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Koyaanisqatsi
Directed by Godfrey Reggio
Produced by Godfrey Reggio
Written by Ron Fricke
Michael Hoenig
Godfrey Reggio
Alton Walpole
Music by Philip Glass
Cinematography Ron Fricke
Editing by Ron Fricke
Alton Walpole
Distributed by New Cinema
and Island Alive
(USA)
Release date(s) November 11, 1983
Running time 87 minutes
Language English, Hopi
Followed by Powaqqatsi
Allmovie profile
IMDb profile

Koyaanisqatsi, also known as Koyaanisqatsi: Life out of Balance, is a 1982 film directed by Godfrey Reggio with music composed by minimalist composer Philip Glass and cinematography by Ron Fricke. Godfrey Reggio (born March 29, 1940) is an American director of experimental Documentary films Life Born Ron Fricke is an American Film director and Cinematographer, considered to be a master of time-lapse photography Michael Hoenig (born January 4 1952 in Hamburg) is a German composer who in addition to two solo albums has composed music for several movies and games WikipediaWikiProject Composers#Lead section --> Philip Glass (born January 31 No Wave Cinema was a Colab sponsored boom (1976-1985 in underground filmmaking on the Lower East Side neighborhood of New York City. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Events 308 - The Congress of Carnuntum: Attempting to keep peace within the Roman Empire, the leaders of the Tetrarchy declare Year 1983 ( MCMLXXXIII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays the 1983 Gregorian calendar) English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States Hopi is a Uto-Aztecan language spoken by the Hopi people (a Pueblo group of northeastern Arizona, USA although today some Hopi are monolingual Powaqqatsi Life in Transformation is the 1988 sequel to the experimental 1982 Documentary film Koyaanisqatsi, by Godfrey Reggio (born March 29, 1940) is an American director of experimental Documentary films Life Born Minimalist music is an originally American genre of experimental or Downtown music named in the 1960s based mostly in consonant harmony, steady WikipediaWikiProject Composers#Lead section --> Philip Glass (born January 31 Ron Fricke is an American Film director and Cinematographer, considered to be a master of time-lapse photography

The film consists primarily of slow motion and time-lapse photography of cities and natural landscapes across the United States. Slow motion is a technique in film-making whereby Time appears to be slowed down Time-lapse photography is a Cinematography technique whereby each Film frame is captured at a rate much slower than it will be played back The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The visual tone poem contains neither dialogue nor a vocalized narration: its tone is set by the juxtaposition of images and music. A symphonic poem or tone poem is a piece of Orchestral Music in one movement in which some extramusical program provides a narrative or illustrative element In the Hopi language, the word Koyaanisqatsi means 'crazy life, life in turmoil, life out of balance, life disintegrating, a state of life that calls for another way of living', and the film implies that modern humanity is living in such a way. Hopi is a Uto-Aztecan language spoken by the Hopi people (a Pueblo group of northeastern Arizona, USA although today some Hopi are monolingual

The film is the first in the Qatsi trilogy of films: it is followed by Powaqqatsi (1988) and Naqoyqatsi (2002). The Qatsi trilogy is an informal name given to a series of three films produced by Godfrey Reggio and scored by Philip Glass: Koyaanisqatsi Powaqqatsi Life in Transformation is the 1988 sequel to the experimental 1982 Documentary film Koyaanisqatsi, by Naqoyqatsi Life as war is a Documentary film released in 2002 it is the third and final film of the Qatsi trilogy by Godfrey Reggio. The trilogy depicts different aspects of the relationship between humans, nature, and technology. Koyaanisqatsi is the best known of the trilogy and is considered a cult film. A trilogy is a set of three works of art usually Literature, Film, or Video games, that are connected and can be seen either as a single work or three A cult film is a Film that has acquired a highly devoted but relatively small group of fans. However, due to copyright issues, the film was out of print for most of the 1990s. Out of print refers to an item typically a book (see Out of print books) but can include any print or visual media or Sound recording, that is no longer being published [1]

Contents

Synopsis

Koyaanisqatsi opening title screen
Koyaanisqatsi opening title screen

The film contains several cinematic sequences accompanied by recurring musical themes. The chapters on the Koyaanisqatsi DVD are separated and named by the titles of the musical sections.

