?Kochi Kerala • India
Nickname: Queen of the Arabian Sea
Ernakulam, as seen from the Vembanad Lake
Kochi
Coordinates: 9°58′37″N 76°16′12″E / 9.977, 76.27
Time zone	IST (UTC+5:30)
Area • Elevation • Coastline	94.88 km² (37 sq mi) • 0 m (0 ft) • 48 km (30 mi)
Climate • Precipitation	Am (Köppen) • 2,743 mm (108 in)
District(s)	Ernakulam
Population • Density • Metro • Sex ratio • Literacy rate	596,473[1] (2001) • 6,250 /km² (16,187 /sq mi) • 1,463,000[2] (2005) • 1. Kerala ( Malayalam: {{Kerala in Malayalam}}; India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country A geographic coordinate system enables every location on the Earth to be specified in three coordinates using mainly a spherical coordinate system. Indian Standard Time ( IST) is the time observed throughout India and Sri Lanka, with a Time offset of UTC+530. UTC+530 is the Timezone for Indian Standard Time Sri Lanka Time The geography of India is diverse with landscape ranging from snow-capped mountain ranges to deserts plains rainforests hills and plateaus The elevation of a Geographic location is its height above a fixed reference point often the mean sea level. The coast is defined as the part of the land adjoining or near the Ocean. To help compare different Orders of magnitude and geographical regions we list here areas between 100 km² and 1000 km² The climate of India defies easy generalisation comprising a wide range of weather conditions across a large geographic scale and varied topography In Meteorology, precipitation (also known as one class of hydrometeors, which are atmospheric water phenomena is any product of the condensation of atmospheric Tropical rainy climatic group The regions belonging to this group experience persistent high temperatures which normally do not go below 18°C even in the coolest month The Köppen climate classification is one of the most widely used climate classification systems It was developed by Wladimir Köppen, a German climatologist A district is an administrative division of an Indian state or territory. For the town with the same name see Ernakulam. Ernakulam District (എറണാകുളം is a district of the state of In Biology a population is the collection of inter-breeding organisms of a particular Species; in Sociology Population density (in agriculture standing stock and Standing crop) is a measurement of Population per unit area or unit volume A metropolitan area is a large population center consisting of a large Metropolis and its adjacent zone of influence or of more than one closely adjoining neighboring central In Anthropology and Demography, the human sex ratio is the Sex ratio for Homo sapiens (i traditional definition of literacy is considered to be the ability to read and write or the ability to use Language to read, write, listen, Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. 017 • 94. 3%
Mayor	Mercy Williams
Deputy Mayor	C. K. