Kraków
View of the Main Market Square
Flag Coat of arms
Kraków
Coordinates: 50°3′41″N 19°56′18″E / 50.06139, 19.93833
Country	Poland
Voivodeship	Lesser Poland
County	city county
City rights	June 5, 1257
Government
- Mayor	Jacek Majchrowski
Area
- Total	327 km² (126. The city of Kraków uses a Coat of arms, a seal, official colors a Flag, and a Banner as its official symbols The city of Kraków uses a Coat of arms, a seal, official colors a Flag, and a Banner as its official symbols Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland Voivodeship The voivodeship or province (województwo has been a high-level Administrative subdivision of Poland since the 14th century Lesser Poland Voivodeship (also known as Małopolska Province or by its Polish name województwo małopolskie or simply Małopolskie) is a Voivodeship A powiat (pronounced; Polish plural powiaty) is the second-level unit of Local government and administration in Poland, equivalent to a County Events 70 - Titus and his Roman Legions breach the middle wall of Jerusalem in the Siege of Jerusalem Jacek Majchrowski (born January 13, 1947 in Sosnowiec) is the mayor of the Royal Capital City Area is a Quantity expressing the two- Dimensional size of a defined part of a Surface, typically a region bounded by a closed Curve. Square Kilometre ( US spelling square kilometer) symbol km2, is a decimal multiple of the SI unit of 3 sq mi)
Elevation	219 m (719 ft)
Population (2006)
- Total	756,757
- Density	2,314. The square mile is an imperial and US unit of Area equal the area of a square of one statute mile. The elevation of a Geographic location is its height above a fixed reference point often the mean sea level. The metre or meter is a unit of Length. It is the basic unit of Length in the Metric system and in the International A foot (plural feet or foot; symbol or abbreviation ft or sometimes &prime – the prime symbol) is a non-SI unit Population density (in agriculture standing stock and Standing crop) is a measurement of Population per unit area or unit volume 2/km² (5,993. 9/sq mi)
Time zone	CET (UTC+1)
- Summer (DST)	CEST (UTC+2)
Postal code	30-024 to 31-962
Area code(s)	+48 12
Car plates	KR
Website: http://www.krakow.pl/

Kraków [ˈkrakuf] ( listen), in English also spelled Krakow or Cracow (pronounced /ˈkrækaʊ/, M-W: krăk'ou, krāk'ō), is one of the largest and oldest cities in Poland, with a population of 756,336 in 2007 (1,403,247 in the Kraków-Tarnów sub-region). Central European Time ( CET) is one of the names of the Time zone that is 1 hour ahead of Coordinated Universal Time. UTC+1 is used in the following locations Central European Time West Africa Time Western European Summer Time Daylight saving time ( DST Central European Summer Time ( CEST) is one of the names of UTC+2 Time zone, 2 hours ahead of Coordinated Universal Time. UTC+2 corresponds to the following Time zones Eastern European Time Egypt Standard Time Central Africa Time A telephone numbering plan is a plan for allocating Telephone number ranges to countries regions areas and exchanges and to non-fixed telephone networks In common with many Countries, Polish car number plates indicate the Region of Registration of the Vehicle encoded in the number plate Merriam-Webster, which was originally the G & C Merriam Company of Springfield Massachusetts, is an American company that publishes reference books Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland Tarnów (Tarnau טארנא- Turna) is a city in southeastern Poland with 118128 inhabitants (2006 ^[1] Situated on the Vistula river (Polish: Wisła) in the Lesser Poland region, the city dates back to the 7th century. Polish ( język polski, polszczyzna) is the Official language of Poland. Lesser Poland (also "Little Poland" Polish: Małopolska, Latin: Polonia Minor) is one of the historical regions of Poland A city is an Urban area with a large Population and a particular Administrative, Legal, or Historical status ^[2] It was the capital of Poland from 1038 to 1596, the capital of the Grand Duchy of Kraków from 1846 to 1918, and the capital of Kraków Voivodeship from the 14th century to 1999. For the Grand Duke overlord of the Polanes during fragmentation of Poland see Duke of Cracow (1138 - 1320 The Grand Duchy of Cracow (Großherzogtum Kraków Voivodeship refers to several historical Voivodeships of Poland. It is now the capital of the Lesser Poland Voivodeship. Lesser Poland Voivodeship (also known as Małopolska Province or by its Polish name województwo małopolskie or simply Małopolskie) is a Voivodeship

Kraków has traditionally been one of the leading centres of Polish scientific, cultural and artistic life. As the former national capital with a history encompassing more than a thousand years, the city remains the spiritual heart of Poland. It is a major attraction for local and international tourists, attracting seven million visitors annually. Famous landmarks include the Main Market Square with St. Mary's Basilica and the Sukiennice Cloth Hall, the Wawel Castle, the National Art Museum, the Zygmunt Bell at the Wawel Cathedral, and the medieval St Florian's Gate with the Barbican along the Royal Coronation Route. Main Market Square in Kraków (Rynek Główny w Krakowie also known as Rynek Krakowski — Kraków Market Square) is the main square of the St Mary's Basilica (Kościół Mariacki is a Brick Gothic church built in the 14th century, adjacent to the Main Market Square in Kraków The Renaissance Sukiennice ( Cloth Hall, Drapers Hall) in Kraków, Poland, one of the city's most recognizable See also Wawel The Gothic Wawel Castle was built at the behest of Casimir III the Great and consists of a number of structures situated around Macierzynstwo 1905jpg|thumb|180px|"Motherhood" by Stanisław Wyspiański. Zygmunt ( Sigismund in Latin) named after King Sigismund (Zygmunt I the Old, is a bell that hangs inside Zygmunt's Tower Wawel Cathedral &ndash the Cathedral Basilica of Sts Stanisław and Vaclav &ndash is Poland 's national sanctuary located on Wawel Hill in Kraków Brama florianska Florianjpg|thumb|180px| Bas-relief of St Florian facing Floriańska Street]] The Florian Gate ( St The Barbican of Kraków ('Barbakan Krakowski' is a fortified outpost or gateway – a Barbican – one of the few remaining relics of the complex network of fortifications This is a list of royal Coronations in Poland from the 10th century on beginning in the town of Gniezno, which was the main residence of the early In 1978, UNESCO added Kraków's historic centre, which includes the Old Town, Kazimierz and the Wawel Castle to the list of World Heritage Sites. United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization ( UNESCO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations established on November 16 Stare Miasto (Old Town is the central historic district of Kraków, Poland. See also Casimir Kazimierz ( Latin: Casimiria; Yiddish Kuzmir) is a historical district of Kraków ( A UNESCO World Heritage Site is a site (such as a Forest, Mountain, Lake, Desert, Monument, Building, complex

Contents 1 Etymology 2 History 2.1 Middle Ages 2.2 Golden age 2.3 18th and early 19th century 2.4 1918 to the present 3 Geography and climate 4 Districts 5 Transport 6 Economy 7 Government 8 Demographics 9 Education 10 Culture 10.1 Parks 10.2 Sports 11 Symbols and twin cities 12 See also 13 References 14 Further reading

Etymology

The name of Kraków is traditionally derived from Krakus (Krak, Grakch), the legendary founder of Kraków and a ruler of the tribe of Lechitians (Poles). Krakus or Krak or Grakch is the name given to a legendary Polish prince and founder of Kraków, the ruler of the tribe of Lechitians Lechites or Lekhites (Lechici - name for some Tribes of West Slavs whose shared quality was the usage of the Lechitic languages. The Polish people, or Poles, (Polacy) are a Western Slavic Ethnic group of Central Europe, living predominantly in Poland. In Polish, Kraków is an archaic possessive form of Krak and essentially means "Krak's (town)". Polish ( język polski, polszczyzna) is the Official language of Poland. The possessive case of a language is a Grammatical case used to indicate a relationship of possession. Krakus's name may derive from "krakula", a Proto-Slavic word^[3] meaning a judge's staff, or a Proto-Slavic word "krak" meaning an oak, once a sacred tree most often associated with the concept of genealogy. Proto-Slavic is the Proto-language from which Slavic languages later emerged The term oak can be used as part of the common name of any of about 400 species of Trees and Shrubs in the Genus Quercus (from Latin Genealogy (from Greek: el γενεά el-Latn genea, "descent" and el λόγος el-Latn logos, "knowledge" is the study of The first mention of Prince Krakus (then written as Grakch) dates back to 1190, although the town existed as early as the 7th century, inhabited by the tribe of Wiślanie. Vistulans (Wiślanie were a Lechitic tribe inhabiting since at least the 7th century, lands known today as Lesser Poland. ^[2]

The city's full official name, used on ceremonial occasions, is Royal Capital City of Kraków (Polish: Królewskie Stołeczne Miasto Kraków). Polish ( język polski, polszczyzna) is the Official language of Poland. ^[4] A person born, or living, in Kraków is called a Cracovian (Polish: Krakowianin). Polish ( język polski, polszczyzna) is the Official language of Poland.