The first image in the film is of a Fremont Indian pictogram located in The Great Gallery of Horseshoe Canyon, part of Canyonlands National Park, Utah. A pictogram ( also spelled pictogramme) or pictograph is a Symbol representing a Concept, object, activity place or event Horseshoe Canyon, formerly known as Barrier Canyon, is in a remote area west of the Green River and north of the Canyonlands National Park Maze District Canyonlands National Park is located in the American state of Utah, near city of Moab and preserves a colorful landscape eroded into countless canyons The State of Utah (ˈjuːtɔː or) is a western state of the United States. The section shown depicts several tall darkly-shadowed figures standing near a taller figure adorned with a crown. The next image is a close-up of the Saturn V rocket from the Apollo 12 mission during lift off. In Film, Television, and Still photography a close-up tightly frames a person or an object The Saturn V (pronounced 'Saturn Five' popularly known as the Moon Rocket was a multistage liquid-fuel expendable Rocket used by NASA 's The film fades into a shot of a desolate desert landscape. The large skylight arch depicted a few scenes later is a formation called Paul Bunyan's Potty in the Needles District of Canyonlands. From there, it progresses to footage of various natural environmental phenomena such as waves and cloud formations ("Organic").

The film's introduction to human involvement in the environment is subtle: a low aerial shot of choppy water cuts to a similar shot of rows of cultivated flowers. After aerial views of monumental rock formations partly drowned by the backed up waters of Lake Powell, we see a large mining truck causing billows of black dust in the chapter titled "Resource". Lake Powell is a man-made reservoir on the Colorado River, straddling the border between Utah and Arizona. This is followed by shots of power lines in the desert. Electric power transmission, a process in the delivery of Electricity to consumers is the bulk transfer of electrical power Man's continued involvement in the environment is depicted through images of mining operations, overhead shots of power plants, Glen Canyon Dam (not Hoover Dam as Navajo Bridge is visible) and stock footage of atomic bomb detonations in the Nevada desert. Glen Canyon Dam is a Dam on the Colorado River at Page Arizona, USA operated by the United States Bureau of Reclamation. Navajo Bridge crosses the Colorado River 's Marble Canyon near Lee's Ferry in the U Stock footage, and similarly archive footage, library pictures and file footage are Film or Video A nuclear weapon is an explosive device that derives its destructive force from Nuclear reactions either fission or a combination of fission and fusion. Nevada ( is a state located in the western region of the United States of America.

The sequence entitled "Vessels" contains the film's longest single take: a three minute and thirty-two second long shot of two United Airlines commercial passenger Boeing 747s taxiing on a runway. United Air Lines Inc, trading as United Airlines ( is a major airline of the United States. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout "Vessels" also contains shots of traffic patterns during rush hour on a Los Angeles freeway and a shot of a large parking lot. Rush hour at Shinjuku 02JPG|thumb|right|250px|Rush hour at Shinjuku Station, Yamanote Line]] A rush hour or peak hour is a part of the day during which Los Angeles (lɑˈsændʒələs los ˈaŋxeles in Spanish) is the largest City in the state of California and the American West This is followed with stock footage of Soviet tanks lined up in rows and a B-1 Lancer military aircraft. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout

The juxtaposition of humans and nature is seen again in the chapter "Cloudscape". The time-lapse photography of shadows of clouds are seen moving across the skyscrapers in New York City. Time-lapse photography is a Cinematography technique whereby each Film frame is captured at a rate much slower than it will be played back The City of New York

The sequence "Pruit-Igoe" contains shots of various housing projects in disrepair, and includes footage of the decay and demolition of the Pruitt-Igoe housing project. Pruitt-Igoe was an urban Housing project built in St Louis, Missouri, U The housing project was known for its modernist design, but fell into immediate disrepair. Modernism describes an array of Cultural movements rooted in the changes in Western society in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century The sequence ends with stock footage of the destruction of large buildings and a shot of a television set being blown up.

