| ?Kolkata West Bengal • India |
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| Coordinates: | |
| Time zone | IST (UTC+5:30) |
| Area • Elevation |
1,500 km² (579 sq mi) • 9 m (30 ft) |
| District(s) | Calcutta † |
| Population • Density • Metro |
4,580,544 (2001) • 9,920 /km² (25,693 /sq mi) • 14,681,589 |
| Language(s) | Bengali, English, Hindi, Urdu |
| Mayor | Bikash Ranjan Bhattacharya |
| Codes • Pincode • Telephone |
• 700 xxx • +91 (33) |
| Website: www.kolkatamycity.com | |
| † The Kolkata urban agglomeration also includes portions of North 24 Parganas and South 24 Parganas districts. West Bengal ( Bengali: পশ্চিমবঙ্গ Poshchim Bônggo poʃtʃim bɔŋgo is a state in eastern India. India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country The Victoria Memorial, located in Kolkata, India is a memorial of Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom who also carried the title of Empress A geographic coordinate system enables every location on the Earth to be specified in three coordinates using mainly a spherical coordinate system. Indian Standard Time ( IST) is the time observed throughout India and Sri Lanka, with a Time offset of UTC+530. UTC+530 is the Timezone for Indian Standard Time Sri Lanka Time The geography of India is diverse with landscape ranging from snow-capped mountain ranges to deserts plains rainforests hills and plateaus The elevation of a Geographic location is its height above a fixed reference point often the mean sea level. A district is an administrative division of an Indian state or territory. In Biology a population is the collection of inter-breeding organisms of a particular Species; in Sociology Population density (in agriculture standing stock and Standing crop) is a measurement of Population per unit area or unit volume A metropolitan area is a large population center consisting of a large Metropolis and its adjacent zone of influence or of more than one closely adjoining neighboring central Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar. The Constitution of India envisages Hindi as the primary official language to be used by the Union Government, with English as the subsidiary official language English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States Hindi ( Devanāgarī: hi [[wiktहिन्दी हिन्दी]] or hi [[wiktहिंदी हिंदी]] IAST:, IPA:) is Urdu ( ur '''{{Nastaliq اردو}}''' trans Urdū, historically spelled Ordu) is a Central Indo-Aryan language Urdu is a standardised Bikash Bhattacharya or Bikash Ranjan Bhattacharya ( Bengali বিকাশ রন্জন ভট্টাচার্যা is the present mayor of Kolkata (2005-2010 A Postal Index Number or PIN or Pincode is the post office numbering or Post code system used by India Post the Indian Postal For the past decade or so telecommunication activities have gained momentum in India North 24 Parganas is a district in southern West Bengal, India. 24 Parganas]] is an important district of West Bengal State with its district headquarters in Alipore. | |
Kolkata (Bengali: কলকাতা), IPA: ['kolkat̪a], formerly Calcutta , is the capital of the Indian state of West Bengal. India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country India is a union of states comprising twenty-eight states and seven union territories. West Bengal ( Bengali: পশ্চিমবঙ্গ Poshchim Bônggo poʃtʃim bɔŋgo is a state in eastern India. It is located in eastern India on the east bank of the River Hooghly. This article refers to the region in the Indian subcontinent. The Hooghly River ( Bengali হুগলী Hugli; Anglicized alternatively spelled Hoogli or Hugli) or the Bhāgirathi-Hooghly, is The city has a population of more than 4. In Biology a population is the collection of inter-breeding organisms of a particular Species; in Sociology 6 million, with an extended metropolitan population of over fourteen million, making it the third-largest urban agglomeration and the fourth-largest city in India. This article lists the top hundred metropolitan areas in India by population as of 2008. In the study of human settlements an agglomeration is an extended City or Town area comprising the built-up area of a central place ( usually a Municipality The following is a list of the most populous cities in India.
Kolkata served as the capital of India during the British Raj until 1911. For usage see British rule in India British Raj ( rāj, lit "reign" in Hindustani) primarily refers to the British Once the centre of modern education, science, culture and politics in India, Kolkata witnessed economic stagnation in the years following India's independence in 1947. Economic stagnation, often called simply stagnation is a prolonged period of slow Economic growth (traditionally measured in terms of the GDP growth The term " Indian independence movement " is diffuse incorporating various national and regional campaigns agitations and efforts of both Nonviolent and Militant However, since the year 2000, economic rejuvenation has led to a spurt in the city's growth. Like the other metropolitan cities of India, Kolkata continues to struggle with urbanisation problems like poverty, pollution and traffic congestion. Urbanizationn (also spelled urbanisation) is the physical growth of Urban areas into rural or natural land as a result of population in-migration to an existing
Kolkata is noted for its revolutionary history, ranging from the Indian struggle for independence to the leftist and trade union movements. The term " Indian independence movement " is diffuse incorporating various national and regional campaigns agitations and efforts of both Nonviolent and Militant A trade union or labour union is an organization of workers who have banded together to achieve common goals in key areas such as wages hours and working conditions forming
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Name
Probably based on Kalikata, the name of one of the three villages (Kalikata, Sutanuti, Gobindapur) in the area before the arrival of the British. Kalikata (কলিকাতা was one of the three villages which were merged to form the city of Kolkata (formerly Calcutta in India. Sutanuti (সুতানুটি was one of the three villages which were merged to form the city of Kolkata (formerly Calcutta in India. Gobindapur may refer to Gobindapur Bangladesh Gobindapur India [1] "Kalikata", in turn, is believed to be an anglicised version of Kalikshetra (কালীক্ষেত্র, "Land of [the goddess] Kālī"). Anglicisation or anglicization (see -ise vs -ize) is a process of conversion of verbal or written elements of any other language into a more comprehensible English Kali redirects here See Kali (disambiguation for other uses Not to be confused with Kali (demon, the personification of Kali Yuga Alternatively, the name may have been derived from the Bengali term kilkila ("flat area"). [2] Again, the name may have its origin in the indigenous term for a natural canal, Khal, followed by Katta (which may mean dug). [3] While the city's name was always pronounced "Kolkata" in the local Bengali language, its official English name was only changed from "Calcutta" to "Kolkata" in 2001, reflecting the Bengali pronunciation. Some view this as a move to erase the legacy of British rule. [4]
History
The discovery of the nearby Chandraketugarh,[5] an archaeological site, provides evidence that the area has been inhabited for over two millennia. Chandraketugarh is an Archaeological site located beside the river Vidyadhari about 35 Km north-east of Kolkata, India, in the [6] The city's documented history, however, begins with the arrival of the British East India Company in 1690, when the Company was consolidating its trade business in Bengal. The Honourable East India Company ( HEIC) referred to most commonly as the East India Company, also historically and colloquially as John Company, or Etymology and ethnology The exact origin of the word Bangla or Bengal is unknown though it is believed to be derived from the Dravidian-speaking tribe Bang Job Charnock, an administrator with the Company was traditionally credited as the founder of this city. Job Charnock (c 1630-1693 was a servant and administrator of the English East India Company, traditionally regarded as the founder of the city of Calcutta. [2] However, recently experts have endorsed the view that Charnock was not the founder of the city. [7]
In 1702, the British completed the construction of old Fort William,[8] which was used to station its troops and as a regional base. Fort William is a Fort built in Calcutta on the Eastern banks of the river Hooghly, the major distributary of river Ganges during the Kolkata (then Calcutta) was declared a Presidency City, and later became the headquarters of the Bengal Presidency. Calcutta, Bombay and Madras were the three Presidency cities in British India. The Bengal Presidency originally comprising east and west Bengal was a colonial region of British India, which comprised undivided Bengal which is present day Bangladesh [9] Faced with frequent skirmishes with French forces, in 1756 the British began to upgrade their fortifications. The French East India Company ( French: La Compagnie française des Indes orientales or Compagnie française pour le commerce des Indes orientales) was a When protests against the militarisation by the Nawab of Bengal Siraj-Ud-Daulah went unheeded he attacked and captured Fort William, leading to the infamous Black Hole incident. The Nawabs of Bengal were the hereditary nazim s or Subadars (provincial governors of the Subah (province of Bengal during Mîrzâ Mohammad Sirâjud Dawla, more popularly known as Siraj ud-Daulah (1733 &ndash July 2, 1757) was the last independent Nawab of The Black Hole of Calcutta was a small Dungeon in Fort William where troops of the Nawab of Bengal, Siraj ud-Daulah, held British [10] A force of Company sepoys and British troops led by Robert Clive recaptured the city the following year. A sepoy (ˈsipɔɪ (from Persian سپاهی Sipâhi meaning "soldier" was a native of India, a soldier allied to a European power usually the Clive of India redirects here For the film see Clive of India (film. [10] Kolkata was named the capital of British India in 1772, although the capital shifted to the hilly town of Shimla during the summer months every year, starting from the year 1864. For usage see British rule in India British Raj ( rāj, lit "reign" in Hindustani) primarily refers to the British Shimla [ʃɪmla] ( Hindi: शिमला originally called Simla, is a city in the Indian state of Himachal Pradesh [11] It was during this period that the marshes surrounding the city were drained and the government area was laid out along the banks of the Hooghly River. The Hooghly River ( Bengali হুগলী Hugli; Anglicized alternatively spelled Hoogli or Hugli) or the Bhāgirathi-Hooghly, is Richard Wellesley, the Governor General between 1797–1805, was largely responsible for the growth of the city and its public architecture which led to the description of Kolkata as "The City of Palaces". Richard Colley Wesley, later Wellesley 1st Marquess Wellesley KG PC ( 20 June 1760 – 26 September 1842) was The term governor general or governor-general refers to a vice-regal representative of a Monarch in an independent realm or a major colonial circonscription [12] The city was a centre of the British East India Company's opium trade during the 18th and 19th century; locally produced opium was sold at auction in Kolkata, to be shipped to China. Opium is a Narcotic formed from the Latex (ie sap released by lacerating (or "scoring" the immature seed pods of opium poppies ( [13]
By the early 19th century, Kolkata was split into two distinct areas—one British (known as the White Town), the other Indian (known as Black Town). [14] Even at the time, the poverty of the 'Black Town' shanties was considered shocking. The city underwent rapid industrial growth from the 1850s, especially in the textile and jute sectors; this caused a massive investment in infrastructure projects like railroads and telegraph by British government. Jute is a long soft shiny Vegetable fiber that can be spun into coarse strong threads The coalescence of British and Indian culture resulted in the emergence of a new Babu class of urbane Indians — whose members were often bureaucrats, professionals, read newspapers, were Anglophiles, and usually belonged to upper-caste Hindu communities. The term babu when used in modern-day South Asia is used as a sign of respect towards men equivalent to the English " Sir " An Anglophile is a person who is fond of English culture and England in general Castes are Hereditary systems of occupation, Endogamy, social culture, Social class, and Political power. A Hindu ( Devanagari: हिन्दू is an adherent of the philosophies and scriptures of Hinduism, a set of religious, Philosophical [15] Throughout the nineteenth century, a socio-cultural reform, often referred to as the Bengal Renaissance resulted in the general uplifting of the people. The Bengal Renaissance refers to a social reform movement during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries in the region of Bengal in Undivided India during the In 1883, Surendranath Banerjee organised a national conference — the first of its kind in nineteenth century India. Sir Surendranath Banerjee ( November 10 1848 &ndash August 6 1925) was one of the earliest Indian political leaders during the The Indian National Association was the first avowed nationalist organization founded in British India. [2] Gradually Kolkata became a centre of the Indian independence movement, especially revolutionary organisations. The term " Indian independence movement " is diffuse incorporating various national and regional campaigns agitations and efforts of both Nonviolent and Militant The Revolutionary movement for Indian independence is often a less-highlighted aspect of the Indian independence movement -- the underground revolutionary factions The 1905 Partition of Bengal on communal grounds resulted in widespread public agitation and the boycott of British goods (Swadeshi movement). The Partition of Bengal in 1905, was made on 16 October by then Viceroy of India, Lord Curzon. The Swadeshi ( Hindi: स्वदेशी movement, part of the Indian independence movement, was a successful economic strategy to remove the British [16] These activities, along with the administratively disadvantageous location of Kolkata in the eastern fringes of India, prompted the British to move the capital to New Delhi in 1911. New Delhi (नई दिल्ली ਨਵੀਂ ਦਿੱਲੀ نئی دلی is the Capital city of India. [17]
The city's port was bombed twice by the Japanese during World War II. The Imperial Japanese Army ( IJA) ( Kyūjitai: 大日本帝國陸軍 Shinjitai: ja 大日本帝国陸軍 Romaji: Dai-Nippon Teikoku World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including [18] As food stocks were being diverted to feed Allied troops, millions starved to death during the Bengal famine of 1943. The Allies of World War II were the countries officially opposed to the Axis powers during the Second World War. The Bengal famine of 1943 is one amongst the several Famines that occurred in British administered Bengal. [19] In 1946, demands for the creation of a Muslim state led to large-scale communal violence resulting in the deaths of over 2,000 people. Direct Action Day, also known as the Great Calcutta Riot, was on 16 August 1946 —a day of widespread riot and manslaughter in the city of Calcutta [20] The partition of India also created intense violence and a shift in demographics — large numbers of Muslims left for East Pakistan, while hundreds of thousands of Hindus fled into the city. The Partition of India was the partition of the British Indian Empire which led to the creation on August 14, 1947 and August 15, East Pakistan ( Bengali: পূর্ব পাকিস্তান Purbo Pakistan, Urdu: مشرقی پاکستان Mashriqi Pakistan) was [21]