The city is known in Czech and Slovak as Krakov, in French as Cracovie, in German as Krakau, in Latin as Cracovia, and in Lithuanian as Krokuva. Czech (ˈʧɛk čeština ˈʧɛʃcɪna in Czech is a West Slavic language with about 12 million native speakers it is the majority language in the The Slovak language ( slovenčina, slovenský jazyk, not to be confused with Slovenščina) sometimes referred to as "Slovakian" French ( français,) is a Romance language spoken around the world by 118 million people as a native language and by about 180 to 260 million people The German language (de ''Deutsch'') is a West Germanic language and one of the world's major languages. Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. Lithuanian ( lietuvių kalba) is the official state language of Lithuania and is recognised as one of the official languages of the European Union. Ukrainian and Yiddish languages refer to it as Krakiv and Kroke (קראָקע) respectively. Ukrainian (in Ukrainian украї́нська мо́ва ukrayins'ka mova,) is a language of the East Slavic subgroup of the Slavic languages. Yiddish (yi [[wiktייִדיש ייִדיש]] yidish or yi [[wiktאידיש אידיש]] idish, literally "Jewish" is a nonterritorial High ^[5] Names of Kraków in different languages are also available. I J K L Lviv -->

History

Main article: History of Kraków

Middle Ages

Archaeological evidence suggests that a settlement had been established in the Stone Age on the present site of the Wawel Hill. See also Kraków Medieval The earliest known settlement on the present site of Kraków (Cracow was established on Wawel Hill, and dates The Stone Age is a broad prehistoric time period during which Humans widely used stone for toolmaking Wawel Hill ( Polish Wzgórze wawelskie or for short Wawel) is the name of a Jurassic limestone outcrop formed about 150 million years ago ^[6] A legend attributes its founding to the mythical ruler Krakus, who built it above a cave occupied by a ravenous dragon, Smok Wawelski. Krakus or Krak or Grakch is the name given to a legendary Polish prince and founder of Kraków, the ruler of the tribe of Lechitians The dragon is a Legendary creature of which some interpretation or depiction appears in almost every culture worldwide Smok Wawelski, also known as The Dragon of Wawel Hill or simply The Wawel Dragon, is a famous Dragon in Polish folklore. Many knights unsuccessfully attempted to oust the dragon by fighting it, but Krakus fed it a poisoned breakfast, which killed the dragon. He then was able to build the city on top of the hill. The bones are displayed at the entrance of the Wawel Cathedral. ^[7] The first written record of the city's name dates back to 966, when a Sephardi Jewish traveller, Abraham ben Jacob, described Kraków as a notable commercial centre. Sephardi Jews ( Hebrew: ספרדי, Standard Səfardi Tiberian Səp̄arədî; plural Abraham ben Jacob, better known under his Arabic name of Ibrahim ibn Yaqub (or Ibrahim ibn Yaqub al-Tartushi) was a 10th century Sephardi Jew, a traveller ^[2]

By the end of the 10th century, the city was a leading trading centre, incorporated into the holdings of the Piast dynasty. Piast dynasty is the name used since the 17th century for Polish Royal Dynasty that ruled Poland from its beginnings as Duchy ruled by Mieszko Brick buildings were constructed, including the Wawel Castle, Romanesque churches such as St. Adalbert's, a cathedral, and a basilica. See also Wawel The Gothic Wawel Castle was built at the behest of Casimir III the Great and consists of a number of structures situated around Regional characteristics of Romanesque architecture|Romanesque art Romanesque architecture is the term that is used to describe the architecture of Middle Ages Europe which The Church of St Wojciech ( St Adalbert 's Church located to the side of the Main Market Square in Old Town, Kraków, is one of the oldest ^[2] The city was almost entirely destroyed during the Tatar invasions of 1241, 1259 and 1287. The Mongol invasion of Europe from the east took place over the course of three centuries from the Middle Ages to the Early modern period ^[8] It was rebuilt and incorporated in 1257, based on the Magdeburg law, with tax benefits and trade privileges for its citizens. A municipal corporation is the legal term for a local governing body, including (but not necessarily limited to cities, counties, Towns Magdeburg Rights (Magdeburger Recht or Magdeburg Law were a set of German town laws regulating the degree of internal autonomy within cities and villages granted with ^[9] The city again rose to prominence in 1364, when Casimir III of Poland founded the University of Kraków,^[10] the second oldest university in central Europe after the University of Prague. Casimir III the Great (Kazimierz Wielki April 30 1310 – November 5 1370 last King of Poland from the Piast dynasty (1333–1370 was the son of King Władysław For several academies alternatively called "Krakow Academy" see Education in Kraków The Jagiellonian University (Uniwersytet Central Europe is the Region lying between the variously and vaguely defined areas of Eastern and The city continued to grow under the joint Lithuanian-Polish Jagiellon dynasty (1386–1572). The Grand Duchy of Lithuania (Lietuvos Didžioji Kunigaikštystė old literary Lithuanian Didi Kunigiste Letuvos, Ruthenian: Wialikaje Kniastwa Litowskaje The Jagiellons (Jogailaičiai Jagiellonowie were a royal Dynasty originating from Lithuanian House of Gediminas dynasty that reigned in Central European As the capital of a powerful state and a member of the Hanseatic League, the city attracted many craftsmen, businesses, and guilds as science and the arts began to flourish. The Kingdom of Poland of the Jagiellons was the Polish state created by the accession of Wladislaus II Jagiełło, Grand Duke of Lithuania, to The Hanseatic League (also known as the Hansa) was an alliance of trading cities and their Guilds that established and maintained trade A guild is an association of craftsmen in a particular trade The earliest guilds were formed as confraternities of workers ^[11]

Golden age

The 15th and 16th centuries were known as Poland's Złoty Wiek, the Golden Age. Wawel Cathedral &ndash the Cathedral Basilica of Sts Stanisław and Vaclav &ndash is Poland 's national sanctuary located on Wawel Hill in Kraków Wawel Hill ( Polish Wzgórze wawelskie or for short Wawel) is the name of a Jurassic limestone outcrop formed about 150 million years ago ^[12] Many works of Polish Renaissance art and architecture were created there during that time,^[13][14] including ancient synagogues in Kraków's Jewish quarter of Kazimierz, such as the renown Old Synagogue. The Renaissance in Poland (Odrodzenie literally 'Rebirth' lasted from the late 15th century to the late 16th century and is widely considered to be the Golden Age of Polish culture A synagogue (from Greek: grc συναγωγή transliterated synagogē, "assembly" he בית כנסת beit knesset, "house of See also Casimir Kazimierz ( Latin: Casimiria; Yiddish Kuzmir) is a historical district of Kraków ( See also Synagogues of Kraków Old Synagogue is an Orthodox Judaism synagogue in Kazimierz district of Kraków, Poland ^[15] During the reign of Casimir IV, crowned King of Poland in 1447, numerous artists, from as far as Nuremberg and Italy, came to work and live in Kraków. Casimir IV Jagiellon (Kazimierz IV Jagiellończyk; Kazimieras Jogailaitis Kazimir Jahajłavič 30 November 1427 &ndash Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest The king's children were taught by an Italian humanist, Filip Callimachus. Filip Callimachus or Callimach ( Latin Philippus Callimachus Experiens, Filip Kallimach born Filippo Buonaccorsi, Bonacursius In 1488, the Holy Roman Emperor's Poet Laureate Conrad Celtes founded the Sodalitas Litterarum Vistulana (Vistula Literary Society), which was based on Roman Academies. The Holy Roman Emperor (Römischer Kaiser or Römisch-Deutscher Kaiser Romanorum Imperator was the elected monarch ruling over the many varying numbers of states A Poet Laureate is a Poet officially appointed by a government and is often expected to compose poems for State occasions and other government events Conrad Celtes (aka Conrad Celtis, Konrad Celtis; February 1, 1459 – February 4, 1508) was a German Sodalitas Litterarum Vistulana ("Literary Sodality of the Vistula " was an international Academic society modelled after the Roman Academy Roman academies includes a description of papal academies in Rome including historical and bibliographical notes concerning the more important of these In 1489, sculptor Veit Stoss finished his work on the High Altar of the St. Mary's Church,^[16] followed by a marble sarcophagus for King Casimir IV. Veit Stoss (Wit Stwosz (ca 1445-1450 in Horb am Neckar - 20 September 1533 in Nuremberg) was along with Adam Kraft and The altarpiece of Veit Stoss (Ołtarz Wita Stwosza Krakauer Hochaltar also St St Mary's Basilica (Kościół Mariacki is a Brick Gothic church built in the 14th century, adjacent to the Main Market Square in Kraków A sarcophagus is a Funeral receptacle for a Corpse, most commonly carved or cut from stone Johann Haller established a printing press in the city^[17] after Kasper Straube had printed the Calendarium Cracoviense, the first work printed in Poland, in 1473. Johann Haller or Jan Haller (1463 - 1525 is considered to be one of the first commercial printers in Poland. A printing press is a mechanical device for applying pressure to an inked surface resting upon a medium (such as paper or cloth thereby transferring an image Kasper Straube (also known as The Printer of the Turrecrematas) was a German printer of the 15th century Almanach cracoviense ad annum 1474 (Cracovian Almanac for the Year 1474 is a single-sheet astronomical Wall calendar for the year 1474, and Poland ^[18][19]