A sequence known as "Slow People" begins with a time-lapse shot of a crowd of people who appear to be waiting in a line. Time-lapse photography is a Cinematography technique whereby each Film frame is captured at a rate much slower than it will be played back This is followed by shots of people walking along the streets of New York City shot with slow motion photography. The City of New York Slow motion is a technique in film-making whereby Time appears to be slowed down

"The Grid" is the film's longest sequence, roughly 22 minutes in length. The cinematic theme of this sequence is the speed of modern life. The sequence begins with shots of buildings and a shot of a sunset reflected in the glass of a skyscraper. The sequence is characterized by its use of time lapse photography of the activity of modern life, taking events typically shot at normal speed and accelerating them. Time-lapse photography is a Cinematography technique whereby each Film frame is captured at a rate much slower than it will be played back The events captured in this sequence involve people interacting with modern technology. The first shots are traffic patterns as seen from skyscrapers at night. This is followed by the film's iconic shot of the moon passing behind a skyscraper. The next shots are closer shots of cars on highway. The sun rises over the city and we see shots of people hurrying to work. The film shows at regular speed the operation of machines packaging Oscar Mayer bologna. Oscar Mayer is an American Meat and Cold cut production company owned by Kraft Foods, known for its Hot dogs bologna, Bologna sausage ( is an American sausage somewhat similar to the Italian Mortadella, (a finely hashed/ground Pork Sausage containing People are shown sorting mail, sewing jeans, manufacturing televisions and doing other jobs with the use of modern technology. Jeans are Trousers made from Denim. Mainly designed for work, they became popular among Teenagers starting in the 1950s. A shot of hot dogs being sent down rows of conveyers is followed by a shot of people moving up escalators. A hot dog is a type of fully-cooked cured and/or smoked moist Sausage of soft even texture and flavor An escalator is a Conveyor transport device for transporting people consisting of individual linked steps that move up or down on tracks which keep the treads The frenetic speed and pace of the cuts and background music do not slow as shots of modern leisure are shown. People eat, play, shop and work at the same speed. The sequence begins to come full circle as the manufacturing of automobiles in an assembly line factory is shown. An assembly line is a Manufacturing process in which parts (usually Interchangeable parts) are added to a product in a sequential manner using optimally planned A factory (previously manufactory) or manufacturing plant is an industrial Building where workers manufacture goods

Screenshot of a scene in Las Vegas, Nevada
Screenshot of a scene in Las Vegas, Nevada

More shots of highway traffic are shown, this time in daylight. Las Vegas ( Spanish: "The Meadows" is the most populous City in the state of Nevada, the seat of Clark County, and an internationally The film shows the movement of cars, shopping carts, Twinkies, and televisions on an assembly line, and elevators moving from first person perspective. A Twinkie is a "Golden Sponge Cake with Creamy Filling" popular in North America These shots include cars along the Embarcadero Freeway in San Francisco (later demolished due to damage from the 1989 earthquake), and people on escalators in New York's Grand Central Terminal and the PATH station below the World Trade Center. State Route 480 was a proposed State highway in San Francisco California, United States, consisting of the elevated double-decker Embarcadero Freeway The City and County of San Francisco is the fourth most populous city The Loma Prieta earthquake, also known as the Quake of '89 and the World Series Quake, was a major Earthquake that struck the San Francisco Bay An escalator is a Conveyor transport device for transporting people consisting of individual linked steps that move up or down on tracks which keep the treads The City of New York "Grand Central Station" redirects here For other uses see Grand Central. The World Trade Center PATH station originally opened on July 19, 1909 as the Hudson Terminal The World Trade Center in New York City, United States (sometimes informally the WTC or Twin Towers) was a complex of seven buildings in Lower Manhattan The film then shows clips from various television shows being channel surfed in fast motion. Channel surfing (Also known as Channel Hopping in certain areas is the practice of quickly scanning through different Television channels or Radio Clips include a car crash, newscasts moving so fast that the anchors' faces are blurred, football games, and flashes of television advertisements. A television advertisement or television commercial (often just commercial or advert (US or ad (UK is a span of television programming produced The film then shows a man and two different couples reacting to being filmed on the street in slow motion photography. Some of the pedestrians appear indifferent to being filmed, others appear irritated, and one man looks confused about being filmed. The sequence then shows cars moving much faster than they were moving before. Both the sequence and the music end without resolution, either cinematic or musical. Resolution in western tonal Music theory is the "need" for a sounded Note and/or chord to move from a dissonance (an unstable sound

"Microchips" juxtaposes pictures of microchips and satellite photography of metropolitan cities, making an obvious comparison between their layouts.

"Prophecies" shows various shots of people from all walks of modern life, from beggars to debutantes. A scene of firefighters moving along a smoky street was shot during the aftermath of the riots after the New York City blackout of 1977.