Over the 1960s and 1970s, severe power shortages, strikes and a violent Marxist-Maoist movement — the Naxalites — damaged much of the city's infrastructure, leading to an economic stagnation. Maoism, variably and officially known as Mao Zedong Thought ( is a variant of Marxism derived from the teachings of the late Chinese leader Naxalite or Naxalism is an informal name given to Communist groups that were born out of the Sino-Soviet split in the Indian communist movement [22] In 1971, war between India and Pakistan led to the mass influx of thousands of refugees into Kolkata resulting in a massive strain on its infrastructure. [23] In the mid-1980s, Mumbai overtook Kolkata as India's most populous city. Mumbai ( Marathi:,, IPA: formerly Bombay, is the capital of the Indian state of Maharashtra and the financial Kolkata has been a strong base of Indian communism as West Bengal has been ruled by the CPI(M) dominated Left Front for three decades now — the world's longest-running democratically-elected Communist government. The Communist Party of India (Marxist (abbreviated CPI(M or CPM) is a Political party in India. BamfronttripuraJPG|thumb|right| West Bengal Left Front Committee meeting for solidarity with Tripura]] The Left Front ( Bengali: বাম ফ্রন্ট Communism is a Socioeconomic structure that promotes the establishment of an egalitarian, classless, stateless Society based [24][25] The city's economic recovery gathered momentum after economic reforms in India introduced by the central government in the mid-1990s. Economic reforms in India is something which is under close study Since 2000, Information Technology (IT) services revitalized the city’s stagnant economy. Information technology ( IT) as defined by the Information Technology Association of America (ITAA is "the study design development implementation support The city is also experiencing a growth in the manufacturing sector. [26]
Geography
Kolkata is located in eastern India at in the Ganges Delta at an elevation ranging between 1. The Hooghly River ( Bengali হুগলী Hugli; Anglicized alternatively spelled Hoogli or Hugli) or the Bhāgirathi-Hooghly, is Kolkata is located in the eastern part of India at. It has spread linearly along the banks of the Hooghly River. The Ganges Delta (also Sunderban Delta or the Bengal Delta) is a River delta in the South Asia region of Bengal, consisting of Bangladesh 5 m (5 ft) to 9 m (30 ft). The metre or meter is a unit of Length. It is the basic unit of Length in the Metric system and in the International A foot (plural feet or foot; symbol or abbreviation ft or sometimes &prime – the prime symbol) is a non-SI unit [27] It is spread linearly along the banks of the River Hooghly in a north-south direction. The Hooghly River ( Bengali হুগলী Hugli; Anglicized alternatively spelled Hoogli or Hugli) or the Bhāgirathi-Hooghly, is Much of the city was originally a vast wetland, reclaimed over the decades to accommodate the city's burgeoning population. [28] The remaining wetland, known as East Calcutta Wetlands has been designated a "wetland of international importance" under the Ramsar Convention. The East Calcutta Wetlands, also known as the East Kolkata Wetlands, are a complex of natural and human-made Wetlands lying east of the city of Calcutta The Ramsar Convention is an international Treaty for the conservation and sustainable utilization of Wetlands i [29]
Like the most of the Indo-Gangetic plains, the predominant soil type is alluvial. The Indo-Gangetic Plain also known as the Northern plains and the North Indian River Plain is a large and fertile plain encompassing most of northern and eastern India, Alluvium (from the Latin, alluvius, from alluere, "to wash against" is Soil or Sediments deposited by a river or other running Quaternary sediments consisting of clay, silt, various grades of sand and gravel underlie the city. These sediments are sandwiched between two clay beds, the lower one at depths between 250 m (820 ft) and 650 m (2,133 ft) and the upper one ranging between 10 m (33 ft) and 40 m (131 ft) in thickness. [30] According to the Bureau of Indian Standards, the town falls under seismic zone-III, in a scale of I to V (in order of increasing proneness to earthquakes)[31] while the wind and cyclone zoning is "very high damage risk", according to UNDP report. Headline text The Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS, the National Standards Body of India is involved in the development of technical standards (popularly known as Indian The Indian subcontinent had a long history of devastating Earthquakes The major reason for the high frequency and intensity of the earthquakes is that India continues to drive into In Meteorology, a cyclone refers to an area of closed circular fluid motion rotating in the same direction as the Earth. [31]
Urban structure
Kolkata city, under the jurisdiction of the Kolkata Municipal Corporation (KMC), has an area of 185 km² (71 sq mi). Kolkata Municipal Corporation (formerly Calcutta Municipal Corporation) is responsible for the civic infrastructure and administration of the city of Kolkata. [32] The Kolkata urban agglomeration, however, has continuously expanded and as of 2006, the urban agglomeration (Kolkata Metropolitan Area) is spread over 1,750 km² (676 sq mi),[32] and comprises 157 postal areas. Kolkata Metropolitan Area ( KMA) is the urban agglomeration of the city of Kolkata, West Bengal, India. [33] The urban agglomeration is formally administered by several local governments including 38 local municipalities. Kolkata, formerly Calcutta has many densely populated towns and districts on its outskirts The urban agglomeration comprises 72 cities and 527 towns and villages. [32] The suburban areas of Kolkata metropolitan district incorporates parts of the districts North 24 Parganas, South 24 Parganas, Howrah, Hooghly and Nadia. North 24 Parganas is a district in southern West Bengal, India. 24 Parganas]] is an important district of West Bengal State with its district headquarters in Alipore. Howrah (হাওড়া জেলা is a district of the West Bengal state in eastern India. Hooghly is one of the districts of the state of West Bengal in India. Nadia is a district of the state of West Bengal, in the north east of the Republic of India.
The east-to-west dimension of the proper city is narrow, stretching from the Hooghly River in the west to roughly the Eastern Metropolitan Bypass in the east, a span of barely 5 km (3. The Eastern Metropolitan Bypass, or simply EM Bypass is a major road connecting the northern and southern part of the city of Kolkata, West Bengal, India 1 mi)–6 km (3. 7 mi). [34] The north-south expansion is roughly divided into North, Central and South Kolkata. North Kolkata locality is the oldest part of the city, with 19th century architecture and narrow alleyways. South Kolkata grew mostly after independence and consists of well-to-do localities. The Salt Lake City (Bidhan Nagar) area to the northeast of the city is a planned section of Kolkata. WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> Bidhan Nagar ( Bengali বিধাননগর or Salt Lake City as it is popularly called Rajarhat, also called New Town, is a planned township being developed on the north-eastern fringes of the city. Rajarhat (রাজারহাট also called New Town Calcutta, is one of India 's latest and fastest-growing planned new cities
Central Kolkata houses the central business district around the B. B. D. Bagh area. A central business district ( CBD) is the commercial and often geographic heart of a city BBD Bagh, formerly called Dalhousie Square, is the shortened version for Benoy-Badal-Dinesh Bag The government secretariat, General Post Office, High Court, Lalbazar Police HQs and several other government and private offices are located here. Writers' Building ( Bengali: মহাকরণ Mahakaran) is the Secretariat of the West Bengal State Government and is located in The General Post Office Kolkata is the central post office of the city of Kolkata, India and the chief post office of West Bengal. The Calcutta High Court (কলকাতা উচ্চ আদালত is the oldest High Court in India. Lalbazar (লালবাজার is a neighbourhood in central Kolkata, earlier known as Calcutta in the Indian state of West Bengal. The Maidan is a large open field in the heart of the city where several sporting events and public meetings are held. For other uses see Maidan The Maidan (literally open field is the largest urban park in Kolkata in the Indian Several companies have set up their offices around the area south of Park Street which has become a secondary central business district. Park Street, recently renamed as Mother Teresa Sarani, is probably the most prestigious Thoroughfare of the city of Kolkata, India.
Climate
Kolkata has a tropical wet-and-dry climate (Koppen climate classification Aw). The Tropics are centered on the Equator and limited in Latitude by the Tropic of Cancer in the northern hemisphere at approximately 23°26' (23 The Köppen climate classification is one of the most widely used climate classification systems It was developed by Wladimir Köppen, a German climatologist The annual mean temperature is 26. 8 °C (80. The Celsius Temperature scale was previously known as the centigrade scale. 2 °F); monthly mean temperatures range from 19 °C (66. Fahrenheit is a temperature scale named after Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit (1686–1736 a German Physicist who proposed it in 1724 2 °F) to 30 °C (86. 0 °F). [35] Summers are hot and humid with temperatures in the low 30's and during dry spells the maximum temperatures often exceed 40 °C (104 °F) during May and June. [35] Winter tends to last for only about two and a half months, with seasonal lows dipping to 9 °C – 11 °C (54 °F – 57 °F) between December and January. The highest recorded temperature is 43. 9 °C (111. 0 °F) and the lowest is 5 °C (41. 0 °F). [35]On an average, May is the hottest month with daily temperatures ranging from a low of 27 °C (80. 6 °F) to a maximum of 37 °C (98. 6 °F),while January the coldest month has temperatures varying from a low of 12 °C (53. 6 °F) to a maximum of 23 °C (73. 4 °F). Often during early summer, dusty squalls followed by spells of thunderstorm or hailstorms and heavy rains cum ice sleets lash the city, bringing relief from the humid heat. These thunderstorms are convective in nature, and is locally known as Kal baisakhi (কালবৈশাখী, Nor'westers). There are three distinct main types of rainfall, or forms that Rain can fall in [36]
Rains brought by the Bay of Bengal branch of South-West monsoon[37] lash the city between June and September and supplies the city with most of its annual rainfall of 1,582 mm (62 in). The highest rainfall occurs during the monsoon in August—306 mm (12 in)). The city receives 2,528 hours of sunshine per annum, with the maximum sunlight occurring in March. [38] Pollution is a major concern in Kolkata, and the Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM) level is high when compared to other major cities of India,[39][40] leading to regular smog and haze. Particulates, alternatively referred to as particulate matter (PM or fine particles, are tiny particles of solid or liquid suspended in a gas Smog is a kind of Air pollution; the word "smog" is a Portmanteau of Smoke and Fog. Haze is traditionally an atmospheric phenomenon where dust smoke and other dry particles obscure the clarity of the sky Severe air pollution in the city has caused rise in pollution-related respiratory ailments such as lung cancer. [41]
Economy
Kolkata is the main business, commercial and financial hub of eastern India and the northeastern states. Kolkata is the main business commercial and financial hub of eastern India and the main port of communication for the North-East Indian states This article refers to the region in the Indian subcontinent. North-East India refers to the easternmost region of India consisting of the contiguous Seven Sister States and Sikkim. It is home to the Calcutta Stock Exchange — India's second-largest bourse. Calcutta Stock Exchange Association Limited, popularly the Calcutta Stock Exchange (CSE located at the Lyons Range Kolkata, India, was incorporated A stock exchange, share market or bourse is a Corporation or Mutual organization which provides "trading" facilities for Stock [42] It is also a major commercial and military port, and the only city in the region to have an international airport. Once India's leading city and Capital, Kolkata experienced a steady economic decline in the years following India's independence due to the prevalent unstabilised political condition and rise in trade-unionism supported by left-wing parties. [43] Between the 1960s to the mid 1990s, flight of capital was enormous as many large factories were closed or downsized and businesses relocated. [43] The lack of capital and resources coupled with a worldwide glut in demand in the city's traditional industries (e. g. jute) added to the depressed state of the city's economy. [44] The liberalisation of the Indian economy in the 1990s along with the election of a new reformist Chief Minister, Buddhadeb Bhattacharya have resulted in the improvement of the city's fortunes. The economy of India, measured in USD exchange-rate terms is the twelfth largest in the world with a GDP of around $1 trillion (2008 A Chief Minister is the elected Head of government of a sub-national (e Buddhadeb Bhattacharya (বুদ্ধদেব ভট্টাচার্য (born March 1 1944) is an Indian Communist Politician
Until recently, flexible production had always been the norm in Kolkata, and the informal sector has comprised more than 40% of the labour force. In Economics, the term informal economy (or second economy in the South African context refers to all economic activities that fall outside the formal [45] For example, roadside hawkers generated business worth Rs. 8,772 crore (around 2 billion U.S. dollars) in 2005. Hawkers in Kolkata numbering 275000 generated business worth Rs The rupee (रुपया ( code: INR) is the Currency of India. A crore is a unit in the Indian numbering system and was formerly a unit in the Persian numbering system still widely used in Bangladesh, India, Maldives The United States dollar ( sign: $; code: USD) is the unit of Currency of the United States; it has also been [46] State and federal government employees make up a large percentage of the city's workforce. The city has a large unskilled and semi-skilled labour population, along with other blue-collar and knowledge workers. Kolkata's economic revival was led largely by IT services, with the IT sector growing at 70% yearly — twice that of the national average. Information technology ( IT) as defined by the Information Technology Association of America (ITAA is "the study design development implementation support [26] In recent years there has been a surge of investments in the housing infrastructure sector with several new projects coming up in the city. [47] Kolkata is home to many industrial units operated by large Indian corporations with products ranging from electronics to jute. Some notable companies headquartered in Kolkata include ITC Limited, Bata India, Birla Corporation, Coal India Limited, Damodar Valley Corporation, United Bank of India, UCO Bank and Allahabad Bank. ITC Limited which previously stood for Imperial Tobacco Company of India Limited, is one of India 's foremost Private sector companies with Bata Shoes ( Baťa or Baťovy závody) is a large family owned shoe company Birla Corporation Limited, popularly known as Birla Corp is an Indian company based in Kolkata. Coal India Limited ( CIL) is a Public sector undertaking in India. The Damodar Valley Corporation, popularly known as DVC, is the first multipurpose river valley project of independent India. United Bank of India, is one of India's major commercial banks which was nationalised on July 19 1969 Uco Bank, formerly United Commercial Bank established in 1943 in Kolkata, is one of the oldest and major commercial bank of India Allahabad Bank, which began operations in 1865 now has its head-quarters in Kolkata. Recently, various events like adoption of "Look East" policy by the government of India, opening of the Nathu La Pass in Sikkim as a border trade-route with China and immense interest in the South East Asian countries to enter the Indian market and invest have put Kolkata in an advantageous position. Nathu La ( Chinese: 乃堆拉山口 Nepali: नाथू ला IAST: Nāthū Lā;) is a Mountain pass in the Himalayas Talk People's Republic of China) PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ARTICLE GUIDELINES [48] [49]
Civic administration
The government of Kolkata, that is, of the area within which the Kolkata Municipal Corporation (KMC) functions, involves at least the following authorities: the KMC itself, the Kolkata Collector, the Kolkata Police, the Collector / District Magistrate (DM) of South 24 Parganas District, and the Superintendent of Police (SP) of South 24 Parganas District. Kolkata Municipal Corporation (formerly Calcutta Municipal Corporation) is responsible for the civic infrastructure and administration of the city of Kolkata. The Calcutta High Court (কলকাতা উচ্চ আদালত is the oldest High Court in India.