In 1520, the most famous church bell in Poland, named Zygmunt after Sigismund I of Poland, was cast by Hans Behem. A church bell is a bell which is rung in a (especially Christian) church either to signify the Hour or the time for worshippers to go to Zygmunt ( Sigismund in Latin) named after King Sigismund (Zygmunt I the Old, is a bell that hangs inside Zygmunt's Tower Sigismund I the Old (Zygmunt I Stary Žygimantas II Senasis 1 January 1467 – 1 April 1548) of the Jagiellon dynasty reigned as Hans Böhm, Drummer of Niklashausen was born in the small village of Helmstadt which lies in the south-central region of Germany known as Franconia. ^[20] At that time, Hans Dürer, a younger brother of Albrecht Dürer, was Sigismund's court painter. Hans Dürer (born February 21 1490 in Nuremberg - ca 1538 was a German Renaissance painter, illustrator, and engraver Albrecht Dürer (ˈalbʀɛçt ˈdyʀɐ ( May 21, 1471 &ndash April 6, 1528) was a German painter, Printmaker ^[21] Hans von Kulmbach made altarpieces for several churches. Artist Hans von Kulmbach (originally Hans Suess of Kulmbach Franconia) was born around 1480 and died in 1528 in Nuremberg. An altarpiece is a picture or Relief representing a religious subject and suspended in a frame behind the Altar of a church ^[22] In 1572, King Sigismund II, the last of the Jagiellons, died childless. For other nobles of the same name please see Sigismund. Sigismund II Augustus I (Zygmunt II August The Polish throne passed to Henry III of France and then to other foreign-based rulers in rapid succession, causing a decline in the city's importance that was worsened by pillaging during the Swedish invasion and by an outbreak of plague that left 20,000 of the city's residents dead. Henry III of France (Henri III Henryk ( September 19 1551 – August 2, 1589) Bubonic plague is the best-known manifestation of the bacterial disease plague, caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis (formerly known as In 1596, Sigismund III, of the Swedish House of Vasa, moved the capital of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth from Kraków to Warsaw. Sigismund III Vasa (Zygmunt III Waza ( 20 June 1566 "Sverige" redirects here For other uses see Sweden (disambiguation and Sverige (disambiguation. The House of Vasa ( Swedish: Vasaätten, Polish: Waza) was the Royal House of Sweden The Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, officially the Commonwealth of the Crown of the Polish Kingdom and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania also known as the Most Serene Republic Warsaw (Warszawa; also known by other names) is the Capital and Largest city of Poland. ^[23]

18th and early 19th century

Cracow's Historic Centre*
UNESCO World Heritage Site
Type	Cultural
Criteria	IV
Reference	29
Region†	Europe and North America
Inscription history
Inscription	1978  (2nd Session)
* Name as inscribed on World Heritage List. † Region as classified by UNESCO.

Already weakened during the 18th century, by mid-1790 the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth had been twice partitioned by its neighbors: Russia, the Habsburg empire, and Prussia. A UNESCO World Heritage Site is a site (such as a Forest, Mountain, Lake, Desert, Monument, Building, complex A UNESCO World Heritage Site is a site (such as a Forest, Mountain, Lake, Desert, Monument, Building, complex This is a list of the UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Europe. Asia Minor, Cyprus, all of the Aegean Islands, the Canaries A UNESCO World Heritage Site is a site (such as a Forest, Mountain, Lake, Desert, Monument, Building, complex The Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, officially the Commonwealth of the Crown of the Polish Kingdom and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania also known as the Most Serene Republic The Partitions of Poland or Partitions of the Polish Lithuanian Commonwealth took place in the second half of the 18th century and ended the existence of the The Russian Empire ( Pre-reform Russian: Pоссійская Имперія Modern Russian: Российская Империя translit: Rossiyskaya Habsburg Monarchy (alternatively Habsburg Empire) refers to the territories ruled by the Austrian branch of the House of Habsburg, and then by the successor The Kingdom of Prussia (Königreich Preußen was a German kingdom from 1701 to 1918 and from 1871 was the leading state of the German Empire, comprising ^[24] In 1794, Tadeusz Kościuszko initiated an unsuccessful insurrection in the town's Main Square that resulted in the third partition of Poland. Andrzej Tadeusz Bonawentura Kościuszko (; 1746 &ndash 1817 was a Polish and American national hero and general The Kościuszko Uprising was an uprising led by Tadeusz Kościuszko in Poland and Lithuania in 1794 Main Market Square in Kraków (Rynek Główny w Krakowie also known as Rynek Krakowski — Kraków Market Square) is the main square of the The Partitions of Poland or Partitions of the Polish Lithuanian Commonwealth took place in the second half of the 18th century and ended the existence of the ^[25] Kraków became part of the Austrian province of Galicia. Galicia (Галичина ( Halychyna) Galicja is a historical region in East Central Europe, currently divided between Poland and Ukraine, In 1809, Napoleon Bonaparte captured former Polish territories from Austria and made the town part of the Duchy of Warsaw, an independent, though subordinate, Polish state ruled by the King of Saxony, Frederick Augustus I. Napoleon Bonaparte (15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821 was a French military and political leader who had a significant impact on the History of Europe. The Duchy of Warsaw (Księstwo Warszawskie Duché de Varsovie Herzogtum Warschau Варшавское герцогство was a Polish state established by Napoleon This article lists Dukes Electors and Kings ruling over territories named Saxony from the beginning of the Saxon Duchy in the 9th century to the end of the Saxon Kingdom in 1918 For the king of Poland see Augustus I of Poland Frederick Augustus I (full name Frederick Augustus Joseph Maria Anton Johann Nepomuk Aloys Xavier) (Friedrich Following Napoleon's defeat in Russia, the Congress of Vienna in 1815 mostly restored earlier structures, although it also created the partially independent Free City of Kraków. The Congress of Vienna was a conference of ambassadors of the major powers of Europe, chaired by the Austrian statesman Clemens Wenzel von Metternich The Free Independent and Strictly Neutral City of Kraków (Cracow with its Territory As in 1794, the city again became the center of an insurrection, the Kraków Uprising of 1846, which failed to spread outside the city and was put down. The Kraków (Cracow Uprising of February 1846 was an attempt led by Edward Dembowski to incite a Polish fight for national independence Again, it resulted in an annexation by Austria, on 16 November 1846. Austria (Österreich ( officially the Republic of Austria (Republik Österreich Events 534 - A second and final revision of the Codex Justinianus is published For the game see 1846 (board game. Year 1846 ( MDCCCXLVI) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display The former Free City region became the Grand Duchy of Cracow (German: Großherzogtum Krakau, Polish: Wielkie Księstwo Krakowskie). For the Grand Duke overlord of the Polanes during fragmentation of Poland see Duke of Cracow (1138 - 1320 The Grand Duchy of Cracow (Großherzogtum The German language (de ''Deutsch'') is a West Germanic language and one of the world's major languages. Polish ( język polski, polszczyzna) is the Official language of Poland.

In 1866, Austria granted a degree of autonomy to Galicia after the Austro-Prussian War. Chapel of Blessed Bronisława is a Neo-Gothic chapel erected by the Austrian authorities in 1856-1861 inside the citadel surrounding the Kościuszko Mound Kościuszko Mound ( Kopiec Kościuszki) in Kraków, Poland, erected by Cracovians in commemoration of the Polish national leader Tadeusz Kościuszko Galicia (Галичина ( Halychyna) Galicja is a historical region in East Central Europe, currently divided between Poland and Ukraine, The Austro-Prussian ^[27] As this form of Austrian rule was more benevolent than that exercised either by the Russian Empire in Congress Poland or by Prussia,^[28] Kraków became a Polish national symbol and a center of culture and art, sometimes known in Polish as Polskie Ateny ("Polish Athens"), to which Poles would flock to revere the symbols and monuments of Poland's past. The Russian Empire ( Pre-reform Russian: Pоссійская Имперія Modern Russian: Российская Империя translit: Rossiyskaya Congress Poland Kongresówka, officially and formally Kingdom of Poland (Królestwo Polskie {{IPA-pl|'|p|o|l|s|kʲ|e}} Царство Польское Tsarstvo Polskoye Prussia ( Latin: Borussia, Prutenia; Prūsija Prūsija Prusy Old Prussian: Prūsa) was most recently a historic state ^[29] Several important celebrations took place in Galicia^[30] during the period from 1866 to 1914, including the 500th anniversary of the Battle of Grunwald in 1910. The Battle of Grunwald (or 1st Battle of Tannenberg) took place on 15 July 1410 with the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, led by Many leading Polish artists of that period resided in Kraków, ^[31] among them the seminal painter Jan Matejko,^[32] and the founder of modern Polish drama, Stanisław Wyspiański. Jan Matejko ( (also known as Jan Mateyko; June 24 1838 Free City of Kraków; - November 1 1893 Kraków) was a Polish painter Stanisław Wyspiański was born on the 15th of January 1869 and died on the 28th of November 1907 in Kraków. ^[33]

Fin de siècle Kraków evolved into a modern metropolis;^[34] running water and electric streetcars were introduced in 1901,^[35] and between 1910 and 1915, Kraków and surrounding suburban communities were gradually combined into a single administrative unit called Greater Kraków (Wielki Kraków). Fin de siècle (fɑ̃ dɛ si'ɛːkl French for ‛end of the century‘ was a cultural movement between 1880 and the beginning of World War I. Tap water ( running water) is part of indoor Plumbing, which became available in the late 19th century and common in the mid-20th century A tram, tramcar, trolley, trolley car, or streetcar is a railborne vehicle, of lighter weight and construction than a Train

