் (aːɻʋaːr ‘those immersed in god’ were Tamil poet saints of south India who lived between sixth and ninth centuries and espoused He describes Andal’s physical beauty in thirty verses; using descriptions of the spring and the monsoon as metaphors. As elsewhere in Indian poetry - see Sringara - the sensual pleasure of union extends beyond the physical level and becomes a path to, and a metaphor for, spirituality and ultimate union with the divine. Sringara is one of the nine Rasas, usually translated as erotic love or romantic love
One of the main characters is Periyalwar, the father of Andal. Lord Vishnu commands Periyalwar to teach a king of the Pandya dynasty the path of knowledge to moksha. Origin The origin of the word “Pandya” has been a subject of much speculation In Indian religions, Moksha ( Sanskrit: sa मोक्ष mokṣa) or Mukti ( Sanskrit: sa मुक्ति literally "release" Amuktamalyada is also known by the name Vishnuchitteeyam, a reference to Vishnuchittudu, the telugu name of Periyalwar. Several other short stories are included in Amuktamalyada in the course of the main story of Godadevi, the telugu name of Andal, which is used throghout the tome. Krishnarayalu was also well-versed in Sanskrit, Tamil and Kannada. Jambavati Kalyanamu is his Sanskrit work. [11][12]. He strived for the welfare and the upliftment of Telugu people.
Religion and Culture
Krishna Deva Raya respected all sects of Hinduism, although he personally leaned in favour of Sri Vaishnavism[13][14], as evident in his litreary tomes, and lavished on the Tirupati temple numerous objects of priceless value, ranging from diamond studded crowns to golden swords. Tirupati ( Telugu: తిరుపతి is the richest pilgrimage city (of any religious faith in the world located in the state of Andhra Pradesh in India Additionally, he is known to have commissioned the making of statutes of himself and his two wives at the temple complex. Krishnadevaraya, was formally, initiated into the Sri Vaishnava Sampradaya, by Panchamatha Bhanjanam Tathacharya, the Rajaguru, of those times. Article by U Vaidyanathan He also, equally, patronised Vyasatirtha, and other vedanta scholars of that time. Vyasatirtha ( Kannada:ವ್ಯಾಸತೀರ್ಥ (1460-1539 also called Vyasaraja or Vyasaraya, was acclaimed as one on the three spiritual lights [15] He patronised poets and scholars in Kannada, Telugu, Tamil and Sanskrit.
References
- Smith, Vincent, Oxford History of India, Fourth Edition, pgs. 306-307, and 312-313.
- Dr. Suryanath U. Kamat, Concise history of Karnataka, 2001, MCC, Bangalore (Reprinted 2002).
- Prof K. A. Nilakanta Sastri, History of South India, From Prehistoric times to fall of Vijayanagar, 1955, OUP, New Delhi (Reprinted 2002)
Notes
- ^ Prof K. A. N. Sastri, History of South India, From Prehistoric times to fall of Vijayanagar, 1955, pp 250,258
- ^ Portuguese travellers Domingo Paes visited Vijayanagar when The Raya was about 30-35 years old and already a highly respected king. Nuniz has also left many records. Prof K. A. N. Sastri, History of South India, From Prehistoric times to fall of Vijayanagar, 1955. pp 251
- ^ Dr. S. U. Kamat, Concise history of Karnataka, pp 157-189
- ^ Prof K. A. N. Sastri, History of South India pp 355-366
- ^ Krishnadevaraya considered the saint his Kuladevata and highly honoured him. A Concise History of Karnataka pp 178, Dr. S. U. Kamath, [1] Haridasas of Karnataka, Madhusudana Rao CR, History of South India, pp 324, Prof. K. A. N. Sastri
- ^ A Concise History of Karnataka, Dr. S. U. Kamath, pp 157
- ^ Dr. S. U. Kamat, Concise history of Karnataka, pp 157-189, History of South India, pp 331-354, Prof. K. A. N. Sastri
- ^ Dr. S. U. Kamat, Concise history of Karnataka, pg. 157-189
- ^ Prof K. A. N. Sastri, History of South India pg. 239-280
- ^ Prof K. A. N. Sastri, History of South India pg. 309-330
- ^ Amukutamalyada 1-13,15
- ^ Velcheru Narayana Rao, Coconut and Honey: Sanskrit and Telugu in Medieval Andhra Social Scientist, Vol. 23, No. 10/12. (Oct. - Dec. , 1995), pp. 24-40. [2]
- ^ The Vaishnava influence, Vasudevan, Kamala [3]
- ^ Srivaisnavas and the Royal Rama Cult at Vijayanagara, Rao, Ajay K [4]
- ^ Haridasas of Karnataka, Narahari S. Pujar, Shrisha Rao and H. P. Raghunandan [5]
External links
- The Golden Era of Telugu Literature from the Vepachedu Educational Foundation
- (Krishnadevaraya's complex at Tirupati)
- Statutes of Krishnadevaraya and his wives at Tirupati.
- http://www.vijayanagaracoins.com/htm/krishna.htm (gold coins during his reign. )
- Hampi - History and Tourism
- A Forgotten Empire (Vijayanagar): a contribution to the history of India (Translation of the "Chronica dos reis de Bisnaga" written by Domingos Paes and Fernão Nunes about 1520 and 1535, respectively, with a historical introduction by Robert Sewell). available freely at Project Gutenberg
| Preceded by Viranarasimha Raya |
Vijayanagara empire 1509 –1529 |
Succeeded by Achyuta Deva Raya |
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