The Kolkata Collector collects land revenues within a relatively small part of the area within which the KMC functions; the Kolkata Police performs police functions in the Collector's area and also an additional area; and the KMC provides services such as water in the Kolkata Police's entire area and also an additional area.
In the Kolkata Police's "additional area", as it has been called here (this is not an official term), revenue collection is performed by the Collector/DM of South 24 Parganas District. And in the KMC's "additional area", revenue collection is performed by the Collector/DM of South 24 Parganas District, and police functions are performed by the SP of South 24 Parganas District (who is under the Collector/DM of that district).
The Kolkata Collector's area is known as Kolkata District. The Kolkata Police's entire area comprises wards 1-100 of the KMC. The KMC's entire area comprises all 141 wards of the KMC. "City" in relation to Kolkata is not an official term; when used, it normally refers to the KMC area.
It may seem paradoxical that the area of a district should be a subset of one urban area, since normally a district contains numerous urban areas as well as rural areas. This and the various other complications of Kolkata's government are mostly explained by the fact that Kolkata's gradual urban sprawl had somehow to be accommodated to existing political boundaries.
In talking about Kolkata, it may be necessary to define one's terms in one of five ways, listed here in ascending order as to the size of the area: 1) Kolkata District, 2) the Kolkata Police area, 3) the KMC area ("Kolkata city"), 4) "Greater Kolkata", which adds to the KMC area a few areas just adjacent to it,[50] and 5) the Kolkata Metropolitan Area. (See the section "Urban structure" above. )
The Kolkata Municipal Corporation (KMC), (formerly the Calcutta Municipal Corporation), established in 1876, is responsible for the civic maintenance and infrastructure of Kolkata. Kolkata Municipal Corporation (formerly Calcutta Municipal Corporation) is responsible for the civic infrastructure and administration of the city of Kolkata. The city is divided into 141 administrative wards that are grouped into 15 boroughs. In Australia, Canada, Ireland, New Zealand, the United Kingdom, and the United States, a ward is an Electoral district A borough is an Administrative division of various countries In principle the term borough designates a self-governing Township although in practice [51] Each of these wards elects a councillor to the KMC. A councillor or councilor ( Cllr, Coun, Clr or Cr for short is a member of a Local government council such as a Each borough has a committee consisting of the councillors elected from the respective wards of the borough. The Corporation, through the borough committees, maintains government-aided schools, hospitals and municipal markets and partakes in urban planning and road maintenance. [32] The corporation as the apex body discharges its function through the Mayor-in-Council, consisting of a mayor, assisted by a deputy mayor, and ten other elected members of the KMC. The Mayor-Council government system sometimes called the Mayor-Commission government system is one of two variations of Government used for the most part in modern The mayor is responsible for the overall functioning of the KMC and has a tenure of five-years. [52] At present, the CPI(M) led Left Front holds the power in KMC. The Communist Party of India (Marxist (abbreviated CPI(M or CPM) is a Political party in India. BamfronttripuraJPG|thumb|right| West Bengal Left Front Committee meeting for solidarity with Tripura]] The Left Front ( Bengali: বাম ফ্রন্ট
The city also has an apolitical titular post, that of the Sheriff of Kolkata. The Sheriff of Kolkata is an apolitical titular position of authority bestowed for one year on a prominent citizen of Kolkata. [53] The Sheriff presides over various city-related functions and conferences. Another ancillary civic body is the Kolkata Metropolitan Development Authority (KMDA) responsible for the statutory planning and development of the Kolkata Metropolitan Area (KMA). Kolkata Metropolitan Development Authority is the statutory planning and development authority for the Kolkata Metropolitan Area (KMA in the state of West Bengal, Kolkata Metropolitan Area ( KMA) is the urban agglomeration of the city of Kolkata, West Bengal, India. [54] The KMA includes a large suburban hinterland around the urban centres of Kolkata. The hinterland is the land or district behind the borders of a coast or river
As the capital of the state and the seat of the Government of West Bengal, Kolkata houses the West Bengal Legislative Assembly, the Secretariat (Writers' Building) and the Calcutta High Court. The Government of West Bengal also known as the State Government of West Bengal, or locally as State Government, is the supreme governing authority of the Indian The West Bengal Legislative Assembly &mdash the Vidhan Sabha is the Unicameral legislature of the Indian state of West Bengal. Writers' Building ( Bengali: মহাকরণ Mahakaran) is the Secretariat of the West Bengal State Government and is located in The Calcutta High Court (কলকাতা উচ্চ আদালত is the oldest High Court in India. Kolkata also has lower courts; the Small Causes Court for civil matters, and the Sessions Court for criminal cases. In Indian cities the Small Causes Court is responsible for adjudicating matters related to civil cases A Sessions Court is a Court of law which exists in several Commonwealth countries The Kolkata Police, headed by the Police Commissioner, comes under the West Bengal Home Ministry. The Kolkata Police has the task of policing the metropolitan area of Kolkata (formerly Calcutta) India, as defined under the Calcutta Police Act The city is administratively divided into several police-zones subdivided into 59 local police stations—48 of them under the Kolkata Police[55] and 11 of them (counting two outposts) under the Superintendent of Police of South 24 Parganas District. Kolkata Police is divided into 5 administrative divisions Each division is under a Deputy Commissionar of Police The police stations in Kolkata, in the area area under Kolkata Police are Alipore Amherst Street Ballygunge Beleghata Beniapukur The city elects 3 representatives to the Lok Sabha (India's lower house) and 21 representatives to the state Legislative Assembly. The Lok Sabha (also titled the House of the People, by the Constitution) is the directly elected Lower house of the Parliament of India [56]
Utility services and media
- See also: Kolkata in the media
The KMC supplies potable water to the city, sourced from the River Hooghly. Tata Communications, formerly known Videsh Sanchar Nigam Limited or VSNL, is India 's largest Telecommunication company in international long Introduction Tata Teleservices Limited (TTSL is a part of the Tata Group of companies an Indian conglomerate Several fiction non-fiction and cinemas were based on Kolkata, or depicted Kolkata from certain point of views Water of sufficient quality to serve as drinking water is termed potable water whether it is used for drinking or not The water is purified and treated at Palta water pumping station located in North 24 Parganas. North 24 Parganas is a district in southern West Bengal, India. Almost all of Kolkata's daily refuse of 2500 tonnes is transported to the dumping grounds in Dhapa to the east of the town. This article is about the tonne or metric ton For other tons see Ton. Dhapa may refer to Dhapa India Dhapa Nepal Agriculture on this dumping ground is encouraged for natural recycling of garbage and sewer water. [57] Parts of the city still lack sewage facilities leading to unsanitary methods of waste disposal. [38] Electricity is supplied by the privately operated Calcutta Electric Supply Corporation (CESC) to the city region, and by the West Bengal State Electricity Board in the suburbs. CESC or the Calcutta Electric Supply Corporation supplies Electricity to area under Kolkata municipal corporation in the city of Kolkata, West Bengal State Electricity Board ( WBSEB) is a state owned electricity regulation board operating within the state of West Bengal in India. Frequent interruption of power supply was a problem until the mid 1990s; however the situation has since improved immensely with seldom power cuts occurring presently. The city has 20 fire stations (under West Bengal Fire Service) that attend to 7,500 fire and rescue calls on average per year. West Bengal Fire Service is the state owned service that attends fire/rescue calls throughout the Indian state of West Bengal, including the city of Kolkata [58]
State-owned BSNL and private enterprises like Vodafone, Airtel, Reliance Infocomm and Tata Indicom are the leading telephone and cell phone service providers in the city. Vodafone Essar, previously Hutchison Essar is a cellular operator in India that covers 16 telecom circles in India. Bharti Airtel, formerly known as Bharti Tele-Ventures Limited (BTVL is India 's largest cellular service provider with more than 75 million subscribers as of August Reliance Communications (formerly Reliance Infocomm) along with Reliance Telecom and Flag Telecom, is part of Reliance Communications Ventures (RCoVL Introduction Tata Teleservices Limited (TTSL is a part of the Tata Group of companies an Indian conglomerate Cellular coverage is extensive with both GSM and CDMA services being available. GSM ( Global System for Mobile communications: originally from Groupe Spécial Mobile) is the most popular standard for Mobile phones in the Code division multiple access ( CDMA) is a Channel access method utilized by various radio communication technologies Broadband internet penetration has steadily increased with BSNL, Tata Indicom, Airtel and Reliance being the leading service providers. Broadband Internet access, often shortened to just Broadband, is high-speed Internet access—typically contrasted with dial-up access over a Modem The Tata Group ( Hindi: टाटा समूह is a multinational conglomerate based in Mumbai, India.