At the outbreak of World War I on August 3, 1914, Józef Piłsudski formed a small cadre military unit, the First Cadre Company—the predecessor of the Polish Legions—which set out from Kraków to fight for the liberation of Poland. World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All Events 8 - Roman Empire General Tiberius defeats Dalmatians on the river Bathinus. Year 1914 ( MCMXIV) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year En cadre is a military expression for a group around whom a unit is formed or a training staff First Cadre Company (Pierwsza Kompania Kadrowa was a military formation created by Józef Piłsudski at the outbreak of World War I, on August 3 1914 in Kraków Polish Legions ( Polish Legiony Polskie) was the name of Polish armed forces created in August 1914 in Galicia. ^[36] The city was briefly besieged by Russian troops in November 1914, but they were pushed back afterwards. ^[37] The Austrian rule in Kraków ended on 31 October 1918, when the Polish Liquidation Committee assumed power. Events 445 BC – Ezra reads the Book of the Law to the Israelites in Jerusalem (see Nehemiah 91 NLTse Year 1918 ( MCMXVIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Polish Liquidation Committee (full name in Polska Komisja Likwidacyjna Galicji i Śląska Cieszyńskiego was a temporary Polish governmental body in Galicia formed

1918 to the present

With the emergence of the Second Polish Republic, Kraków restored its role as a major academic and cultural centre with the establishment of new universities such as the AGH University of Science and Technology and the Jan Matejko Academy of Fine Arts, including a number of new and essential vocational schools. St Mary's Basilica (Kościół Mariacki is a Brick Gothic church built in the 14th century, adjacent to the Main Market Square in Kraków The Second Polish Republic or interwar Poland is the Republic of Poland between World War I and World War II. AGH University of Science and Technology ( Polish Akademia Górniczo-Hutnicza im Jan Matejko Academy of Fine Arts or Academy of Fine Arts in Cracow (Akademia Sztuk Pięknych w Krakowie im ^[38] It became an important cultural centre for Polish Jews and had a Zionist youth movement that was relatively strong among the city's Jewish population. The history of the Jews in Poland dates back over a Millennium. History of Zionism|Timeline of Zionism|World Zionist Organization|Zionist political violence Zionism is an international political movement that originally supported the ^[39] However, after invading Poland in September 1939, the Nazi German forces turned the town into the capital of the General Government, a colonial authority headed by Hans Frank and seated in Wawel Castle. The Invasion of Poland (1939 precipitated World War II. It was carried out by Nazi Germany, the Soviet Union, and a small German-allied Nazi Germany and the Third Reich are the common English names for Germany under the regime of Adolf Hitler and the National Socialist German Workers The General Government (Generalgouvernement refers to a part of the territories of Poland (and Ostrava Czechoslovakia under German Military occupation Hans Michael Frank ( May 23 1900 &ndash October 16 1946) was a German Lawyer who worked for the Nazi party See also Wawel The Gothic Wawel Castle was built at the behest of Casimir III the Great and consists of a number of structures situated around In an operation called "Sonderaktion Krakau", more than 180 university professors and academics were arrested and sent to Sachsenhausen and Dachau concentration camps, though the survivors were later released on the request of prominent Italians. Sonderaktion Krakau was the codename for a German operation against professors and academics from the University of Kraków and other Kraków universities at the beginning Sachsenhausen (zaksənˈhaʊzən was a Concentration camp in Germany, operating between 1936 and 1945 Dachau was a Nazi German Concentration camp, and the first one opened in Germany located on the grounds of an abandoned munitions Factory near the Internment is the imprisonment or confinement of people commonly in large groups without trial ^[40][41] The Jewish population was first confined to a ghetto and later murdered or sent to concentration camps, including Płaszów and Auschwitz in Oświęcim. The Jewish Ghetto in Kraków (Cracow was one of the five main ghettos created by Nazi Germany in the General Government during their Płaszów (ˈpwaʃuf was a Nazi German concentration camp in the southern suburb of Kraków, founded by the Nazis in Płaszów soon after "Auschwitz" redirects here For the town see Oświęcim Auschwitz-Birkenau () was the largest of Nazi Germany ^[42]

Kraków remained relatively undamaged at the end of World War II. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including ^[43] Allegedly Germans planned to destroy it with massive amounts of explosives,^[44][45] but according to the most popular of several versions of the story,^[46] Soviet Marshal Ivan Konev, after being informed by the Polish patriots of the German plan,^[45][47] tried to preserve Kraków from destruction by ordering a lightning attack on the city. Marshal of the Soviet Union ( Marshal Sovietskovo Soyuza Советского Союза'' was the de facto highest military rank of the Soviet Union. Ivan Stepanovich Konev ( Ива́н Степа́нович Ко́нев ( &ndash May 21, 1973) was a Soviet military commander who led Red ^[48] The credibility of these accounts has been recently questioned by Polish historian Andrzej Chwalba, who in his recent works finds no evidence for any German plan of massive destruction and portrays Konev's strategy as ordinary, only accidentally resulting in reduced damage to Kraków, a fact that was later exaggerated into the myth of "Konev, savior of Kraków" by Soviet propaganda. Andrzej Chwalba (1949-present is a Polish historian Professor of history at the Jagiellonian University (since 1995 the university's prorector of didactics (1999-2002 head The Communist propaganda was extensively based on the Marxism-Leninism ideology to promote the Communist Party line ^[49][50][49]

After the war, under the Stalinist regime the intellectual and academic community of Kraków was put under total political control. Stalinism is the political regime named after Joseph Stalin, leader of the Soviet Union from 1929–1953 The universities were soon deprived of their printing rights as well as their autonomy. ^[51] The communist government of the People's Republic of Poland ordered construction of the country's largest steel mill in the newly-created suburb of Nowa Huta. Communism is a Socioeconomic structure that promotes the establishment of an egalitarian, classless, stateless Society based The People's Republic of Poland or Polish People's Republic ( Polish: Polska Rzeczpospolita Ludowa, PRL Russian Steel Mill was one of Bruce Springsteen 's early bands and performed regularly on the Jersey Shore, in Virginia, and also in California from 1969 Nowa Huta (ˈnɔva ˈxuta literally The New Steel Mill) - is the easternmost district of Kraków, Poland, (District XVIII see map) ^[52] The creation of the giant Lenin Steelworks (now Sendzimir Steelworks owned by Mittal) sealed Kraków's transformation from a university city to an industrial centre. Tadeusz Sendzimir (originally Sędzimir ¹, July 15, 1894, Lwów, — September 1, 1989, Jupiter Florida[[ Mittal Steel Company NV () was the world's largest Steel producer by volume and also the largest in turnover ^[53] The new working class, drawn by the industrialization of the city, contributed to its rapid population growth. Working class is a term used in academic Sociology and in ordinary conversation to describe depending on context and speaker those employed in specific fields or types Also, in an effort that spanned two decades, Karol Wojtyła, cardinal archbishop of Kraków, successfully lobbied for permission to build the first churches in the new industrial suburbs. Pope ^[53]

Geography and climate

Kraków lies in the southern part of Poland, on the Vistula River in a valley at the foot of the Carpathian Mountains, 219 meters (719 ft) above sea level, between the Jurassic Rock Upland (Polish: Jura Krakowsko-Częstochowska) to the north and the Tatra Mountains 100 kilometers (62 mi) to the south. A meander in general is a bend in a sinuous watercourse also known as an oxbow loop or simply an Oxbow. The Carpathian Mountains or Carpathians (Carpaţi Czech, Polish and Slovak: Karpaty; Ukrainian: Карпати The Polish Jura Chain, also known as the Polish Jurassic Highland, or Kraków-Częstochowa Jurassic Highland Chain (Jura Krakowsko-Częstochowska is part of Polish ( język polski, polszczyzna) is the Official language of Poland. Panorama tatierjpg|thumb|right|300px|Panorama of Tatras]]The Tatra Mountains, Tatras or Tatra ( Tatry in both Polish and Slovak) There are five nature reserves in Kraków, with a combined area of ca. 48. 6 hectares (120 acres). Explanation The hectare is commonly used in most countries around the world especially in domains concerned with land planning and management such as Agriculture, The acre is a unit of Area in a number of different systems including the imperial and U Due to their ecological value, these areas are legally protected. Kraków has also 192 nature monuments characterized by their unique scientific, historical and aesthetic value. The western part of the city, along its northern and north-western side, borders an area of international significance known as the Jurassic Bielany-Tyniec refuge. This article is about a neighbourhood of Krakow There are also districts in Toruń and Warsaw with the same name Tyniec Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship Tyniec - a historic village in Poland on Vistula river today a borough of Kraków. The main motives for the protection of this area include plant and animal wildlife and the area's geomorphological features and landscape. Geomorphology (from Greek: γη ge, "earth" μορφή morfé, "form" and λόγος Logos, "knowledge" ^[54] Another part of the city is located within the ecological 'corridor' of the Vistula River valley. This corridor is also assessed as being of international significance as part of the Pan-European ecological network. ^[55] The city centre is situated on the left (northern) bank of the river.