"Ending" shows stock footage of a modified and unpiloted Atlas rocket from the Mercury program from the early 1960s. Atlas is a family of US space Launch vehicles The original Atlas missile was designed in the late 1950s The rocket blows up shortly after lift off (many viewers mistakenly assume it to be the space shuttle Challenger, the destruction of which occurred three years after the movie's release). The Space Shuttle Challenger disaster took place on January 28 1986 when ''Challenger'', a Space Shuttle operated by NASA, broke apart The footage follows the flaming rocket engine as it plummets to earth. The film comes full circle with a shot of a different portion of The Great Gallery pictograph. A pictogram ( also spelled pictogramme) or pictograph is a Symbol representing a Concept, object, activity place or event It is similar to the first shot, but with no darkly shadowed figures.

Music

Koyaanisqatsi
Koyaanisqatsi cover
Soundtrack by Philip Glass
Released 1983
Genre Soundtrack, film score, contemporary classical, Minimalism
Length 46:25
Label Antilles/Island
Producer Kurt Munkacsi & Philip Glass
Professional reviews
Philip Glass chronology
Glassworks
(1982)
Koyaanisqatsi
(1983)
The Photographer
(1983)
Koyaanisqatsi (1998 re-recording)
Koyaanisqatsi (1998 re-recording)

Reggio was intent on Philip Glass producing the score. WikipediaWikiProject Composers#Lead section --> Philip Glass (born January 31 A music genre is a categorical and typological construct that identifies musical sounds as belonging to a particular category and type of music that can be distinguished from other A film score is a broad term referring to the music in a film which is generally categorically separated from songs used within a film Contemporary classical music can be understood as belonging to a period that started in the mid-1970s with the retreat of modernism. Minimalism describes movements in various forms of art and design especially Visual art and music, where the work is stripped down to its most fundamental features In the Music industry, a record label can be a Brand and a Trademark associated with the Marketing of music recordings and Music Island Records is a Record label that was founded by British record producers in Jamaica. In the Music industry, a record producer or music producer has many roles among them controlling the recording sessions coaching and guiding the musicians organizing WikipediaWikiProject Composers#Lead section --> Philip Glass (born January 31 allmusic (previously All Music Guide) is a Metadata database about music owned by All Media Guide. Rolling Stone is a United States -based Magazine devoted to Music, Politics, and Popular culture that is published WikipediaWikiProject Composers#Lead section --> Philip Glass (born January 31 Glassworks is a Chamber music work of six movements by Philip Glass. The Photographer is a Chamber opera by Composer Philip Glass that is based on the Homicide trial of Photographer Eadweard Muybridge He approached Glass through a mutual friend, and Glass replied, "I don't do film music. " Reggio persisted, until he gained a meeting with Glass who nevertheless declined. Determined, Reggio put together a photo montage with Glass' music as the soundtrack, which he presented to Glass at a private screening in New York. Immediately following this, Glass agreed to score the film. It became his first commercial success, and Glass would later score the other two films in the Qatsi trilogy. Glass had to create a 'music of nature' as well as a 'music of technology'. The opening for "The Grid" is characterized by slow sustained notes on brass instruments. The music builds in speed and dynamics throughout the piece's 21 minutes. In Music, dynamics normally refers to the volume of a Sound or note, but can also refer to every aspect of the execution of a given piece either stylistic When the piece is at its fastest, it is characterized by a synthesizer playing the piece's bass line ostinato. In Music, an Ostinato (derived from Italian: "stubborn" see also Oscillation) is a motif or phrase which is persistently

The film's soundtrack by Glass was released in 1983, after the release of the film. Despite the fact that the amount of music in the film was almost as long as the film itself, the soundtrack release was only 46 minutes long, and only featured selections from the film's pieces. In 1998, Glass re-recorded the album through Nonesuch Records with a length of 73 minutes, 21 seconds. Nonesuch Records is an American Record label, owned by Warner Music Group and distributed through WEA International with business affairs handled The re-recording of the album featured two additional tracks from the film, as well as extended versions of previous tracks from the original album. The album was released as a Philip Glass album titled Koyaanisqatsi, rather than a soundtrack to the film. The music has become so popular, that the Philip Glass Ensemble has toured the world, playing the music for Koyaanisqatsi live in front of the movie screen. The Philip Glass Ensemble is a musical group founded by composer Philip Glass in 1968 to serve as a performance outlet for his experimental Minimalist music