Bengali language newspapers like Anandabazar Patrika, Aajkaal, Bartaman, Sangbad Pratidin and Ganashakti, Dainik Statesman are widely circulated. Anandabazar Patrika ( Bengali: আনন্দবাজার পত্রিকা Anôndobajar Potrika) is a Bengali language Newspaper Aajkaal is one of the leading Bengali newspapers in Kolkata, India. Bartaman Patrika (বর্তমান পত্রিকা is a pro Trinamool Congress Bengali language newspaper published from Kolkata, India Sangbad Pratidin ( Bengali: সংবাদ প্রতিদিন (literally meaning news every day is a Bengali newspaper published from Kolkata Ganashakti Patrika is the official Mouthpiece of the Communist Party of India (Marxist West Bengal State Committee which first appeared as Regional and national English newspapers such as The Telegraph, The Statesman, Asian Age, Hindustan Times and The Times of India are sold in large numbers. The Statesman is among the leading daily Newspapers of India. The Asian Age is an Indian daily newspaper The Asian Age has editions in four major cities in India and one in London. Hindustan Times ( HT) is a leading newspaper in India, published since 1924 with roots in the independence movement The Times of India ( TOI) is a leading English-language Broadsheet Daily newspaper in India. Some major periodicals are Desh, Sananda, Unish Kuri, Anandalok and Anandamela. Desh is a noted Bengali language literary Magazine published by Ananda Publishers from India. Sananda is a Bengali magazine published by Ananda Publishers from Kolkata, India. Unish Kuri, which literally means "nineteen twenty" targeted at Teens and Young adults, is one of the youngest Fortnightly Magazines Anandamela is a children's periodical in Bengali language published by ABP Limited ( Ananda Bazar Patrika Group from Kolkata, India Being the biggest trading market in Eastern India, Kolkata has a substantial readership of many financial dailies including Economic Times & Business Standard. The Economic Times, launched in 1961 is India's largest financial daily and the world's second largest financial daily after The Wall Street Journal, Business Standard is a financial daily from Business Standard Ltd (BSL [59] Vernacular newspapers such as those in Hindi, Gujarati, Oriya, Urdu, Punjabi and Chinese are also read by a minority. Hindi ( Devanāgarī: hi [[wiktहिन्दी हिन्दी]] or hi [[wiktहिंदी हिंदी]] IAST:, IPA:) is Gujarati (ગુજરાતી Gujǎrātī ? Oriya (ଓଡ଼ିଆ oṛiā) is one of the Indian Languages mainly spoken in the Indian state of Orissa. Urdu ( ur '''{{Nastaliq اردو}}''' trans Urdū, historically spelled Ordu) is a Central Indo-Aryan language Urdu is a standardised Punjabi may refer to The Punjabi language of Pakistan and India Punjabi grammar List of Punjabi Kolkata has ten local FM stations: AIR Kolkata (FM Rainbow & FM Gold), Radio Mirchi (98. All India Radio (abbreviated as AIR) officially known as Akashvani ( Devanagari: आकाशवाणी ākāshavānī ( Urdu: اکاشوانی Radio Mirchi is a nationwide network of private FM radio stations in India. 3 MHz), Red FM (93. The hertz (symbol Hz) is a measure of Frequency, informally defined as the number of events occurring per Second. Red FM is an Indian FM radio brand with stations broadcasting at 93 5 MHz), Power FM (107. This article relates to the UK radio station For the Australian radio station network of the same name see Power FM Network. 8 MHz), Aamar FM (106. Aamar FM (literally meaning My FM is a FM radio channel in Kolkata, India. 2 MHz), Gyan Vani (105. Gyan Vani is an educational FM radio station in several cities of India. 4 MHz), Big FM (92. Big FM is a nationwide private FM radio station in India owned by Indian businessman Anil Ambani. 7 MHz), Meow FM (104. 8 MHz), Friends FM (91. Friends 919 FM is a Kolkata FM Radio station that plays music from college days which remain eternally popular 9 MHz)and Fever FM (104. 0 MHz). The state-owned television broadcaster Doordarshan provides two free terrestrial channels, while four MSO provide a mix of Bengali, Hindi, English and other regional channels via cable. Doordarshan (दूरदर्शन literally Tele-Vision) is the public television broadcaster of India and a division of Prasar Bharati, a public A multiple system operator (MSO is an operator of multiple Cable television systems Bengali 24-hour television news channels include STAR Ananda, 24 Ghanta, Kolkata TV and Tara Newz. STAR Ananda is a national Bengali news channel in India. This channel is co-production of STAR TV and Anandabazar Patrika. 24 Ghanta (literally meaning 24 Hours is a popular 24x7 infotainment Bengali channel owned by the Zee Aakash News division of Zee News Ltd of the Zee Kolkata TV ( Bengali: 'Kolkata Tibhi) is a 24x7 news Bengali channel launched by SST Media formerly a company of the Rs 627 crore Xenitis Group March 27
Transport
Public transport is provided by the Kolkata suburban railway, the Kolkata Metro, trams and buses. The Howrah Bridge is a Bridge that spans the Hooghly River in West Bengal, India. The Kolkata Suburban Railway is the rail system for the suburbs surrounding the city of Kolkata (Calcutta The Kolkata Metro or Calcutta Metro ( Bengali: কলকাতা মেট্রো Kolkata Meṭro) is the underground rail network in Kolkata A tram, tramcar, trolley, trolley car, or streetcar is a railborne vehicle, of lighter weight and construction than a Train The suburban network is extensive and extends into the distant suburbs. The Kolkata Metro, run by the Indian Railways, is the oldest underground system in India. Indian Railways (भारतीय रेल Bhāratīya Rail) abbreviated as IR (hi भारे is a Department of the Government of India under the Ministry [60] It runs parallel to the River Hooghly and spans the north-south length of the city covering a distance of 16. 45 km. Buses are the preferred mode of transport and are run by both government agencies and private operators. Kolkata is India's only city to have a tram network, operated by Calcutta Tramways Company. The Calcutta Tramways Company Limited (CTC is a West Bengal state Government undertaken company that runs Trams in Kolkata and [61] The slow-moving tram services are restricted to certain areas of the city. Water-logging due to heavy rains during the monsoon sometimes interrupts the public transport. [62][63]
Hired forms of mechanised transport include the yellow metered taxis, while auto rickshaws ply in specific routes. An auto rickshaw or tuk tuk ( auto autorick or rickshaw in popular parlance is a Motor vehicle that is one of the chief Almost all the taxis in Kolkata are Ambassadors. The Hindustan Ambassador is a car manufactured by Hindustan Motors of India. This is unlike most other cities where Tata Indica or Fiats are more common. Fiat SpA (an Acronym for Fabbrica Italiana Automobili Torino (Italian Automobile Factory of Turin) is an Italian automobile manufacturer In some areas of the city, cycle rickshaws and hand-pulled rickshaws are also patronised by the public for short distances. The cycle rickshaw, being a small-scale local means of transport is also known by a variety of other names such as rickshaw, pedicab, bugbug, cyclo Rickshaws (or rickshas) are a mode of Human-powered transport: a runner draws a two-wheeled Cart which seats one or two persons Private owned vehicles are less in number and usage compared to other major cities due to the abundance in both variety and number of public vehicles. [64] However, the city witnessed a steady increase in the number of registered vehicles; 2002 data showed an increase of 44% over a period of seven years. [65] The road space (matched with population density) in the city is only 6%, compared to 23% in Delhi and 17% in Mumbai, creating major traffic problems. [66] Kolkata Metro Railway and a number of new roads and flyovers have decongested the traffic to some extent.
Kolkata has two major long distance railway stations at Howrah Station and Sealdah. |}A train station, railway station, railroad station, or station yard is a facility at which Passengers may board and alight from Trains Howrah Station is one of the two major Train stations serving Howrah and Kolkata, India; the other is Sealdah Station, in Kolkata Sealdah (In Bengali: শিয়ালদহ is one of the major Train stations serving Kolkata (Calcutta in India, the others A third station named Kolkata has been launched in early 2006. [67] The city is the headquarters of two divisions of the Indian Railways — Eastern Railway and South Eastern Railway. Eastern Railway is a zone of the Indian Railways. Its headquarter is at Fairley Place Kolkata and it comprises Howrah, Malda, Sealdah The South Eastern Railway is one of the sixteen railway zones in India. [68]
The city's sole airport, the Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose International Airport at Dum Dum to the north of the city, operates both domestic and international flights. Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose International Airport is an Airport located in Dum Dum, near Kolkata, West Bengal, India Dumdum ( Bengali দমদম Dômdôm, Hindi दमदम Damdam) is a city and a Municipality in North 24 Parganas district Kolkata is also a major riverport in eastern India. The Kolkata Port Trust manages both the Kolkata docks and the Haldia docks. The Port of Kolkata is a riverine Port in the city of Kolkata, India. For the village in Bangladesh see Haldia Bangladesh. WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> Haldia is a city and [69] There are passenger service to Port Blair in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands and cargo ship service to various ports in India and abroad, operated by the Shipping Corporation of India. Port Blair ( Hindi: पोर्ट ब्लेयर is the largest town and a Municipal council in Andaman district in the Andaman Islands The Andaman & Nicobar Islands is a Union territory of India. Informally the territory's name is often abbreviated to A & N Islands, or ANI A cargo ship or freighter is any sort of Ship or vessel that carries Cargo, goods and materials from one port to another The Shipping Corporation of India (SCI is a company owned by the Government of India that operates and manages vessels that services both national and international lines Also there are ferry services connecting Kolkata with its twin city of Howrah.
Demographics
- See also: Ethnic communities in Kolkata
Residents of Kolkata are called Calcuttans. Kolkata, though comparatively young compared to the Indian city states like Delhi and Hyderabad, has nevertheless been a melting pot for international and As of 2001, Kolkata city had a population of 4,580,544, while the urban agglomeration had a population of 13,216,546. The sex ratio is 828 females per 1000 males[70] – which is lower than the national average, because many working males come from rural areas, where they leave behind their families. In Anthropology and Demography, the human sex ratio is the Sex ratio for Homo sapiens (i The Demographics of India are overall remarkably diverse India's population of approximately 1 Kolkata's literacy rate of 80. 86%[71] exceeds the all-India average of 64. 8%. [72] Kolkata Municipal Corporation area has registered a growth rate of 4. 1%, which is the lowest among the million-plus cities in India. [73]
Bengalis comprise the majority of Kolkata's population (55%), with Marwaris,Oriya and Bihari communities forming a large portion of the minorities (20%)[74]. The Bengali people are the ethnic community from Bengal (divided between Bangladesh and India) on the Indian subcontinent with a history dating Marwaris are the people from the Marwar region of Rajasthan in India. Biharis ( Bhojpuri / Hindi: बिहारी Urdu: بِہاری) are an Indo-Aryan ethnic group originating from the state of Some of Kolkata's notable communities include Chinese, Tamils,nepalis,Telugus, Assamese, Gujaratis, Anglo-Indians, Armenians, Tibetans, Maharashtrians, Punjabis, Malayalees and Parsis. Kolkata, though comparatively young compared to the Indian city states like Delhi and Hyderabad, has nevertheless been a melting pot for international and Tamil people (also called Tamils or Tamilians) ( are an Ethnic group native to Tamil Nadu, a state in India, and the north-eastern Perched on the southern slopes of the Himalayan Mountains, State of Nepal is as ethnically diverse as its terrain of fertile plains broad valleys terraced hillsides Telugu people refer to the group of peoples who natively speak the Telugu language. Gujarati people ( Gujarati: ગુજરાતી લોકો Gujǎrātī loko ? Anglo-Indians are people who have mixed Indian and British ancestry and the term is sometimes used in the West. The Armenians (Հայեր Hayer) are a Nation and Ethnic group originating in the Caucasus and in the Armenian Highlands A large The Tibetan people are indigenous to Tibet and surrounding areas stretching from Central Asia in the North and West to Myanmar and China Proper The Punjabi people ( Punjabi: ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی also Panjabi people) are an Indo-Aryan ethnic group from South Asia. The Malayali people (also spelled Malayalee; Malayalam: മലയാളി are the inhabitants of Kerala or their descendants Major languages spoken in Kolkata are Bengali, Hindi, English, Oriya, and Bhojpuri. Hindi ( Devanāgarī: hi [[wiktहिन्दी हिन्दी]] or hi [[wiktहिंदी हिंदी]] IAST:, IPA:) is Indian English comprises several Dialects or varieties of English spoken primarily in India, and by first-generation members of the Indian diaspora Oriya (ଓଡ଼ିଆ oṛiā) is one of the Indian Languages mainly spoken in the Indian state of Orissa. Bhojpuri ( is a regional language spoken in parts of north-central and eastern India.