Kraków has a temperate climate. Average temperatures in summer range from 17 °C (63 °F) to 19 °C (66 °F) and in winter from 0 °C (32 °F) to 5 °C (41 °F). The average annual temperature fluctuates between 6 °C (43 °F) and 10 °C (50 °F). The Celsius Temperature scale was previously known as the centigrade scale. Fahrenheit is a temperature scale named after Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit (1686–1736 a German Physicist who proposed it in 1724 Kraków usually sees between 23 and 58 days per year with below-freezing temperatures. Predominantly western winds, conducive to rainfall, are typical of summer months, whereas eastern winds, decreasing the amount of precipitation, blow mostly in winter. ^[56]

Weather averages for Kraków
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec
Average high °C (°F)	-1 (31)	2 (35)	7 (44)	13 (56)	18 (65)	21 (70)	23 (73)	23 (73)	18 (65)	13 (56)	7 (44)	2 (35)
Average low °C (°F)	-7 (19)	-5 (23)	-2 (29)	3 (37)	7 (45)	11 (51)	12 (54)	12 (53)	8 (47)	4 (39)	0 (32)	-4 (24)
Precipitation mm (inches)	33. In Meteorology, precipitation (also known as one class of hydrometeors, which are atmospheric water phenomena is any product of the condensation of atmospheric 0 (1. 3)	33. 0 (1. 3)	33. 0 (1. 3)	48. 3 (1. 9)	83. 8 (3. 3)	96. 5 (3. 8)	86. 4 (3. 4)	86. 4 (3. 4)	53. 3 (2. 1)	45. 7 (1. 8)	45. 7 (1. 8)	40. 6 (1. 6)
Source: The Weather Channel [57]

Districts

The oldest neighborhoods of Kraków were incorporated into the city before the late 18th century. Stare Miasto (Old Town is the central historic district of Kraków, Poland. They include the Old Town (Stare Miasto), once contained within the city defensive walls and now encircled by the Planty park; the Wawel District, which is the site of the Royal Castle and the cathedral; Stradom and Kazimierz, the latter originally divided into Christian and Jewish quarters;^[58] as well as the ancient town of Kleparz. Stare Miasto (Old Town is the central historic district of Kraków, Poland. Brama florianska Florianjpg|thumb|180px| Bas-relief of St Florian facing Floriańska Street]] The Florian Gate ( St Planty is a city park in Kraków, Poland. It encircles the District of Stare Miasto ( Old Town) where the medieval city Wawel is an architectural complex erected over many centuries atop a limestone Outcrop on the left bank of the Vistula River in Kraków, See also Casimir Kazimierz ( Latin: Casimiria; Yiddish Kuzmir) is a historical district of Kraków ( Kleparz – a borough of Kraków situated to the north of the Old Town Major districts added in the 19th and 20th centuries include Podgórze, which until 1915 was a separate town on the southern bank of the Vistula, and Nowa Huta, east of the city centre, built after World War II. Podgórze is a district of Kraków, Poland, situated on the right (southern bank of the Vistula River Nowa Huta (ˈnɔva ˈxuta literally The New Steel Mill) - is the easternmost district of Kraków, Poland, (District XVIII see map) World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including

Since March 27, 1991, Kraków has been divided into 18 administrative districts, each with a degree of autonomy within its own municipal government (Rada Dzielnicy). See also Wawel The Gothic Wawel Castle was built at the behest of Casimir III the Great and consists of a number of structures situated around Events 196 BC - Ptolemy V ascends to the throne of Egypt. 1309 - Pope Clement V excommunicates Year 1991 ( MCMXCI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar. The current divisions were introduced by the Kraków City Hall on April 19, 1995. Events 1012 - Martyrdom of Alphege in Greenwich London. 1529 - At the Second Diet of Speyer Year 1995 ( MCMXCV) was a Common year starting on Sunday. Events of 1995 Districts were assigned Roman numerals as well as the current name:^[59] Stare Miasto (I), Grzegórzki (II), Prądnik Czerwony (III), Prądnik Biały (IV), Krowodrza (V), Bronowice (VI), Zwierzyniec (VII), Dębniki (VIII), Łagiewniki-Borek Fałęcki (IX), Swoszowice (X), Podgórze Duchackie (XI), Bieżanów-Prokocim (XII), Podgórze (XIII), Czyżyny (XIV), Mistrzejowice (XV), Bieńczyce (XVI), Wzgórza Krzesławickie (XVII), and Nowa Huta (XVIII). Stare Miasto (Old Town is the central historic district of Kraków, Poland. Grzegórzki is an administrative District No II of Kraków, Poland. Prądnik Czerwony is an administrative District No III of Kraków, Poland. Prądnik Biały is an administrative District No IV of Kraków, Poland. Krowodrza is an administrative District No V of Kraków, Poland, until 24 may 2006 also known as District V Łobzów Bronowice is an administrative District No VI of Kraków, Poland, split in 1990 from District No Zwierzyniec is an administrative District No VII of Kraków, Poland. Dębniki is an administrative District No VIII of Kraków, Poland, split in 1990 from District No Łagiewniki&ndashBorek Fałęcki is an administrative District IX of Kraków, Poland, also known as District IX Łagiewniki Swoszowice Kazimierza County Swoszowice is an administrative District X of Kraków, Poland. Podgórze Duchackie is an administrative District XI of Kraków, Poland. Bieżanów-Prokocim is an administrative District XII of Kraków, Poland. Podgórze is a district of Kraków, Poland, situated on the right (southern bank of the Vistula River Czyżyny is an administrative District XIV of Kraków, Poland. Mistrzejowice is an administrative District XV of Kraków, Poland. Bieńczyce is an administrative District XVI of Kraków, Poland. Wzgórza Krzesławickie is an administrative District XVII of Kraków, Poland. Nowa Huta (ˈnɔva ˈxuta literally The New Steel Mill) - is the easternmost district of Kraków, Poland, (District XVIII see map)

Among the most notable historic districts of the city are: Wawel Hill, home to Wawel Castle and Wawel Cathedral, where many Polish kings are buried; the medieval Old Town, with its Main Market Square (200 metres, or 656 feet, square); dozens of old churches and museums; the 14th-century buildings of the Jagiellonian University; and Kazimierz, the historical centre of Kraków's Jewish social and religious life. Wawel Hill ( Polish Wzgórze wawelskie or for short Wawel) is the name of a Jurassic limestone outcrop formed about 150 million years ago See also Wawel The Gothic Wawel Castle was built at the behest of Casimir III the Great and consists of a number of structures situated around Wawel Cathedral &ndash the Cathedral Basilica of Sts Stanisław and Vaclav &ndash is Poland 's national sanctuary located on Wawel Hill in Kraków Main Market Square in Kraków (Rynek Główny w Krakowie also known as Rynek Krakowski — Kraków Market Square) is the main square of the The metre or meter is a unit of Length. It is the basic unit of Length in the Metric system and in the International A foot (plural feet or foot; symbol or abbreviation ft or sometimes &prime – the prime symbol) is a non-SI unit For several academies alternatively called "Krakow Academy" see Education in Kraków The Jagiellonian University (Uniwersytet See also Casimir Kazimierz ( Latin: Casimiria; Yiddish Kuzmir) is a historical district of Kraków ( ^[60]

The Old Town district of Kraków is home to about six thousand historic sites and more than two million works of art. ^[61] Its rich variety of historic architecture includes Renaissance, Baroque and Gothic buildings. Renaissance architecture is the architecture of the period between the early 15th and early 17th centuries in different regions of Europe in which there was a Baroque architecture, starting in the early 17th century in Italy, took the humanist Roman vocabulary of Renaissance architecture and used it in a new rhetorical See also Gothic art Gothic architecture is a style of Architecture which flourished during the high and late medieval period. Kraków's palaces, churches and mansions display great variety of color, architectural details, stained glass, paintings, sculptures, and furnishings. For the Blackford Oakes novel see Stained Glass (novel The term stained glass refers either to the material of coloured Glass or to the art Painting (pān'tīng in Art, is the practice of applying Color to a Surface (support base such as e

In the Market Square stands the Gothic St. Mary's Basilica (Kościół Mariacki). St Mary's Basilica (Kościół Mariacki is a Brick Gothic church built in the 14th century, adjacent to the Main Market Square in Kraków It was built in the 14th century and features the famous wooden altar carved by Veit Stoss. Veit Stoss (Wit Stwosz (ca 1445-1450 in Horb am Neckar - 20 September 1533 in Nuremberg) was along with Adam Kraft and A trumpet call, hejnał mariacki, is sounded from the church's main tower every hour. The Heynal ( Polish:, "St Mary's dawn" also known as the Cracovian Hymn, is a traditional five-note Polish tune closely tied to the history The melody played ends unexpectedly in midstream. According to legend, the tune was played during a 13th-century Tatar invasion by a guard warning citizens against the attack. Tatars ( Tatar: Tatarlar/Татарлар sometimes spelled Tartars, are a Turkic -speaking ethnic group or multiple ethnic groups He was shot by a Tatar warrior while playing, the melody breaking off at the moment he died. ^[62] This story, however, has its origin in a book by an Irish writer, published in the USA in the late 1920s ^[63].

