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Koreagate was an American political scandal in 1976 involving South Korean political elites seeking influence from members of Congress. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the A political scandal is a Scandal in which Politicians or government officials are accused of engaging in various illegal corrupt, or Unethical Year 1976 ( MCMLXXVI) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. South Korea, officially the Republic of Korea and often referred to as Korea ( Korean: 대한민국 tɛː An immediate goal of the scandal seems to have been reversing President Richard Nixon's decision to withdraw troops. It involved the KCIA (now the National Intelligence Service) allegedly funneling bribes and favors through Korean businessman Tongsun Park in an attempt to gain favor and influence for South Korean objectives. The National Intelligence Service ( NIS) is the chief Intelligence agency of South Korea. Tongsun Park (born 1935 also known as Pak Dong-seon, was a figure in two political money-related scandals Koreagate in the 1970s and the Oil-for-Food Program Some 115 members of Congress were supposedly involved. Speculation also focused on the role of the Rev. Sun Myung Moon, former KCIA Director Kim Hyung Wook, and former Prime Minister Chung Il Kwon[1]. Sun Myung Moon (born January 6 1920) is the Korean founder and leader of the world-wide Unification Church and of the larger Unification General Chung Il-kwon ( November 21 1917 - January 17 1994) was a South Korean general during the Korean War.

Contents

Parties involved

Tongsun Park and Richard Hanna were two of the main actors involved in the Koreagate scandal[2]. Userpolbot from http//bioguidecongressgov/scripts/biodisplaypl?index=H000164 Tongsun Park represented the Korean side of the secret agreement, while Richard Hanna compromised much of the American side of the deal. According to the agreement, both parties would share the commissions from American rice sales to South Korea and to use them to obtain favorable decisions for Seoul in the United States Congress[3]. Further discussing the deal, Hanna was also responsible for providing Chung Il Kwon and Park with effective lobbying techniques, and did so by telling the tandem to emulate previous successful models set by Taiwan and Israel[4]. Taiwan ( Taiwanese: Tâi-oân/Tāi-oân (historically 大灣/台員/大員/台圓/大圓/台窩灣 is an Island in East Asia. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Israel topics. Park was also responsible for providing extra financial incentives to Hanna and other members of Congress, which was easily completed due to the reaping of large rice sale commissions[5]. Such financial incentives reportedly ranged from a member receiving between US$100,000 and $200,000 at a time[6].

Objectives

The reasons behind the scandal involved political, social, and financial notions. Korean leaders, including Tongsun Park and President Park were angered with Nixon's decision to withdraw soldiers from South Korea and felt it was urgent to build support for preserving the remaining United States military presence[7]. The Park government was also concerned with the approval of a substantial package of assitance for South Korea's military modernization programs[8]. Another reason behind the scandal was to repress or counter increasing criticism of Park's illegitimate policies and human rights violations. [9] According to many, the deceit of Park's objectives would ultimately lead to his downfall[10].

Consequences

The United States Department of State recognized the illegal aspects of Park's action in 1970 and informed the Korean embassy in Washington that such activities were a liability and poison[11]. Former United States Ambassador to Seoul, William Porter tried to persuade President Park and Chung Il Kwon that Tongsun Park should have to return to South Korea, but to no avail[12]. Later, William Porter described the United States response as "greatly pessimistic" because the United States government did not want to denounce South Korea when it was assisting war efforts in Vietnam[13]. Vietnam (ˌviːɛtˈnɑːm Việt Nam) officially Following the replacement of William Porter by Philip Habib as ambassador to South Korea, was an increase in pursuing punishment for Tongsun Park for his unethical activities[14]. Philip Charles Habib ( February 25, 1920 &ndash May 25, 1992) was a United States career diplomat known for work in Vietnam Habib attempted to force Park to register as a lobbyist for the South Korean government, but was unsuccessful. In response to his failure, Habib instructed all embassy personnel in South Korea to cut ties with Park and warned several visiting congressmen about his illegal operations, only to be crossed by former Attorney General William Saxby who warned Park of these actions and his potential prosecution[15]. Shortly after Porter and Habib's attempts to condemn Tongsun Park's actions, Habib accepted another job opportunity which forced him to work abroad for three years,[16] which once again would put Park's fate on moratorium.

Diplomatic relations

Political relations between the United States and South Korea after the realization of Koreagate were shaky at best. Animosity between the United States and South Korea was further aggravated by mutual misperceptions and procedural disagreements[17]. The United States adopted a legalistic platform and expected South Korea to cooperate with any pending investigations[18]. From the other perspective, South Korean officials believed the story was a hyperbolic spin concocted by American journalists[19]. Furthermore, South Korea felt these notions were incorporated as an anti-Park conspiracy[20]. Political experts on both sides also came to conclusions that the scandal was being framed in this manner to aid Gerald Ford's election strategy. Gerald Rudolph Ford Jr (July 14 1913 December 26 2006 was the thirty-eighth President of the United States, serving from 1974 to 1977 and the fortieth Vice President According to this interpretation, the Ford administration intended to neutralize the the Democratic Party's exploitation of Watergate and Ford's pardon of Richard Nixon as issues by linking key Democratic congressmen to the Koreagate operations[21]. The Democratic Party is one of two major Political parties in the United States, the other being the Republican Party. The Watergate scandals were a series of Political scandals during the presidency of Richard Nixon that resulted in the Indictment of several of Nixon's