According to the 2001 census, 77. 68% of the population in Kolkata is Hindu, 20. A Hindu ( Devanagari: हिन्दू is an adherent of the philosophies and scriptures of Hinduism, a set of religious, Philosophical 27% Muslim, 0. A Muslim (مسلم pronounced Muslim, not Muzlim) is an adherent of the Religion 88% Christian and 0. A Christian is a person who adheres to Christianity, a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth 75% Jains. Jainism, traditionally known as Jain Dharma / Shraman Dharma (जैन धर्म is an ancient religion of India. Other minorities such as Sikhs, Buddhist, Jews and Zoroastrian constitute the rest of the city's population. Sikh (English or; ਸਿੱਖ sikkh, IPA) is the title and name given to an adherent of Sikhism. Buddhism is a family of beliefs and practices PLEASE TAKE NOTE************ Zoroastrianism (ˌzɔroʊˈæstriəˌnɪzəm is the religion and philosophy based on the teachings [75] 1. 5 million people, who constitute about a third of the city's population, live in 2,011 registered and 3,500 unregistered (occupied by squatters) slums. Squatting is the act of occupying an abandoned or unoccupied space or Building that the squatter does not own rent or otherwise have permission to use A slum, as defined by the United Nations agency UN-HABITAT, is a run-down area of a city characterized by substandard housing and squalor and lacking in tenure security [76]
Kolkata reported 67. 6% of total Special and Local Laws (SLL) crimes registered in 35 Indian mega cities in 2004. [77] Kolkata police district registered 10,757 IPC cases in 2004, which was 10th highest in the country. Indian Penal Code (IPC Hindi: भारतीय दण्ड संहिता provides a Penal code for all of India including Jammu and Kashmir [78] The crime rate in the city was 71 per 100,000 against the national rate of 167. 7 in 2006, which is the lowest among all the mega cities in India. [79] Kolkata's Sonagachi area, with more than 10,000 sex workers,[80] is one of Asia's largest red-light districts. Sonagachi, translated as Golden Tree, is the largest Red-light district in Kolkata (Calcutta India. A sex worker is a person who works in the Sex industry. Sex workers may be employed as prostitutes strippers go-go dancers burlesque performers escorts dominatrices A red-light district is a neighborhood where Prostitution and other businesses in the Sex industry flourish
Culture
- See also: List of notable Calcuttans
Kolkata has long been known for its literary, artistic and revolutionary heritage. As the former capital of India, Kolkata was the birthplace of modern Indian literary and artistic thought. Kolkatans tend to have a special appreciation for art and literature; its tradition of welcoming new talent has made it a "city of furious creative energy". [81]
A characteristic feature of Kolkata is the para or neighbourhoods having a strong sense of community. Para is a Bengali word (bn পাড়া which means a neighbourhood or locality usually characterised by a strong sense of community Typically, every para has its own community club with a clubroom and often, a playing field. People here habitually indulge in adda or leisurely chat, and these adda sessions are often a form of freestyle intellectual conversation. For other uses see Adda An adda is a form of intellectual exchange among members of the same socio-economic strata [82] The city has a tradition of political graffiti depicting everything from outrageous slander to witty banter and limericks, caricatures to propaganda. Graffiti (singular graffito; the plural is used as a Mass noun) is the name for images or lettering scratched scrawled painted or marked in any manner on property
Kolkata has many buildings adorned with Gothic, Baroque, Roman, Oriental and Indo-Islamic (including Mughal) motifs. See also Gothic art Gothic architecture is a style of Architecture which flourished during the high and late medieval period. Baroque architecture, starting in the early 17th century in Italy, took the humanist Roman vocabulary of Renaissance architecture and used it in a new rhetorical The Architecture of Ancient Rome adopted the external Greek architecture for their own purposes which were so different from Greek buildings as to create a new The Orient is a term which simply means the " East " It originated in Western Asia to describe that part of the world Mughal architecture, an amalgam of Islamic, Persian and Indian architecture, is the distinctive style developed by the Mughal Empire Several major buildings of the Colonial period are well maintained and have been declared "heritage structures", while others are in various stages of decay. Established in 1814, the Indian Museum is the oldest museum in Asia and houses vast collection of Indian natural history and Indian art. The Indian Museum was founded by Dr Nathaniel Wallich a Danish botanist at Serampore (originally called Frederischnagore) near Kolkata Natural history in India has a long heritage with a recorded history going back to the Vedas The vast scope of the art of India intertwines with the cultural history religions and philosophies which place art production and patronage in social and cultural contexts [83] The Victoria Memorial, one of the major tourist attractions in Kolkata, has a museum documenting the city's history. The Victoria Memorial, located in Kolkata, India is a memorial of Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom who also carried the title of Empress Kolkata has been Nicknamed the City of Palaces This comes from the numerous palatial mansions built all over the city The National Library of India is India's leading public library. The National Library of India at Kolkata is the largest library in India and India's library of Public record. Academy of Fine Arts and other art galleries hold regular art exhibitions. The Academy of Fine Arts in Kolkata (formerly Calcutta is one of the oldest fine arts societies in India.
The city has a tradition of dramas in the form of jatra (a kind of folk-theatre), theatres and Group Theatres. Mainstream Hindi films are popular, as are films from the Bengali cinema industry, dubbed "Tollywood". Bollywood (बॉलीवूड بالی وڈ is the informal term popularly used for the Mumbai -based Hindi-language Film industry in India The history of cinema in Bengal dates back to the 1890s when the first " Bioscopes quot were shown in theatres in Calcutta. Tollygunj in Kolkata is the location of Bengali movie studios and the name "Tollywood" (similar as Hollywood, USA) is derived from that name. Tollygunge is a suburban locality of South Kolkata. It is flanked by the Eastern Railway south suburban line to the north Lake Gardens and Golf Green in the east The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Its long tradition of filmmaking includes acclaimed directors such as Satyajit Ray, Mrinal Sen, Tapan Sinha and Ritwik Ghatak to contemporary directors such as Aparna Sen and Rituparno Ghosh. A film director, or filmmaker, is a person who directs the making of a Film. Satyajit Ray (সত্যজিত রায় or সত্যজিৎ রায়) (2 May 1921–23 April 1992 was a Bengali Indian Filmmaker. Mrinal Sen (মৃনাল েসন also spelled Mrinal Shen) is a famous Bengali Indian filmmaker Tapan Sinha (তপন সিন্হা born in Kolkata on 2nd October 1924 is a well respected Bengali Indian film director Ritwik Ghatak (ঋত্বিক (কুমার ঘটক Rittik (Kumar Ghôţok) ( November 4 1925 February 6 1976) was a Rituparno Ghosh ( Bangla: ঋতুপর্ণ ঘোষ Ritupôrno Ghosh) is a young Bengali Film director whose work has met with considerable
Key elements of Kolkata's cuisine include rice and macher jhol (fish curry),[84] with rasagolla,sandesh and mishti doi (sweet yoghurt) as dessert. Bengali cuisine is a style of food preparation originating in Bengal, a region in the eastern South Asia which is now divided between the Indian state of Rasgulla (Rasagolla রসগোল্লা Rôshogolla; Rasgulla is a syrupy Dessert of Orissa and Bengal. Mishti Doi or Mishti Dahi (Bengali or Mitha Dahi (Oriya translate as sweet Dahi or sweet Yogurt. Bengal's vast repertoire of fish-based dishes includes various hilsa preparations (a favorite among Bengalis). Hilsa (ইিলশ Ilish) is the national fish of Bangladesh, also popular in India 's Assamese - Bengali - and Oriya Street foods such as beguni (fried battered eggplant slices), kati roll (flatbread roll with vegetable or chicken, mutton, or egg stuffing), phuchka (deep fried crêpe with tamarind and lentil sauce) and Chinese food from China Town in the eastern parts of the city are quite popular. Beguni (বেগুনী is a Bengali snack made of Eggplant ( aubergine or brinjal) slices deep fried in batter Kati roll is a street-available fast food popular in Kolkata, India. Panipuri, also known as Gol Gappa or Gup chup is a popular street snack in the Indian subcontinent, especially in India. Chinese cuisine ( Traditional Chinese: 中國菜 Simplified Chinese: 中国菜 originated from the various regions of China and has become widespread in Chinatown in the eastern part of the city of Kolkata is the only Chinatown in India. [85][86]
Bengali women commonly wear the shaŗi as per tradition and global/western outfits. for the town in Nepal see Sari Nepal A sari or saree or shari is a female garment in the Indian subcontinent Among men, western dressing has greater acceptance. Men also wear panjabi with dhuti, which had erupted as a trend during the renaissance period of Bengal. A kurta ( Persian / Urdu: کرتا, Hindi: कुरता কুর্তা also called a panjabi in Bengali (or kurti The pancha in Telugu, called dhoti or doti in Hindi, Laacha in Punjabi, Mundu in Malayalam Kolkatans are becoming brand conscious, which is attracting global brands to set up base here.
Durga Puja is the most important and the most glamourous event in Kolkata. Durga Puja (দুর্গা পূজা ‘Worship of Durga’ also referred as Durgotsab (bn দুর্গোৎসব ‘Festival of Durga’ is an annual [87] Other notable festivals include Jagaddhatri Puja, Diwali, Eid, Holi, Christmas, poila boishak (new year), Saraswati puja, Rath Yatra and Poush parbon (harvest festival). Jagaddhatri or Jagadhatri (Bengali জগদ্ধাত্রী 'the Protector of the World' is considered as a form of Devi, the supreme Goddess Diwali, or Deepavali, (also called Tihar and Swanti in Nepal (Markiscarali is a major Indian and Nepalese festival and a significant Holi ( or language|Bhojpuri]] also called the Festival of Colours, is a popular Hindu spring Festival observed in India, Bengali New Year ( Bengali: নববর্ষ Nôbobôrsho) or Pohela Boishakh (পহেলা বৈশাখ Pôhela Boishakh or পয়লা Saraswati (pronounced as; Sanskrit: sa सरस्वती sarasvatī; Malay: Saraswati Thai: สุรัสวดี is the Ratha Yatra is a major Hindu festival associated with Lord Jagannath held at Puri in the state of Orissa, India during Some of the cultural festivals are Kolkata Book Fair, Dover Lane music festival, Kolkata Film Festival and National Theatre Festival. The Calcutta Book Fair (now renamed Kolkata Book Fair in English and officially Kolkata Boi Mela in romanized Bengali Bengali: কলকাতা বই Dover Lane music festival is organized every year is the months of December and January in Dover Lane Kolkata. Kolkata Film Festival ( KFF is an annual international film festival held in Kolkata in the Indian state of West Bengal. Nandikar's National Theatre Festival was started in 1984. It is arranged annually in Kolkata, India, between 16 and 25 December
The city is also noted for its appreciation of Indian classical music as well as Bengali folk music such as baul. The origins of Indian classical music can be found from the oldest of Scriptures part of the Hindu tradition the Vedas. Bauls (বাউল are a group of mystic Minstrels from Bengal, which comprises Bangladesh and the Indian state of West Bengal In the nineteenth and twentieth century, Bengali literature was modernized in the works of authors such as Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay, Michael Madhusudan Dutt, Rabindranath Tagore, Kazi Nazrul Islam and Sharat Chandra Chattopadhyay. The term Bengali literature refers to literary works written in Bengali language particularly from Bangladesh and Indian province of West Bengal Bankim Chandra Chatterjee ( 27 June[[ 838]] - 8 April[[ 894]] (বঙ্কিম চন্দ্র চট্টোপাধ্যায় Bôngkim Michael Madhusudan Dutt (Datta (মাইকেল মধুসূদন দত্ত Maikel Modhushudôn Dôtto) (1824-1873 born Madhusudan Dutt is a famous 19th For the Bangladeshi politician see Syed Nazrul Islam Kazi Nazrul Islam (কাজী নজরুল ইসলাম Kazi Nozrul Islam Sharat Chandra Chatterji ( Bangla: শরৎচন্দ্র চট্টোপাধ্যায় Shôrotchôndro Chôţţopaddhae) also known The rich literary tradition set by these authors has been carried forward in the works of Jibanananda Das, Bibhutibhushan Bandopadhyay, Tarashankar Bandopadhyay, Manik Bandopadhyay, Shirshendu Mukhopadhyay, Buddhadeb Guha, Samaresh Majumdar, Sanjeev Chattopadhyay and Sunil Gangopadhyay among others. Jibanananda Das ( Bangla: জীবনানন্দ দাশ ( 17 February, 1899 - 22 October, 1954) is the most popular Bibhutibhushan Bandopadhyay (বিভূতিভূষণ বন্দ্যোপাধ্যায় Bibhutibhushon Bôndopaddhae; last name also rendered as Banerjee Tarasankar Bandyopadhyay ( Bengali তারাশংকর বন্দ্যোপাধ্যায় 23 July 1898 - 14 September 1971 Manik Bandopadhay ( Bangla: মানিক বন্দ্যোপাধ্যায় (1908-1956 is one of the most influential novelists in Bangla literature Shirshendu Mukhopadhyay (শীর্ষেন্দু মুখোপাধ্যায় (born 2 November, 1935) is a famous writer in Bengali language Buddhadeb Guha (বুদ্ধদেব গুহ (born June 29 1936, Calcutta) is a popular Bengali fiction writer Samaresh Majumdar ( Bangla: সমরেশ মজুমদার is a well known comtemporary Bengali writer Sanjeev Chattopadhyay (সঞ্জীব চট্ট্যোপাধ্যায় (born February 28 1936 in Kolkata, India) is a fiction writer Sunil Gangopadhyay ( Bangla: সুনীল গঙ্গোপাধ্যায় Shunil Gônggopaddhae) born on 7 September, 1934 in
From the early 1990s, there has been an emergence and popularisation of new genres of music, including fusions of Baul and Jazz by several Bangla bands, as well as the emergence of what has been called Jeebonmukhi Gaan (a modern genre based on realism) by artists like Kabir Suman, Anjan Dutta, Nachiketa and bands like Chandrabindoo, Cactus, Lakkhichhara, Fossils and Insomnia. Indian Rock is a tall peak on the Columbia Plateau in Washington, USA. Bauls (বাউল are a group of mystic Minstrels from Bengal, which comprises Bangladesh and the Indian state of West Bengal Jazz is an American Musical art form which originated in the beginning of the 20th century in African American communities in the Southern United States A Bangla band is any (modern musical band that performs solely or mainly in the Bengali language and which uses Western principles of music Kabir Suman (born 1949 is a Kolkata -based modern Bengali Singer-songwriter, Guitarist poet journalist and TV presenter Anjan Dutta is a popular artist of the 1990s Bengali music scene defined by anyodharar gaan (alternative songs For Indian Air Force Pilot of similar surname see Kambampati Nachiketa. Chandrabindoo ( Bengali: চন্দ্রবিন্দু Chôndrobindu) (often spelled Chandrabindu) based in Kolkata, is a Bangla Cactus is an American rock band that was conceived in late 1969 as a supergroup but ended up one of the first "hard rock" bands Insomnia is a Rock band based in Kolkata, West Bengal. The band's repertoire includes both English and Bangla songs
Kolkata is sister city to Long Beach, California in the United States. Long Beach is a city located in southern California, USA, on the Pacific coast The United States of America —commonly referred to as the [88]
Education
Kolkata's schools are either run by the state government or by private (many of which are religious) organisations. The Indian Institutes of Management (IIMs are India's premier Management institutes that also conduct research and provide consultancy services in the field of management Kolkata has several parallel systems of Education: The West Bengal governmental system of education known as West Bengal Board of Secondary Schools mainly use English or Bengali as the medium of instruction, though Hindi and Urdu are also used. English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States Medium of instruction is the Language that is used in teaching Hindi ( Devanāgarī: hi [[wiktहिन्दी हिन्दी]] or hi [[wiktहिंदी हिंदी]] IAST:, IPA:) is Urdu ( ur '''{{Nastaliq اردو}}''' trans Urdū, historically spelled Ordu) is a Central Indo-Aryan language Urdu is a standardised The schools are affiliated with the Indian Certificate of Secondary Education (ICSE), the Central Board for Secondary Education (CBSE), A-Level's (British Curriculum) or the West Bengal Board of Secondary Education. The Indian Certificate of Secondary Education ( ICSE) examination is an examination conducted by the Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations for The West Bengal Board of Secondary Education is the West Bengal state government administered autonomous examining authority for the Standard 10 examination (or secondary school Under the 10+2+3 plan, after completing their secondary education, students typically enroll in a 2 year junior college (also known as a pre-university) or in schools with a higher secondary facility affiliated with West Bengal Council of Higher Secondary Education. The term junior college refers to different educational institutions in different countries West Bengal Council of Higher Secondary Education is the West Bengal state government administered autonomous examining authority for the Standard 12 examination (or higher secondary Students usually choose from one of three streams — liberal arts, commerce, or science, though vocational streams are also available. The term liberal arts refers to a particular type of educational Curriculum broadly defined as a Classical education. Commerce is a division of trade or production which deals with the exchange of goods and services from producer to final consumer Science (from the Latin scientia, meaning " Knowledge " or "knowing" is the effort to discover, and increase human understanding Upon completing the required coursework, students may enrol in general or professional degree programmes.