Transport

Public transport is based around a fairly dense network of tramway and bus lines operated by a municipal company, supplemented by a number of private minibus operators. Kraków Main station (Kraków Główny commonly called Dworzec Główny) is the largest and the most centrally located Railway station in Kraków. Local trains connect some of the suburbs. The bulk of the city’s historic area has been turned into a pedestrian zone with rickshaws and horse buggies; however, the tramlines run within a three-block radius. ^[64]

Rail connections are available to most Polish cities. Trains to Warsaw depart every hour. Warsaw (Warszawa; also known by other names) is the Capital and Largest city of Poland. International destinations include Berlin, Budapest, Prague, Hamburg, Lvov, Kiev, and Odessa (June–September). ^[65] The main railway station is located just outside the Old Town District and is well-served by public transport. Kraków Main station (Kraków Główny commonly called Dworzec Główny) is the largest and the most centrally located Railway station in Kraków. Stare Miasto (Old Town is the central historic district of Kraków, Poland.

Kraków airport, (John Paul II International Airport Kraków-Balice, Polish: Międzynarodowy Port Lotniczy im. Polish ( język polski, polszczyzna) is the Official language of Poland. Jana Pawła II Kraków-Balice) is 11 km (7 mi) west of the city. Direct trains cover the route between Kraków Główny train station and the airport in 15 minutes. Kraków Main station (Kraków Główny commonly called Dworzec Główny) is the largest and the most centrally located Railway station in Kraków. The annual capacity of the airport is estimated at 1. 3 million passengers; however, in 2007 more than 3. 042 million people used the airport, giving Kraków Airport 15 percent of all air passenger traffic in Poland. The passenger terminal is undergoing extension and is being adapted to meet the requirements of the Schengen Treaty. The term Schengen Agreement is used for two agreements concluded among European states in 1985 and 1990 which deal with the abolition of systematic Border controls ^[66]

Economy

Kraków is one of Poland's most important economic centres. The Renaissance Sukiennice ( Cloth Hall, Drapers Hall) in Kraków, Poland, one of the city's most recognizable Main Market Square in Kraków (Rynek Główny w Krakowie also known as Rynek Krakowski — Kraków Market Square) is the main square of the Its population has quadrupled since the end of World War II. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including Following the collapse of communism, history and tradition intermingled with the general trend toward a market economy. The private sector is growing. Offshoring of information technology (IT) work in recent years has become important to the economy of Kraków and to that of Poland in general. Offshore may refer to oil and Natural gas production at sea see Oil platform. Information technology ( IT) as defined by the Information Technology Association of America (ITAA is "the study design development implementation support There are about 20 large multinational companies in Kraków, including Google, IBM, General Electric, Capgemini,^[67] Motorola, and Sabre Holdings,^[68] along with other British and German-based firms. Google Inc is an American public corporation, earning revenue from advertising related to its Internet search, e-mail, online International Business Machines Corporation abbreviated IBM and nicknamed "Big Blue", is a multinational Computer Technology Capgemini ( is a major French company, one of the world's largest Information technology, Management consulting, Outsourcing Motorola Inc ( is an American, multinational Fortune 100, Telecommunications company based in Schaumburg Illinois. Sabre Holdings or Sabre Inc is an American travel technology company encompassing several Brands in three global travel distribution channels Travel agency ^[69] The unemployment rate in Kraków was 4. 8 percent in May 2007, well below the national average of 13 percent. ^[70] Since the joining of the European Union in 2004, there has been a sense of a defined future and a solid economic base for the city and the region. The European Union ( EU) is a political and economic union of twenty-seven member states, located primarily in International investment, tourism and the property market have grown toward the Western European average. Residential prices in Kraków have doubled in three years, reaching those of Warsaw and attracting developers and banks with their exponential growth. ^[71]

The city budget, which is presented by the Mayor of Kraków on the 15th of November each year, had a projected revenue of 2,150 billion złoty in 2006. The budget of the city of Kraków, which is presented by the Mayor of Kraków on the 15th of November each year in 2006 had a projected revenue of 2150 million The złoty (/ˈzwɔtɨ/, plural for numbers ending in 2 3 and 4 (except 12 13 and 14 złote /ˈzwɔtɛ/ plural for all other numbers złotych /ˈzwɔtɨx/ ^[72] The primary sources of revenue were as follows: 14% from the municipal taxation on real estate properties and the use of amenities, 30% in transfers from the national budget, and 34% in state subsidies. Real estate is a legal term (in some jurisdictions notably in the USA, United Kingdom In the contexts of Real estate and Lodging, amenities are any tangible or intangible benefits of a property especially those which increase the attractiveness or Budget (from French bougette, purse generally refers to a list of all planned expenses and revenues Projected expenditures, totaling 2,349 billion złoty, included 21% in city development costs and 79% in city maintenance costs. Of the maintenance costs, as much as 39% were spent on education and childcare. City of Kraków development costs included 41% toward road building, transport, and communication (combined), and 25% for the city's infrastructure and environment. ^[73]

Government

The Kraków City Council has 43 elected members,^[74] one of whom is the mayor, or President of Kraków, elected every four years. Main Market Square in Kraków (Rynek Główny w Krakowie also known as Rynek Krakowski — Kraków Market Square) is the main square of the The Church of St Wojciech ( St Adalbert 's Church located to the side of the Main Market Square in Old Town, Kraków, is one of the oldest The Kraków City Council has forty-three elected members one of whom is the mayor or the President of Kraków elected every four years in an election A mayor (from the Latin māior, meaning "greater" is a modern title used in many countries for the highest ranking officer in a municipal government The election of the City Council and of the local head of government,^[75] which takes place at the same time, is based on legislation introduced on 20 June 2002. This article focuses on the cases where the Head of Government is a separate office from the Head of State Legislation (or " Statutory law " is law which has been promulgated (or " Enacted quot by a Legislature or other Governing Events 451 - Battle of Chalons: Flavius Aetius ' defeats Attila the Hun. See also 2002 (disambiguation Year 2002 ( MMII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. The current President of Kraków, re-elected for his second term in 2006, is Prof. Jacek Majchrowski. Jacek Majchrowski (born January 13, 1947 in Sosnowiec) is the mayor of the Royal Capital City

The responsibilities of Kraków’s president include drafting and implementing resolutions, enacting city bylaws, managing the city budget, employing city administrators, and preparing against floods and natural disasters. ^[75] The president fulfills his duties with the help of the City Council, city managers and city inspectors. In the 1990s, the city government was reorganized to better differentiate between its political agenda and administrative functions. As a result, the Office of Public Information was created to handle inquiries and foster communication between city departments and citizens at large. ^[76]

In the year 2000, the city government introduced a new long-term program called "Safer City" in cooperation with the Police, Traffic, Social Services, Fire, Public Safety, and the Youth Departments. Subsequently, the number of criminal offences went down by 3 percent between 2000 and 2001, and the rate of detection increased by 1. 4 percent to a total of 30. 2 percent in the same period. ^[77] The city is receiving help in carrying out the program from all educational institutions and the local media, including TV, radio and the press. (See also: List of mayors of Kraków, and the Members of Polish national Parliament (Sejm) elected from Kraków constituency. Members of Polish national Parliament ( Sejm) elected from Kraków Constituency (2005 election include Andrzej Adamczyk, ( Prawo i Sprawiedliwość )

Demographics

Demographic indicators[78]	Years	Kraków
Population in thousands	1970 1978 1988 1995 2002	588,0 693,6 746,6 732,9 758,5
Population density persons/km²	1970 1978 1988 1995 2002	2,556 2,156 2,285 2,243 2,320
Number of women per 100 men	1970 1978 1988 1995 2002	110 110 110 112 113
Population growth per 1000	1998 1999 2000 2001	−1. 3 −1. 7 −1. 5 −1. 5

According to the 2006 data,^[78] the population of Kraków comprised about 2% of the population of Poland and 23% of the population of the Lesser Poland Voivodeship. Lesser Poland Voivodeship (also known as Małopolska Province or by its Polish name województwo małopolskie or simply Małopolskie) is a Voivodeship Selected demographic indicators are presented in a table (below), compiled on the basis of only the population living in Kraków permanently.

In the 1931 census, 78. 1% of Cracovians declared Polish as their primary language, with Yiddish or Hebrew at 20. 9%, Ukrainian 0. 4%, German 0. 3%, and Russian 0. 1%. ^[79] The ravages of history have greatly reduced the percentage of ethnic minorities living in Kraków. The official and unofficial numbers differ, as in the case of Romani people. The Romani people (singular Rom, plural Roma as a Noun; also known as Romanies or Roma people) are an ethnic group with origins According to the 2002 census,^[80] among those who have declared their national identity (irrespective of language and religion) in Kraków Voivodeship, 1,572 are Slovaks, followed by Ukrainians (472), Jews (50) and Armenians (22). } The Slovaks or Slovakians are a western Slavic People that primarily inhabit Slovakia and speak the Slovak language, which is Ukrainians (Українці Ukrayintsi,) are an East Slavic Ethnic group primarily living in Ukraine, or more broadly— Citizens PLEASE TAKE NOTE************ The Armenians (Հայեր Hayer) are a Nation and Ethnic group originating in the Caucasus and in the Armenian Highlands A large Romani people, officially numbered at 1,678, are estimated at over 5,000. The Romani people (singular Rom, plural Roma as a Noun; also known as Romanies or Roma people) are an ethnic group with origins According to statistics collected by the Ministry of Education, even though only 1% of adults (as per above) claim their official status, as many as 3% of students participate in programmes designed for ethnic minorities. ^[81]

Education

Main article: Education in Kraków

Kraków is a major center of education. Higher Education in Kraków takes place in 11 university-level institutions with about 170000 students and 10000 faculty as well as in a number of private colleges The Collegium Maius, or Grand College in Kraków, Poland, is the Jagiellonian University 's oldest building dating back to the 15th century For several academies alternatively called "Krakow Academy" see Education in Kraków The Jagiellonian University (Uniwersytet Eleven university or academy-level institutions offer courses in the city, with 170,000 students and 10,000 faculty, plus about a dozen colleges.