Results

Despite a chronic extradition disagreement among the United States and South Korea, Tongsun Park ultimately came to the United States in April of 1978 to testify publicly in a House hearing[22]. Extradition is the official process by which one nation or state requests and obtains from another nation or state the surrender of a suspected or convicted criminal During the testimony, Park admitted to dispersing cash to thirty members of Congress[23]. In the end, only ten members of Congress were seriously implicated, which most decided to resign, the statute of limitations expired for three, and Park was granted full immunity for his testimony[24]. Congressional members Edward Roybal, Charles Wilson and John McFall were censured and reprimanded[25]. Edward Ross "Ed" Roybal ( February 10, 1916 &ndash October 24, 2005) was an American politician Charles Wilson may refer toPoliticians Charles Wilson (Texas politician (born 1933 U John McFall (born 4 October 1944) is a politician in the United Kingdom. While on the other hand, congressmen Edward Patten was found not guilty, and Otto Passman was not prosecuted due to illness[26]. Edward "Eddie" Roy Patten ( 2 August, 1939 - February 25 2005) was an Atlanta Georgia -born R&B / soul Otto Ernest Passman ( June 27, 1900 – August 13, 1988) was a conservative Democratic congressman from Monroe Louisiana The honorable Richard Hanna was convicted and sentenced to six to thirty months in prison[27]. For an American political scandal many political scientists and experts feel as though the results of Koreagate were lenient and feeble. This analysis proved to be accurate when in 2005 Park was accused of acting as an intermediary with corrupt United Nations officials in the oil-for-food conspiracy orchestrated by Saddam Hussein[28]. The United Nations ( UN) is an International organization whose stated aims are to facilitate cooperation in International law, International security Saddam Hussein Abd al-Majid al-Tikriti ( Arabic: ar صدام حسين عبد المجيد التكريتي --> April 28 1937 &ndash December 30 Ultimately, Park was represented by the renowned Patton-Boggs law firm, showing a latent conflict of interest as Tommy Boggs was a close friend of Park's at Georgetown University[29]. Georgetown University is a Jesuit Private university located in Georgetown Washington D

References

  1. ^ Boettcher, Robert B. (1980). Gifts of Deceit
  2. ^ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tongsun_Park
  3. ^ Chae. J. Lee dynamics of adjustment Pg 95
  4. ^ Lee koreagate investigations Pg 95
  5. ^ Koreagate on Capitol Hill Time, Pg 2
  6. ^ R. Boettcher Gifts of Deceit
  7. ^ C. Lee political notions of scandal Pg 96
  8. ^ C. Lee financial notions of scandal Pg 96
  9. ^ C. Lee Social Notions of Scandal Pg 96
  10. ^ Koreagate on Capitol Hill Time Pg 3
  11. ^ Lee A Troubled Peace reactions to actions Pg 97
  12. ^ Lee Porter's concern on ethics Pg 98
  13. ^ Purdum Government bias to withhold punishment Pg 2
  14. ^ Unethical description of behavior Time Pg 3
  15. ^ Lee A Troubled Peace Pg 99
  16. ^ Lee Consequences on hold Pg 99
  17. ^ Lee Dynamics of Structural Adjustment Pg 99
  18. ^ Lee Koreagate Investigations Pg 99
  19. ^ Lee Diplomatic Sparring Pg 99
  20. ^ Lee Diplomatic Sparring Pg 99
  21. ^ Lee Diplomatic Sparring Pg 100
  22. ^ Dobbs on Koreagate Pg 1
  23. ^ Dobbs on Koreagate Pg 1
  24. ^ Dobbs on Koreagate Pg 1
  25. ^ Dobbs Congressional Bad Boys Pg 1
  26. ^ Dobbs on Koreagate Pg 1
  27. ^ Dobbs on Koreagate Pg 1
  28. ^ Dobbs Congressional Bad Boys Pg 1
  29. ^ Dobbs Congressional Bad Boys Pg 2

Bibliography







See also

This article provides a list of major political scandals of the United States. Gifts of Deceit Sun Myung Moon Tongsun Park and the Korean Scandal is a Non-fiction book on Koreagate and the United States Congressional investigation Philip Charles Habib ( February 25, 1920 &ndash May 25, 1992) was a United States career diplomat known for work in Vietnam That the manufacture of consent is capable of great refinements no one I think denies The United Nations ( UN) is an International organization whose stated aims are to facilitate cooperation in International law, International security Sun Myung Moon (born January 6 1920) is the Korean founder and leader of the world-wide Unification Church and of the larger Unification General Chung Il-kwon ( November 21 1917 - January 17 1994) was a South Korean general during the Korean War.
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