Kolkata has nine universities; numerous colleges are affiliated to these nine or to other universities located outside of Kolkata. The University of Calcutta (founded in 1857) has more than 200 affiliated colleges. Formally established on the 24 January 1857, the University of Calcutta (also known as Calcutta University) (কলকাতা বিশ্ববিদ্যালয় [89] Bengal Engineering & Science University, West Bengal University of Technology and Jadavpur University are notable engineering universities. The Bengal Engineering and Science University, established in 1856 at Shibpur, Howrah is one of the oldest and the premier Engineering College The West Bengal University of Technology ( WBUT) is a state technological university located in the suburban satellite township of Salt Lake City, Kolkata Jadavpur University (যাদবপুর বিশ্ববিদ্যালয় (JU is a premier educational and research institution in India. [90] Calcutta Medical College is the first institution teaching modern medicine in Asia. Medical College Kolkata (also known as Calcutta Medical College) was established 1835 as Medical College Bengal in Kolkata, India Medicine is the art and science of healing It encompasses a range of Health care practices evolved to maintain and restore Human Health by the [91] Other notable institutions are Presidency College and St. Xavier's College. Presidency College Kolkata is one of the affiliated colleges and a co-founding college of the University of Calcutta. St Xavier's College is located in Kolkata, India, and is named after St Some institutions of national importance are the Asiatic Society, Bose Institute, the Indian Statistical Institute, the Indian Institute of Management, the Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, the Variable Energy Cyclotron Centre, the Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, the Centre for Studies in Social Sciences, Calcutta, the West Bengal National University of Juridical Sciences, the Marine Engineering and Research Institute , the Indian Institute of Science Education and Research , the S.N. Bose National Centre for Basic Sciences and the Indian Institute of Social Welfare and Business Management. The Asiatic Society was founded by Sir William Jones ( 1746 - 1794) on January 15, 1784 in a meeting presided over by Sir Robert Bose Institute is a premium research institute in the fields of Physics, Chemistry, Botany, Microbiology, Biochemistry, Biophysics Indian Statistical Institute (ISI engages in the research teaching and application of Statistics to the Natural sciences and Social sciences. The Indian Institute of Management Calcutta (IIMC is a national institute imparting post graduate education in management The Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, established in July 1876 at 210 Bowbazar street Calcutta, is a national institution for higher learning whose The Variable Energy Cyclotron Centre ( VECC) a research and development unit of the Indian Department of Atomic Energy, that performs research in basic and The Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics ( SINP) is an institution of basic research and training in physical and biophysical sciences located in Bidhannagar, The Centre for Studies in Social Sciences Calcutta (CSSSC is an autonomous Research centre devoted to the research and advancement of the Social sciences in The West Bengal National University of Juridical Sciences, abbreviated to WBNUJS or NUJS is a specialised law university offering courses at the undergraduate and The Marine Engineering and Research Institute (MERI, formerly known as the Directorate of Marine Engineering Training, is India 's national institute for the The Indian Institutes of Science Education and Research ( IISER) are a group of premier institutes being created by the Government of India to promote education and research SN Bose National Centre for Basic Sciences is an autonomous research institute under Department of Science and Technology of Government of India, located in Salt Lake The Indian Institute of Social Welfare and Business Management, located at Management House College Square West Kolkata -700073 was the first management institute in India
Sports
Cricket and football (soccer) are popular sports in the city. Ground Facts and Figures Floodlights: Yes End names: High Court End Club House End Home team(s: Bengal India Kolkata Knight Cricket is a bat-and-ball team Sport that originated in England and is now played in more than 100 countries Association football, more commonly known as football or soccer, is a Team sport played between two teams of eleven players and is widely considered Kolkata is one of the major centres of football activity in India. [92] Kolkata is known as Mecca of Indian Football. Calcutta Football League, which started in 1898, is the oldest football league in Asia. Calcutta Football League (CFL is the football league where several football clubs of the Indian town of Kolkata (Calcutta participate Kolkata is home of top national Sports Clubs such as Mohun Bagan AC, Mohammedan Sporting Club and East Bengal, who are among the top football clubs of India. Mohun Bagan Athletic Club (Mohun Bagan AC is a Sports club, best known for its football team based in the city of Kolkata, West Bengal, India Kingfisher East Bengal Football Club is an Indian football club based in Kolkata. Mohun Bagan AC, one of the oldest football clubs in Asia, is the only club to be entitled 'National Club of India' whereas East Bengal stands as the most successful of all the Indian football clubs in international arena. Mohun Bagan Athletic Club (Mohun Bagan AC is a Sports club, best known for its football team based in the city of Kolkata, West Bengal, India Kolkata is also home to Shahrukh Khan-owned Kolkata Knight Riders IPL cricket team franchise. Kolkata Knight Riders (also referred to as KKR) is the franchise representing Kolkata in the Indian Premier League, a Twenty20 cricket The Indian Premier League (also known as the " DLF Indian Premier League" and often abbreviated as IPL) is a Twenty20 Cricket competition
As in the rest of India, cricket is extremely popular and is played throughout the city in its grounds and streets. Cricket is a bat-and-ball team Sport that originated in England and is now played in more than 100 countries Tournaments, especially those involving outdoor games like cricket, football, and badminton or indoor games like carrom are regularly organized on an inter-locality or inter-club basis. Badminton is a racquet sport played by either two opposing players (singles or two opposing pairs (doubles who take positions on opposite halves of a rectangular court Carrom or carroms is a family of Tabletop games sharing a similarity in that their mechanics lie somewhere between Billiards and Table shuffleboard The maidan area hosts several minor football and cricket clubs and coaching institutes. For other uses see Maidan The Maidan (literally open field is the largest urban park in Kolkata in the Indian Notable sports stars from Kolkata include former Indian national cricket captain Sourav Ganguly and Olympic tennis bronze medallist Leander Paes. This is a list of all cricketers who have captained Indian national cricket team at the international level Sourav Chandidas Ganguly (সৌরভ গাঙ্গুলী ( (born 8 July 1972 is an Indian Cricketer and former former captain of the Indian national The Olympic Games is an international Multi-sport event established for both summer and winter games Tennis is a sport played between two players ( singles) or between two teams of two players each ( doubles) For the New York City civilian award go to Bronze Medallion - New York City Award A Bronze medal is a Medal awarded Leander Adrian Paes (born June 17 1973 is an Indian professional tennis player who currently features in the doubles events in the ATP tour and Former football stars include Olympic medalist Sailen Manna, Chuni Goswami, P.K. Banerjee, Subrata Bhattacharya. Sailen Manna (born September 1 1924 is an Indian International Footballer and is considered to be one of the best Defenders India has ever produced Subimal Goswami ( January 15, 1938 -, commonly known by his nickname Chuni Goswami (চুনী গোস্বামী is an Indian international Pradip Kumar Banerjee (প্রদীপ কুমার ব্যানার্জি( October 15, 1936 –) or PK Banerjee as he is called often is one
Kolkata is known for its large stadia. The Eden Gardens is one of only two 100,000-seat cricket stadiums in the world. Ground Facts and Figures Floodlights: Yes End names: High Court End Club House End Home team(s: Bengal India Kolkata Knight [93] Salt Lake Stadium (also known as Yuva Bharati Krirangan)—a multi-use stadium—is the world's third largest capacity football stadium. Salt Lake Stadium, officially Stadium of the Indian Youth (in Bengali যুব ভারতী ক্রীড়াঙ্গন Yuva Bharati Krirangan The following is a list of Sports Stadiums ordered by their capacity, that is the maximum number of spectators that the stadium can accommodate [94][95] Calcutta Cricket and Football Club is the second-oldest cricket club in the world. The Calcutta Cricket and Football Club (CC&FC located in Ballygunge, South Kolkata is a Cricket and association football Club with rugby [96] Kolkata has three 18-hole golf courses at the Royal Calcutta Golf Club (the first golf club in the world outside Britain),[97] Tollygunge Club and Fort William. Royal Calcutta Golf Club ( RCGC') in Kolkata, India was established in 1829 and is the oldest golf club in India and the first outside Great The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located The Tollygunge Club, popularly called the Tolly, is a Country club with among other facilities a 18-hole course located in Tollygunge in South Kolkata Fort William is a Fort built in Calcutta on the Eastern banks of the river Hooghly, the major distributary of river Ganges during the The Royal Calcutta Turf Club (RCTC) holds regular equestrian races and polo matches. Polo is a team sport played outdoors on Horseback in which the objective is to score goals against an opposing team The Calcutta Polo Club is now considered as the oldest polo club of the world. [98] The Calcutta South Club is the venue for some national and international tennis tournaments. Calcutta South Club in Woodburn Park Road Kolkata, India is a venue for Lawn tennis. From 2005, Sunfeast Open, a Tier-III tournament of Women's Tennis Association Tour, takes place in Netaji Indoor Stadium. The Sunfeast Open is a Tennis Tournament that was held in Kolkata, and will be held in Mumbai, India from 2008 The Netaji Indoor Stadium is an indoor sports arena, in Kolkata, West Bengal, India. The Calcutta Rowing Club hosts regular rowing races and training. The Calcutta Rowing Club, located in Kolkata, India, was founded in 1858 and is one of the oldest rowing clubs of its kind outside the United Kingdom GB coxless pair of Toby Garbett & Rick Dunn at Henley Royal Regatta 2004
Notes
- ^ (Mukherjee 1991)
- ^ a b c Kolkata (Calcutta): History (Bangla). Calcuttaweb. com. Retrieved on 2007-02-18. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 3102 BC - Epoch (origin of the Kali Yuga. 1229 - The Sixth Crusade: Frederick II Holy
- ^ Nair, P. Thankappan. "Calcutta in the 17th century", Firma KLM Private Limited, 1986.