Jagiellonian University, the oldest and best known university in Poland and ranked by the Times Higher Education Supplement as the best university in the country,^[82][83] was founded in 1364 as the Cracow Academy and renamed in 1817 to commemorate the Jagiellonian dynasty of Polish-Lithuanian kings. For several academies alternatively called "Krakow Academy" see Education in Kraków The Jagiellonian University (Uniwersytet Times Higher Education ( THE) formerly The Times Higher Education Supplement ( THES) is a magazine based For several academies alternatively called "Krakow Academy" see Education in Kraków The Jagiellonian University (Uniwersytet The Jagiellons (Jogailaičiai Jagiellonowie were a royal Dynasty originating from Lithuanian House of Gediminas dynasty that reigned in Central European ^[84] Its principal academic asset is the Jagiellonian Library, with more than 4 million volumes, including a large collection of medieval manuscripts^[85] like Copernicus' De Revolutionibus and the Balthasar Behem Codex. Jagiellonian Library (Biblioteka Jagiellońska popular nickname Jagiellonka) is the Library of the Jagiellonian University in Kraków and De revolutionibus orbium coelestium ( On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres) first printed in 1543 in Nuremberg, is the seminal work on The Balthasar Behem Codex is a collection of the privileges and statutes of the city of Kraków. With 42,325 students (2005) and 3,605 academic staff, the Jagiellonian University is also one of the leading research centres in Poland. Famous historical figures connected with the University include Saint John Cantius, Jan Długosz, Nicolaus Copernicus, Andrzej Frycz Modrzewski, Jan Kochanowski, King John III Sobieski, Pope John Paul II and Nobel laureates Ivo Andric and Wisława Szymborska. Saint John Cantius ( Polish: Jan Kanty; 23 June 1390 &ndash 24 December 1473) was a renowned Polish Jan Długosz ( December 1 1415 - May 19, 1480) also known as Joannes Ioannes or Johannes Longinus or Dlugossius Andrzej Frycz Modrzewski (Andreas Fricius Modrevius (c September 20 1503 – 1572 was a Polish Renaissance scholar humanist Life Kochanowski was born at Sycyna, near Radom, Poland. Little is known of his early education John III Sobieski, (Jan III Sobieski (17 August 1629 - 17 June 1696 was one of the most notable monarchs of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth Pope Ivo Andrić ( Serbian Cyrillic: Иво Андрић October 9, 1892 &ndash March 13, 1975) was a novelist Short story Wisława Szymborska (vʲisˈwava ʃɨmˈbɔrska born July 2, 1923 in Kórnik, Poland) is a Polish poet, Essayist ^[86]

AGH University of Science and Technology, established in 1919, is the second-largest technical university in Poland, with more than 15 faculties and student enrollment exceeding 30,000. AGH University of Science and Technology ( Polish Akademia Górniczo-Hutnicza im ^[87] It was ranked by the Polish edition of Newsweek as the best technical university in the country for the year 2004. Newsweek is an American weekly Newsmagazine published in New York City. ^[88] During its 80-year history, more than 73,000 students graduated from AGH with master's or bachelor's degrees. Some 3,600 persons were granted the degree of Doctor of Science, and about 900 obtained the qualification of Habilitated Doctor. Habilitation is the highest academic qualification a person can achieve by their own pursuit in certain European and Asian countries ^[89]

Other institutions of higher learning include Cracow University of Economics, established in 1925;^[90] Academy of Music in Kraków, first conceived as a conservatory in 1888; Pedagogical University, in operation since 1946;^[91] Agricultural University of Cracow, offering courses since 1890 (initially as a part of Jagiellonian University);^[92] Academy of Fine Arts, the oldest Fine Arts Academy in Poland, founded by the Polish painter Jan Matejko; Ludwik Solski Academy for the Dramatic Arts;^[93] The Pontifical Academy of Theology;^[94] and Cracow University of Technology, which has more than 37,000 graduates. Faculties Economics and International Relations Finance Products Technology Management The Academy of Music in Kraków ( Akademia Muzyczna w Krakowie) is located in downtown Kraków, Poland. A university school of music or college of music, or academy of music or conservatoire ( French, but used in British English) &mdash Pedagogical University of Cracow (Polish Akademia Pedagogiczna im The Agricultural University of Cracow (Polish Uniwersytet Rolniczy w Krakowie) located in Kraków, Poland, became an independent university by decree For several academies alternatively called "Krakow Academy" see Education in Kraków The Jagiellonian University (Uniwersytet Jan Matejko Academy of Fine Arts or Academy of Fine Arts in Cracow (Akademia Sztuk Pięknych w Krakowie im Jan Matejko ( (also known as Jan Mateyko; June 24 1838 Free City of Kraków; - November 1 1893 Kraków) was a Polish painter Ludwik Solski Academy for the Dramatic Arts (Polish Państwowa Wyższa Szkoła Teatralna im Tadeusz Kościuszko University of Technology ( Polish name Politechnika Krakowska) is a University located in downtown Kraków, Poland

Culture

Veit Stoss Altar, St. Mary's Church

Ulica Floriańska (Florian Street) with the view of St. Mary's Church

Main article: Culture of Kraków

Kraków is considered by many to be the cultural capital of Poland. Veit Stoss (Wit Stwosz (ca 1445-1450 in Horb am Neckar - 20 September 1533 in Nuremberg) was along with Adam Kraft and St Mary's Basilica (Kościół Mariacki is a Brick Gothic church built in the 14th century, adjacent to the Main Market Square in Kraków St Mary's Basilica (Kościół Mariacki is a Brick Gothic church built in the 14th century, adjacent to the Main Market Square in Kraków Kraków is considered by many to be the cultural capital of Poland. The Culture of Poland is closely connected with its intricate 1000 year history. Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland ^[95] It was named the European Capital of Culture for the year 2000 by the European Union. The European Capital of Culture is a city designated by the European Union for a period of one Calendar year during which it is given a chance to showcase its The European Union ( EU) is a political and economic union of twenty-seven member states, located primarily in Kraków has 28 museums and public art galleries. Among them are the main branch of Poland's National Museum and the Czartoryski Museum, the latter featuring works by Leonardo and Rembrandt. Macierzynstwo 1905jpg|thumb|180px|"Motherhood" by Stanisław Wyspiański. The Czartoryski Museum was founded in Kraków in 1796 by Princess Izabela Czartoryska to preserve Polish heritage in keeping with the Princess' motto Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci ( April 15 1452 – May 2 1519 was an Italian Polymath, having been a scientist Mathematician, Engineer Rembrandt Harmenszoon van Rijn (July 15 1606 &ndash October 4 1669 was a Dutch painter and etcher. The city has several famous theaters, including: National Stary Theatre, a. k. a. The Old Theatre,^[96] Juliusz Słowacki Theatre, Bagatela Theatre, The Ludowy Theatre, and Groteska Theatre of Puppetry, as well as Kraków Opera and Kraków Operetta. Juliusz Słowacki Theatre in Kraków, Poland, (Teatr im Juliusza Słowackiego w Krakowie built in 1893 was modeled after some of the best European

Kraków hosts many annual and biannual artistic events,^[97] some of international significance, such as the Misteria Paschalia (baroque music), Sacrum-Profanum (contemporary music), Cracow Screen Festival (popular music), Festival of Polish Music (classical music), Dedications (theatre), Festival of Short Feature Films, Biennial of Graphic Arts, and the Jewish Culture Festival. It became the residence of two Polish Nobel laureates in literature: Wisława Szymborska and Czesław Miłosz; a third Nobel laureate, the Yugoslav writer Ivo Andric also lived and studied in Krakow. The Nobel Prize (Nobelpriset (Nobelprisen is a Swedish prize established in the 1895 will of Swedish chemist Alfred Nobel; it was first awarded in Peace, Literature Wisława Szymborska (vʲisˈwava ʃɨmˈbɔrska born July 2, 1923 in Kórnik, Poland) is a Polish poet, Essayist Czesław Miłosz; ( June 30, 1911 — August 14, 2004) was a Polish Poet, prose writer and Translator Ivo Andrić ( Serbian Cyrillic: Иво Андрић October 9, 1892 &ndash March 13, 1975) was a novelist Short story Other former residents include famous Polish film directors Andrzej Wajda and Roman Polanski. Andrzej Wajda (born 6 March 1926 in Suwałki) is an award-winning Polish Film director.