Track listing:
  1. "Koyaanisqatsi" – 3:30
  2. "Vessels" – 8:06
  3. "Cloudscape" – 4:39
  4. "Pruit Igoe" [sic] – 7:04
  5. "The Grid" – 14:56
  6. "Prophecies" – 8:10
Re-recording track listing (1998):
  1. "Koyaanisqatsi" – 3:28
  2. "Organic" – 7:43
  3. "Cloudscape" – 4:34
  4. "Resource" – 6:39
  5. "Vessels" – 8:05
  6. "Pruit Igoe" [sic] – 7:53
  7. "The Grid" – 21:23
  8. "Prophecies" – 13:36

Meaning

Reggio stated that the Qatsi films are intended to simply create an experience and that "it is up [to] the viewer to take for himself/herself what it is that [the film] means. Pruitt-Igoe was an urban Housing project built in St Louis, Missouri, U Sic is a Latin word meaning "thus" "so" "as such" or "just as that" Pruitt-Igoe was an urban Housing project built in St Louis, Missouri, U Sic is a Latin word meaning "thus" "so" "as such" or "just as that" " He also said that "these films have never been about the effect of technology, of industry on people. It's been that everyone: politics, education, things of the financial structure, the nation state structure, language, the culture, religion, all of that exists within the host of technology. So it's not the effect of it's that everything exists within [technology]. It's not that we use technology, we live technology. Technology has become as ubiquitous as the air we breathe. . . "[2]

The movie has no dialogue but does feature the Hopi word koyaanisqatsi, translated as "life of moral corruption and turmoil" or "life out of balance. Hopi is a Uto-Aztecan language spoken by the Hopi people (a Pueblo group of northeastern Arizona, USA although today some Hopi are monolingual " "Koyaanisqatsi" is chanted at the beginning and end of the film in a dark, sepulchral basso profundo by singer Albert de Ruiter over the score by Philip Glass. WikipediaWikiProject Composers#Lead section --> Philip Glass (born January 31 Three Hopi prophecies are sung by a choral ensemble over the film's final few minutes and are translated just prior to the end credits:

The film took about six years to make. Three years were spent shooting the film. Glass and Reggio spent an additional three years in a state of collaboration, with Glass composing score to fit the film and Reggio re-cutting the footage to fit the score.

At the end of the film, the movie credits for inspiration Jacques Ellul, Ivan Illich, David Monongye, Guy Debord and Leopold Kohr. Jacques Ellul ( January 6 1912 &ndash May 19 1994) was a French Philosopher, sociologist, theologian Ivan Illich (ɪˈvɑn ˈɪlɪtʃ ( Vienna, 4 September 1926 &ndash Bremen, 2 December 2002) was an Austrian Guy Ernest Debord ( December 28, 1931 - November 30, 1994) was a Marxist theorist French writer Filmmaker, hypergraphist Leopold Kohr (born 5 October, 1909 in Oberndorf bei Salzburg, Austria, died February 26, 1994 in Gloucester, Moreover, amongst the consultants to the director we can find names as Jeffrey Lew, T. The Killer Bean is a series of two short episodes produced in animated 3D CGI by Jeffrey Lew A. Price, Belle Carpenter, Langdon Winner, Cybelle Carpenter and Barbara Pecarich. Langdon Winner is Professor of Political Science in the Department of Science and Technology Studies at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy

Releases

Cover of the MGM DVD release of Koyaanisqatsi.
Cover of the MGM DVD release of Koyaanisqatsi.

Out of print for over a decade, Koyaanisqatsi was re-released on DVD in late 2002. DVD (also known as " Digital Versatile Disc " or " Digital Video Disc " - see Etymology)is Much of the reason for the film's disappearance from the market centered around a complicated rights and royalties dispute. Reggio's Institute for Regional Education owns the original copyright on the film. Copyright is a legal concept enacted by Governments, giving the creator of an original work of authorship Exclusive rights to control its distribution usually for The film had originally been licensed and distributed through Island Entertainment/Palm Pictures, which had subsequently been sold to PolyGram - and after the dissolution of PolyGram Pictures, the entire PolyGram film library had been sold to Metro-Goldwyn Mayer. Palm Pictures is a US based entertainment company owned and run by Chris Blackwell. PolyGram was the name from 1972 of the Major label recording company started by Philips as a holding company for its music interests in 1945 As there had been many accounting departments for these several entities involved, calculations and payments of royalties to the film makers had not been made. IRE brought suit and released an independently-financed DVD production of the film to raise money for the legal costs. This DVD is in a full-frame 4:3 format. MGM and IRE reached an agreement allowing for the current mass-market version through MGM.