- ^ Easwaran, Kenny. The Politics of Name Changes in India. OCF, UC Berkeley. Retrieved on 2007-08-12. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1099 - First Crusade: Battle of Ascalon - Crusaders under the command of Godfrey of Bouillon defeat Fatimid
- ^ History. Yahoo! Pte Ltd. Retrieved on 2006-05-08. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 589 - Reccared summons the Third Council of Toledo 1450 - Jack Cade's Rebellion: Kentishmen
- ^ Das S. "Pre-Raj crown on Clive House - Abode of historical riches to be museum", The Telegraph, Calcutta, India, 2003-01-15. Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 588 BC - Nebuchadrezzar II of Babylon lays siege to Jerusalem under Zedekiah 's reign Retrieved on 2006-04-26. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1467 - The miraculous image in Our Lady of Good Counsel appear in Genazzano, Italy.
- ^ Gupta, Subhrangshu. "Job Charnock not Kolkata founder: HC Says city has no foundation day", Nation, The Tribune, May 18, 2003. Retrieved on 2006-12-07. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 43 BC - Marcus Tullius Cicero assassinated 1696 - Connecticut Route 108, one of the oldest highways
- ^ "William, Fort". Encyclopædia Britannica. (2007). Retrieved on 2007-09-01. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 462 - Possible start of first Byzantine indiction cycle.
- ^ "Calcutta". Encyclopædia Britannica. (1911). Retrieved on 2007-09-18. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 96 - Nerva is proclaimed Roman Emperor after Domitian is assassinated
- ^ a b History of Kolkata. Kolkathub. com. Retrieved on 2007-09-04. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 476 - Romulus Augustus, last emperor of the Western Roman Empire, is deposed when Odoacer proclaims himself
- ^ IANS. "Shimla - more than just Raj nostalgia", Yahoo news, Yahoo Web Services India Pvt Ltd, 7 August 2007. Events 322 BC - Battle of Crannon between Athens and Macedon following the death of Alexander the Great. Retrieved on 2007-08-08. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1220 - Sweden is defeated by Estonian tribes in the Battle of Lihula.
- ^ Dutta, Krishna. Calcutta; A Cultural and Literary History. Interlink Books. Retrieved on 2007-10-11. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1138 - A massive earthquake struck Aleppo, Syria. 1531 - Huldrych Zwingli is killed
- ^ Pati, Biswamoy (2006). "Narcotics and empire". Frontline 23 (10). The Hindu.
- ^ Hardgrave, Jr, Robert L. (1990). "A Portrait of Black Town: Balthazard Solvyns in Calcutta, 1791–1804", in Pratapaditya Pal: Changing Visions, Lasting Images: Calcutta Through 300 Years. Bombay: Marg Publications, 31–46. ISBN 8185026114. Retrieved on 2007-06-29. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 512 - A Solar eclipse is recorded by a monastic chronicler in Ireland.
- ^ Jack I. (2001). "IntroductionPDF (145 KiB) to (Chaudhuri 2001, pp. A kibibyte (a contraction of ki lo bi nary byte) is a unit of Information or Computer storage, established by the International v-xi) URL accessed on 2006-04-26. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1467 - The miraculous image in Our Lady of Good Counsel appear in Genazzano, Italy.
- ^ Roy, Ranjit. Swadeshi Movement. Banglapedia. Asiatic Society of Bangladesh. Retrieved on 2007-09-14. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 81 - Domitian becomes Emperor of the Roman Empire upon the death of his brother Titus.
- ^ Hall, P (2002). Sir Peter Hall is the Bartlett Professor of Planning and Regeneration at The Bartlett, University College London and President of the Town and Country Planning Cities of Tomorrow. Blackwell Publishing, pp. 198-206. ISBN 0631232524.
- ^ Randhawa K. The bombing of Calcutta by the Japanese. BBC. Retrieved on 2006-04-26. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1467 - The miraculous image in Our Lady of Good Counsel appear in Genazzano, Italy.
- ^ (Sen 1973)
- ^ Suhrawardy HS (1987). Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy ( September 8, 1892 - December 5, 1963) was a politician from Bengal in undivided India, and later "Direct Action Day", in Talukdar, MHR. (ed. ): Memoirs of Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy. University Press of Bangladesh, 55–56. ISBN 9840510878. Retrieved on 2006-04-24. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1479 BC - Thutmose III ascends to the throne of Egypt, although power effectively shifts to Hatshepsut (according to
- ^ (Gandhi 1992, pp. 497)
- ^ Calcutta. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica (2007). Retrieved on 2007-10-17. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 539 BC - King Cyrus The Great of Persia marches into the city of Babylon, releasing the Jews from almost
- ^ (Bennett & Hindle 1996, pp. 63–70)
- ^ Biswas S. Calcutta's colourless campaign. BBC. Retrieved on 2006-04-26. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1467 - The miraculous image in Our Lady of Good Counsel appear in Genazzano, Italy.
- ^ (Roy & Alsayyad 2004)
- ^ a b Datta T. "Rising Kolkata's winners and losers", BBC Radio 4's Crossing Continents, 2006-03-22. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 238 - Gordian I and his son Gordian II are proclaimed Roman emperor. Retrieved on 2006-04-26. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1467 - The miraculous image in Our Lady of Good Counsel appear in Genazzano, Italy.
- ^ NASA image
- ^ An Introduction. History of Calcutta. Catchcal. com. Retrieved on 2007-08-29. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 708 - Copper coins are minted in Japan for the first time (Traditional Japanese date: August 10, 708)
- ^ Roy Chadhuri, S. (2006-07-25). Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 285 - Diocletian appoints Maximian as Caesar, co-ruler "Microbial genetic resource mapping of East Calcutta wetlands". Current Science 91 (2): 212-217. Indian Academy of Sciences.
- ^ Bunting SW, Kundu N, Mukherjee M. Situation Analysis. Production Systems and Natural Resources Use in PU Kolkata (PDF Format) 3. Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK. Retrieved on 2006-04-26. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1467 - The miraculous image in Our Lady of Good Counsel appear in Genazzano, Italy.
- ^ a b Hazard profiles of Indian districts (PDF). National Capacity Building Project in Disaster Management. UNDP. Archived from the original on [[19 May 2006]]. Events 1535 - French explorer Jacques Cartier sets sail on his second voyage to North America with three ships 110 men and Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Retrieved on 2006-08-23. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 79 - Mount Vesuvius begins stirring on the feast day of Vulcan the Roman god of fire
- ^ a b c d 007 Kolkata (India) (PDF Format). World Association of the Major Metropolises. Retrieved on 2007-08-31. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1056 - Byzantine Empress Theodora becomes ill dying suddenly a few days later without children to succeed the Throne
- ^ Kolkata Postal Codes. bloom9. com. Retrieved on 2007-08-29. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 708 - Copper coins are minted in Japan for the first time (Traditional Japanese date: August 10, 708)
- ^ deduced from the satellite map of the city, from NASA
- ^ a b c Weatherbase entry for Kolkata. Canty and Associates LLC. Retrieved on 2006-04-26. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1467 - The miraculous image in Our Lady of Good Counsel appear in Genazzano, Italy.
- ^ kal Baisakhi. Glossary of Meteorology. American Meteorological Society. Retrieved on 2006-09-05. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1590 - Alexander Farnese 's army forces Henry IV of France to raise the siege of Paris.
- ^ Khichar, M. L. ; Ram Niwas (July 14 2003). Events 1223 - Louis VIII becomes King of France upon the death of his father Philip II of France. Know your monsoon. Agriculture Tribune, The Tribune. The Tribune Trust. Retrieved on 2007-06-09. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 53 - Roman Emperor Nero marries Claudia Octavia 62 - Claudia Octavia commits
- ^ a b Calcutta: Not 'The City of Joy'. Gaia: Environmental Information System. Retrieved on 2006-04-26. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1467 - The miraculous image in Our Lady of Good Counsel appear in Genazzano, Italy.
- ^ Central Pollution Control Board. Ambient Air Quality in Seven Major Cities During 2002. Ministry of Environment & Forests, Govt of India. Archived from the original on 2006-08-28. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 475 - The Roman General Orestes forces western Roman Emperor Julius Nepos to flee his Capital Retrieved on 2006-04-26. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1467 - The miraculous image in Our Lady of Good Counsel appear in Genazzano, Italy.
- ^ Central Pollution Control Board. Air quality in major cities on 16–17 March, 2006. Ministry of Environment & Forests, Govt of India. Retrieved on 2006-04-26. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1467 - The miraculous image in Our Lady of Good Counsel appear in Genazzano, Italy.
- ^ Bhaumik, Subir. "Oxygen supplies for India police", South Asia, BBC, 17 May 2007. Events 1521 - Edward Stafford 3rd Duke of Buckingham, is executed for Treason. Retrieved on 2007-06-23. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1180 - First Battle of Uji, starting the Genpei War in Japan 1305 - The Flemish
- ^ Genesis and Growth of the Calcutta Stock Exchange. Calcutta Stock Exchange Association Ltd. Retrieved on 2006-04-26. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1467 - The miraculous image in Our Lady of Good Counsel appear in Genazzano, Italy.
- ^ a b "Kolkata". Microsoft® Encarta® Online Encyclopedia. (2007). Retrieved on 2007-10-13. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 54 - Nero ascends to the Roman throne 409 - Vandals and Alans crossed the Pyrenees
- ^ Follath E. "The Indian Offensive: From Poorhouse ro Powerhouse", Spiegel Online, 2005-11-30. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1700 - Battle of Narva — A Swedish army of 8500 men under Charles XII defeats Retrieved on 2006-04-26. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1467 - The miraculous image in Our Lady of Good Counsel appear in Genazzano, Italy.
- ^ Chakravorty S (2000). "From Colonial City to Global City? The Far-From-Complete Spatial Transformation of Calcutta" in (Marcuse & van Kempen 2000, pp. 56–77)
- ^ Ganguly, Deepankar. Hawkers stay as Rs. 265 crore talks. The Telegraph, 30 November 2006. Retrieved on 2008-02-16. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1249 - Andrew of Longjumeau is dispatched by Louis IX of France as his ambassador to meet with the Khan of the Mongols
- ^ Mukherjee Shankar. "Demand spurs New Town III- Never-before response to Rajarhat sale", The Telegraph-Kolkata, 2005-03-28. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 37 - Roman Emperor Caligula accepts the titles of the Principate, entitled to him by the Senate. Retrieved on 2006-07-25. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 285 - Diocletian appoints Maximian as Caesar, co-ruler
- ^ Sambit Saha. "Nathula trade may spur business in NE", rediff. com, 2003-09-09. Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1000 - Battle of Svolder, Viking Age. 1379 - Treaty of Neuberg, splitting the Austrian Retrieved on 2007-09-18. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 96 - Nerva is proclaimed Roman Emperor after Domitian is assassinated
- ^ C. Raja Mohan. "A foreign policy for the East", The Hindu, 2007-07-16. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 622 - The beginning of the Islamic calendar. 1054 - Three Roman legates fractured relations between the Western and Retrieved on 2007-09-18. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 96 - Nerva is proclaimed Roman Emperor after Domitian is assassinated
- ^ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neighbourhoods_in_Kolkata
- ^ Kolkata Statistics. Kolkata Municipal Corporation. Retrieved on 2007-09-01. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 462 - Possible start of first Byzantine indiction cycle.
- ^ About Kolkata Municipal Corporation. Kolkata Municipal Corporation. Retrieved on 2006-04-26. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1467 - The miraculous image in Our Lady of Good Counsel appear in Genazzano, Italy.
- ^ "New sheriff of Kolkata", The Telegraph, 2005-12-28. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1065 - Westminster Abbey is Consecrated. 1308 - The reign of Emperor Hanazono, Emperor of Retrieved on 2007-09-01. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 462 - Possible start of first Byzantine indiction cycle.
- ^ About Kolkata Metropolitan Development Authority. Kolkata Metropolitan Development Authority. Kolkata Metropolitan Development Authority is the statutory planning and development authority for the Kolkata Metropolitan Area (KMA in the state of West Bengal, Retrieved on 2007-09-01. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 462 - Possible start of first Byzantine indiction cycle.