Points of interest outside the city include the Wieliczka salt mine, the Tatra Mountains 100 kilometers (62 mi) to the south, the historic city of Częstochowa, the former Nazi concentration camp at Auschwitz, and Ojcowski National Park,^[98] which includes Pieskowa Skała Castle. The Wieliczka Salt Mine, located in the town of Wieliczka, is within Poland 's Kraków Metropolitan area. Panorama tatierjpg|thumb|right|300px|Panorama of Tatras]]The Tatra Mountains, Tatras or Tatra ( Tatry in both Polish and Slovak) Częstochowa is a city in south Poland on the Warta River with 248894 inhabitants (2004 "Auschwitz" redirects here For the town see Oświęcim Auschwitz-Birkenau () was the largest of Nazi Germany Ojców National Park (Ojcowski Park Narodowy is a national park in Kraków County, Lesser Poland Voivodeship, southern Poland, established Pieskowa Skała ( Pieskowa Rock) first mentioned before 1315 as "castrum Peskenstein" in documents of Polish king Władysław I the Elbow-high ^[99]

Parks

Planty is the best-known park in Kraków. Planty is a city park in Kraków, Poland. It encircles the District of Stare Miasto ( Old Town) where the medieval city Planty is a city park in Kraków, Poland. It encircles the District of Stare Miasto ( Old Town) where the medieval city It was established between 1822 and 1830 in place of the old city walls, forming a green belt around the Old Town. Stare Miasto (Old Town is the central historic district of Kraków, Poland. It consists of a chain of smaller gardens designed in various styles and adorned with monuments. The park has an area of 21 hectares (52 acres) and a length of 4 kilometers (2. 5 miles), forming a scenic walkway popular with Cracovians. ^[100]

The first public park equipped with exercise fixtures was founded by Dr Henryk Jordan on the banks of the Rudawa river in 1889. Henryk Jordan ( July 23, 1842, Przemyśl – May 16, 1907, Kraków) was a Polish philanthropist Physician Rudawa may refer to the following places in Poland the Rudawa, a river in southern Poland Rudawa Lesser Poland Voivodeship (south Poland The Jordan Park, equipped with running and exercise tracks, playgrounds, swimming pool, amphitheatre, pavilions, and a pond for boat rowing and water bicycles, is on the grounds of Kraków’s Błonia. Jordan Park, known also as Jordan's Garden, was set up in 1889 as the first public playground in Kraków, Poland, and the first of its kind in Europe An amphitheatre (alternatively amphitheater) is an open-air venue for spectator sports concerts rallies or theatrical performances With regard to Watercraft, rowing is the act of propelling a boat using the motion of Oars in the water ^[101] The less prominent Park Krakowski was founded in 1885 by Stanisław Rehman but has since been greatly reduced in size because of rapid real estate development. Park Krakowski, located in Krakow, Poland, was founded in 1885 by city Councillor Stanisław Rehman. Stanisław Rehman (1838-1899 was a city Councillor in Kraków, Poland. It was a popular destination point with many Cracovians at the end of the 19th century. ^[102]

Sports

Football (soccer) is one of the most popular games locally, as it is in Poland as a whole. Association football, more commonly known as football or soccer, is a Team sport played between two teams of eleven players and is widely considered The teams with considerable following are Cracovia Kraków^[103] and Wisła Kraków. Cracovia Kraków ( pron kraˈkɔvʲa ˈkrakuf is a professional football club based in Kraków, Poland. Wisła Kraków ( pron 'viswa ˈkrakuf Veeswa Krakouf) is a Polish football club based in Kraków Poland ^[104] Other football clubs include Hutnik Kraków, Wawel Kraków, Garbarnia Kraków and Juvenia Kraków (soccer and rugby team). KS Hutnik Kraków is a Polish football club from Kraków (Cracow RKS Garbarnia Kraków is a Polish football and sports club from Ludwinow - a historical district of the city of Kraków. Kraków has a number of additional, equally valued sports teams including six-time Polish ice hockey champions Cracovia Kraków and the women's basketball team Wisła Kraków. Ice hockey, often referred to simply as hockey, is a team Sport played on Ice. Robert Kubica, the first Polish Formula 1 driver (and also the first to win a race) was born in Kraków. Robert Kubica ( /'rɔbɛrt ku'bitsa/ ("koo-bit-sa" born December 7, 1984 in Kraków, Poland) is the first Polish

The Cracovia Marathon, with over a thousand participants from two dozen countries annually, has been held in the city since 2002. The Cracovia Marathon is an annual marathon held in the city of Kraków, Poland; usually in May ^[105]

Symbols and twin cities

Main article: Symbols of Kraków

The city's official symbols are the coat of arms, the flag (see top of this page), the seal, and the banner (right). The city of Kraków uses a Coat of arms, a seal, official colors a Flag, and a Banner as its official symbols ^[4] In addition to these, a number of semi-official and unofficial symbols, such as the "Cracovia" logo used in Kraków's promotional materials, or an image of the Wawel dragon wearing a Kraków cap, are also used.

Kraków is twinned, or maintains close relations with, more than 30 cities around the world: Bordeaux, Bratislava, Curitiba, Cuzco, Edinburgh, Fes, Florence, Frankfurt, Gothenburg, Grozny, Innsbruck, Kiev, Lahore,^[106] La Serena, Leipzig, Leuven, Lviv, Milan, Niš, Nuremberg, Orléans, Pécs, Rochester (NY), Seville, Solothurn, Vilnius and Zagreb. ( Gascon: Bordèu) is a port city in southwest France, with one million inhabitants in its metropolitan area at a 2008 estimate ARTICLE TEXT BEGINS AFTER THESE COMMENTS - PLEASE READ 1 Please do not edit the lead without reading Curitiba (pron kuɾi'tibɐ or kuɾi'tʃibɐ is the capital City of the Brazilian state of Paraná. ||} Cusco (also spelled Cuzco, and in the local Quechua language as Qusqu 'qos Edinburgh ( ˈɛdɪnb(ərə Dùn Èideann) is the Capital of Scotland and is its second largest city after Glasgow. Fes or Fez ( Arabic: فاس, French Fès is the fourth largest City in Morocco, after Casablanca, Rabat Florence ( Italian: Firenze Florentia and Fiorenza) is the Capital City of the Italian region of Tuscany Gothenburg ( Swedish:) /jœte'bɔrj/ is a city, a municipality, and an urban area on the west-coast of Sweden. Grozny (Гро́зный Соьлж-ГIала Sölƶ-Ġala or Соьлжа-ГIала Sölƶa -Ġala sometimes referred to as ce Джовхар-ГIала Innsbruck is the capital city of the federal state of Tyrol in western Austria. Kiev, also known as Kyiv ( Ukrainian:, Kyiv, ˈkɪjiw Russian:, Kiyev; see also Cities' alternative names) is the ( lahor is the capital of the Pakistani province of Punjab and is the second largest city in Pakistan after Karachi. La Serena may refer to La Serena Chile, a city La Serena Colombia, a town La Serena Spain, a historical territory This sort of fix restores section edit linkpoints to where they belong Leuven ( French: Louvain, often used in English German: Löwen) is the capital of the province of Flemish Brabant in the Lviv ( Ukrainian: Львів, L’viv, Lwów Lemberg Львов L'vov; see also other names) is a major city in western Milan (Milano Milan (listen) is one of the largest cities in Italy, located in the plains of Lombardy. This article is about the French city of Orléans for other meanings see Orleans (disambiguation. Pécs, (IPA, approximate pronunciation Pitch known by alternative names) is the fifth largest city of Hungary, located in the south-west of the country close Rochester is a city in Monroe County, New York State, south of Lake Ontario in the United States. Seville ( Spanish: Sevilla, see also different names) is the artistic cultural and financial capital of southern Spain. The city of Solothurn ( German:, Soleure Soletta is the Capital of the Canton of Solothurn in Switzerland. Zagreb (ˈzɑːgrɛb is the Capital and the largest city of Croatia. ^[107][108]

See also

• Events in Krakow

References

Further reading

• Jane Hardy, Al Rainnie, Restructuring Krakow: Desperately Seeking Capitalism. Published 1996 by Mansell Publishing, 285 pages. Business, economics, finance. ISBN 0720122317. A critical analysis of Krakow's regional economy in the context of national economy and the globalization including foreign investment, privatization, economic development and organized labor. The book is based in original research involving interviews and case studies of heavy industry, food processing, and small and medium-sized businesses.
• Joanna Markin, Bogumiła Gnypowa, Kraków: The Guide. Published 1996 by Pascal Publishing, 342 pages. ISBN 8387037281.
• Scott Simpson, Krakow. Published 2003 by Thomas Cook, 192 pages. Transport, geography, sightseeing, history, and culture. Includes weblinks CD. ISBN 1841571873.
• Dorota Wąsik, Emma Roper-Evans, Krakow. Published 2002 by Somerset. Cultural guidebook series, 160 pages. ISBN 9630059304.
• Tim Pepper, Andrew Beattie, Krakow. Published 2007 by Hunter Pub Inc. , 160 pages. ISBN 1843063085. The book includes description of public art galleries and museums.
• Richard Watkins, Best of Kraków, Published 2006, by Lonely Planet, 64 pages, complemented by fold-out maps. Lonely Planet Publications (usually known as Lonely Planet or LP) is one of the largest travel Guidebook publishers in the world ISBN 1741048222.
• Bolesław T. Łaszewski, Kraków: karta z dziejów dwudziestolecia. Published 1985, by Bicentennial Pub. Corp. (original from the University of Michigan), 132 pages. The University of Michigan Ann Arbor ( U of M, U-M, UM or simply Michigan) is a top-ranked Coeducational public research ISBN 0912757086
• Edward Hartwig, Kraków, with Jerzy Broszkiewicz (contributor). Published 1980, by Sport i Turystyka, 239 pages. ISBN 8321723217.

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