Acclaim

The film won the "Francis Ford Coppola Presents" endorsement at the 1982 New York Film Festival, and Coppola is now credited as an executive producer. Francis Ford "Frank" Coppola (born April 7, 1939) is a five-time Academy Award -winning American Film director, The New York Film Festival is the one of the most important film festivals in the United States first held in 1963 in New York. Motion Pictures An executive producer of a Motion picture is typically a producer who is sometimes involved in creative or technical aspects of production In an interview, Godfrey Reggio says ". . . [Coppola] would like to do everything possible to make this available to the public, so he put his name on it". [3] In 2000, Koyaanisqatsi was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant". The National Film Registry is the registry of Films selected by the United States National Film Preservation Board for preservation in the Library of The Library of Congress is the De facto National library of the United States and the research arm of the United States Congress

Legacy

Koyaanisqatsi is followed by the sequels Powaqqatsi and Naqoyqatsi and the shorts Anima Mundi and Evidence. Powaqqatsi Life in Transformation is the 1988 sequel to the experimental 1982 Documentary film Koyaanisqatsi, by Naqoyqatsi Life as war is a Documentary film released in 2002 it is the third and final film of the Qatsi trilogy by Godfrey Reggio. Anima Mundi is a 1991 short Documentary film directed by Godfrey Reggio. Naqoyqatsi was completed after a lengthy delay caused by funding problems and premiered in the United States on October 18, 2002. Events 1009 - The Church of the Holy Sepulchre, a Christian church in Jerusalem, is completely destroyed by the Fatimid See also 2002 (disambiguation Year 2002 ( MMII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. [1]

The film's cinematographer, Ron Fricke, went on to direct Baraka, a pure cinema movie which is often compared to Koyaanisqatsi. Ron Fricke is an American Film director and Cinematographer, considered to be a master of time-lapse photography Baraka ( 1992) is a Todd-AO ( 70 mm) non-narrative film directed by Ron Fricke, cinematographer for Koyaanisqatsi Pure Cinema is the Film theory that a movie maker can create a more emotionally intense experience using Autonomous film techniques as opposed to using stories

Influence

References

  1. ^ Koyaanisqatsi. Spirit of Baraka (2007-05-21). Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 878 - Syracuse Italy is captured by the Muslim sultan of Sicily. Retrieved on 2008-05-28. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 585 BC - A Solar eclipse occurs as predicted by Greek philosopher and scientist Thales, while Alyattes is battling
  2. ^ Carson, Greg (Producer and director). (2002-09-14). See also 2002 (disambiguation Year 2002 ( MMII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 81 - Domitian becomes Emperor of the Roman Empire upon the death of his brother Titus. Essence of Life [Documentary from Koyaanisqatsi DVD]. Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. ISBN 0-7928-5333-4.
  3. ^ Torneo, Erin. "INTERVIEW: Lone Giant: Godfrey Reggio's 'Naqoyqatsi'", IndieWire, 2002-09-13. indieWIRE is a daily news and social networking site for the international independent film community See also 2002 (disambiguation Year 2002 ( MMII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 509 BC - The Temple of Jupiter on Rome 's Capitoline Hill is dedicated on the ides of September Retrieved on 2008-05-28. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 585 BC - A Solar eclipse occurs as predicted by Greek philosopher and scientist Thales, while Alyattes is battling  
  4. ^ Gann, Kyle. "Classical Trash", The Village Voice, 1999-01-19. This article is about a New York newspaper For the Ottawa Hills Ohio magazine see The Village Voice of Ottawa Hills. Year 1999 ( MCMXCIX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1999 Gregorian calendar) Events 1419 - Hundred Years' War: Rouen surrenders to Henry V of England completing his reconquest of Normandy. Retrieved on 2008-05-28. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 585 BC - A Solar eclipse occurs as predicted by Greek philosopher and scientist Thales, while Alyattes is battling  
  5. ^ "Glass is Philip; QE not half-empty", Beyond Robson, 2008-05-29. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 363 - Roman Emperor Julian defeats the Sassanid army in the Battle of Ctesiphon, under the walls of the  

See also

External links


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