- ^ Service of Kolkata Police. Kolkata Police. The Kolkata Police has the task of policing the metropolitan area of Kolkata (formerly Calcutta) India, as defined under the Calcutta Police Act Retrieved on 2007-09-01. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 462 - Possible start of first Byzantine indiction cycle.
- ^ West Bengal Assembly Elections 2006. Indian Elections. Retrieved on 2006-09-05. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1590 - Alexander Farnese 's army forces Henry IV of France to raise the siege of Paris.
- ^ Sound Practices Composting. United Nations Environment Programme. Retrieved on 2006-04-26. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1467 - The miraculous image in Our Lady of Good Counsel appear in Genazzano, Italy.
- ^ Dheri SK, Misra GC. Fire: Blazing Questions (PDF Format). indiadisasters. org. Archived from the original on [[24 December 2004]]. Events 563 - The Byzantine church Hagia Sophia in Constantinople is dedicated for the second time after being destroyed by Earthquakes "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " Retrieved on 2006-04-26. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1467 - The miraculous image in Our Lady of Good Counsel appear in Genazzano, Italy.
- ^ Business Development Mission to India November 29 – December 5, 2006 (PDF Format). International Trade Administration. Retrieved on 2007-10-13. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 54 - Nero ascends to the Roman throne 409 - Vandals and Alans crossed the Pyrenees
- ^ About Kolkata Metro. Kolkata Metro. The Kolkata Metro or Calcutta Metro ( Bengali: কলকাতা মেট্রো Kolkata Meṭro) is the underground rail network in Kolkata Retrieved on 2007-09-01. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 462 - Possible start of first Byzantine indiction cycle.
- ^ Intra-city train travel. reaching India. Times Internet Limited. Retrieved on 2007-08-31. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1056 - Byzantine Empress Theodora becomes ill dying suddenly a few days later without children to succeed the Throne
- ^ "HC admits PIL on waterlogging", Times of India, Times Internet Limited, 11 July 2007. Events 911 - Signing of the Treaty of Saint-Clair-sur-Epte between Charles the Simple and Rollo of Normandy. Retrieved on 2007-07-18. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 390 BC - Roman - Gaulish Wars Battle of the Allia - a Roman army is defeated by raiding Gauls,
- ^ "Rain abates, but water logging paralyses normal life in Kolkata", dailyindia. com, DailyIndia. com, 4 July 2007. Events 836 - Pactum Sicardi, peace between the Principality of Benevento and the Duchy of Naples Retrieved on 2007-07-18. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 390 BC - Roman - Gaulish Wars Battle of the Allia - a Roman army is defeated by raiding Gauls,
- ^ Table E2 Registered Motor Vehicles in Million-plus Cities,1991 to 1996 (As on 31st March). National Institute of Urban Affairs. Archived from the original on 2005-02-19. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 197 - Roman Emperor Septimius Severus defeats usurper Clodius Albinus in the Battle of Lugdunum Retrieved on 2006-04-26. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1467 - The miraculous image in Our Lady of Good Counsel appear in Genazzano, Italy.
- ^ Traffic Accident Characteristics of Kolkata. UNESCAP. Retrieved on 2006-07-05. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1295 - Scotland and France form an alliance the beginnings of the Auld Alliance, against England.
- ^ "Call to ensure traffic discipline in Kolkata", The Hindu Business Line, 2004-09-05. "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " Events 1590 - Alexander Farnese 's army forces Henry IV of France to raise the siege of Paris. Retrieved on 2006-04-26. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1467 - The miraculous image in Our Lady of Good Counsel appear in Genazzano, Italy.
- ^ "New station flag-off- Amenities added", The Telegraph, 2006-02-20. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1472 - Orkney and Shetland are left by Norway to Scotland, due to a Dowry payment Retrieved on 2007-09-02. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 44 BC - Pharaoh Cleopatra VII of Egypt declares her son co-ruler as Ptolemy XV Caesarion.
- ^ Geography : Railway Zones. IRFCA. org. Indian Railways Fan Club. Retrieved on 2007-08-31. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1056 - Byzantine Empress Theodora becomes ill dying suddenly a few days later without children to succeed the Throne
- ^ Salient Physical Features. Kolkata Port Trust. Kolkata Port Trust, India. Retrieved on 2007-06-09. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 53 - Roman Emperor Nero marries Claudia Octavia 62 - Claudia Octavia commits
- ^ Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal (2003). Table-4: Population, Decadal Growth Rate, Density and General Sex Ratio by Residence and Sex, West Bengal/ District/ Sub District, 1991 and 2001. Census of India 2001: Provisional Population Totals, West Bengal. Retrieved on 2006-04-26. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1467 - The miraculous image in Our Lady of Good Counsel appear in Genazzano, Italy.
- ^ Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal (2003). Table 11 Literacy Rate with Decadal Percentage Point Increase (in brackets) * by Residence and Sex, West Bengal / District 1951–2001. Retrieved on 2006-04-26. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1467 - The miraculous image in Our Lady of Good Counsel appear in Genazzano, Italy.
- ^ Number of Literates & Literacy Rate. India at a Glance. Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. Archived from the original on 2007-04-16. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1178 BC - A Solar eclipse may have marked the return of Odysseus, legendary King of Ithaca, to his kingdom Retrieved on 2006-12-05. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 63 BC - Cicero reads the last of his Catiline Orations.
- ^ Highlights: Cities with more than one Million Population. Census of India 2001 (Provisional). Office of the Registrar General, India (2001-09-13). Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar. Events 509 BC - The Temple of Jupiter on Rome 's Capitoline Hill is dedicated on the ides of September Archived from the original on 2007-01-05. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1477 - Battle of Nancy: Charles the Bold is killed and Burgundy becomes part of France. Retrieved on 2006-08-18. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 293 BC - The oldest known Roman temple to Venus is founded starting the institution of Vinalia Rustica.
- ^ Welcome to KolkataMyCity.com
- ^ Census GIS Household. Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India. Retrieved on 2006-04-26. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1467 - The miraculous image in Our Lady of Good Counsel appear in Genazzano, Italy.
- ^ Kundu N. Understanding slums: Case Studies for the Global Report on Human Settlements 2003. The Case of Kolkata, India (PDF Format) 6. Development Planning Unit. University College, London. Retrieved on 2006-04-26. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1467 - The miraculous image in Our Lady of Good Counsel appear in Genazzano, Italy.
- ^ National Crime Records Bureau (2004). "General Crime Statistics Snapshots 2004", Crime in India-2004 (PDF Format), Ministry of Home Affairs, 1. Retrieved on 2006-04-26. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1467 - The miraculous image in Our Lady of Good Counsel appear in Genazzano, Italy.
- ^ National Crime Records Bureau (2004). "Executive Summary", Crime in India-2004 (PDF Format), Ministry of Home Affairs, 34. Retrieved on 2006-04-26. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1467 - The miraculous image in Our Lady of Good Counsel appear in Genazzano, Italy.
- ^ National Crime Records Bureau (2006). "Crimes in Mega Cities", Crime in India-2006 (PDF Format), Ministry of Home Affairs. Retrieved on 2008-05-09. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1457 BC - Battle of Megiddo (15th century BC between Thutmose III and a large Canaanite coalition under the King of
- ^ Grant M. "Girl-trafficking hampers Aids fight", BBC, 2004-11-30. "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " Events 1700 - Battle of Narva — A Swedish army of 8500 men under Charles XII defeats Retrieved on 2006-04-26. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1467 - The miraculous image in Our Lady of Good Counsel appear in Genazzano, Italy.
- ^ Sinha P (1990). "Kolkata and the Currents of History", in Chaudhuri S. (ed. ): Kolkata — The Living City. Volume 1: The Past. Oxford University Press, Oxford. .
Cited by: Heierstad G (2003). Nandikar: Staging Globalisation in Kolkata and Abroad (PDF Format) 102. University of Oslo, Norway. Retrieved on 2006-04-26. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1467 - The miraculous image in Our Lady of Good Counsel appear in Genazzano, Italy. - ^ Trachtenberg P. "The Chattering Masses", The New York Times, 2005-05-15. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1252 - Pope Innocent IV issues the Papal bull Ad exstirpanda, which authorizes but also limits the Retrieved on 2006-04-26. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1467 - The miraculous image in Our Lady of Good Counsel appear in Genazzano, Italy.
- ^ History of Indian museum. The Indian Museum of Kolkata. Retrieved on 2006-04-23. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 215 BC - A temple is built on the Capitoline Hill dedicated to Venus Erycina to commemorate the Roman defeat at
- ^ Gertjan de Graaf, Abdul Latif. Development of freshwater fish farming and poverty alleviation: A case study from Bangladesh. Aqua KE Government. Retrieved on 2006-10-22. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 202 BC - Hannibal Barca, leader of the Carthaginians, is defeated by the Roman legions under Scipio Africanus
- ^ Saha, S. "Resurrected, the kathi roll - Face-off resolved, Nizam's set to open with food court", The Telegraph, January 18, 2006. Retrieved on 2006-10-26. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 740 - An Earthquake strikes Constantinople, causing much damage and death
- ^ Mobile food stalls. Bangalinet. com. Retrieved on 2006-10-26. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 740 - An Earthquake strikes Constantinople, causing much damage and death
- ^ Durga Puja. Festivals of Bengal. West Bengal Tourism, Government of West Bengal. Retrieved on 2006-10-28. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 306 - Maxentius is proclaimed Roman Emperor. 312 - Battle of Milvian Bridge: Constantine
- ^ Online Directory: California, USA. Sister Cities International. Retrieved on 2008-04-24. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1479 BC - Thutmose III ascends to the throne of Egypt, although power effectively shifts to Hatshepsut (according to
- ^ List of Affiliated Colleges. netGuruIndia. com. Archived from the original on 2006-11-15. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 655 - Battle of Winwaed: Penda of Mercia is defeated by Oswiu of Northumbria. Retrieved on 2006-10-26. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 740 - An Earthquake strikes Constantinople, causing much damage and death
- ^ Mitra, P. "Waning interest", Careergraph, The Telegraph, August 31, 2005. Retrieved on 2006-10-26. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 740 - An Earthquake strikes Constantinople, causing much damage and death
- ^ Mitra, Dola (April 20 2005). Events 1303 - The University of Rome La Sapienza is instituted by Pope Boniface VIII. Calcutta Medical College, Calcutta. Careergraph. The Telegraph. Retrieved on 2007-10-20. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1740 - Maria Theresa takes the throne of Austria. France, Prussia, Bavaria and Saxony
- ^ Prabhakaran, Shaji (January 18, 2003). Football in India - A Fact File. LongLiveSoccer. com. Retrieved on 2006-10-26. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 740 - An Earthquake strikes Constantinople, causing much damage and death
- ^ India - Eden Gardens (Kolkata). Cricket Web. Retrieved on 2006-10-26. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 740 - An Earthquake strikes Constantinople, causing much damage and death
- ^ 100 000+ Stadiums. World Stadiums. Retrieved on 2006-10-26. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 740 - An Earthquake strikes Constantinople, causing much damage and death
- ^ The Asian Football Stadiums (30.000+ capacity). Gunther Lades. Retrieved on 2006-10-26. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 740 - An Earthquake strikes Constantinople, causing much damage and death
- ^ Raju, Mukherji. "Seven Years? Head Start", The Telegraph, March 14, 2005. Events 1489 - The Queen of Cyprus, Catherine Cornaro, sells her kingdom to Venice. Retrieved on 2006-10-26. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 740 - An Earthquake strikes Constantinople, causing much damage and death
- ^ Royal Calcutta Golf Club. Encyclopaedia Britannica. Retrieved on 2007-08-30. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1363 - Beginning date of the Battle of Lake Poyang; the forces of two Chinese rebel leaders— Chen Youliang and
- ^ History of Polo. Hurlingham Polo Association. Retrieved on 2007-08-30. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1363 - Beginning date of the Battle of Lake Poyang; the forces of two Chinese rebel leaders— Chen Youliang and
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This article contains Indic text. The Brahmic family is a family of syllabaries (writing systems used in South Asia, Southeast Asia, and parts of Central Asia and East Asia, Without rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes or other symbols instead of Indic characters; or irregular vowel positioning and a lack of conjuncts. Mojibake is the happenstance of incorrect unreadable characters (garbage characters shown when Computer software fails to render a text correctly according to its associated |
- A guide to Kolkata (kolkataweb.com)
- Kolkata at the Open Directory Project
- Kolkata Municipal Corporation
- Kolkata Municipal Development Authority
- West Bengal Government
- Kolkata City Information
- Kolkata travel guide from Wikitravel
Dictionary
Kolkata
-proper noun
- The State capital of West Bengal (India), formerly known as Calcutta.
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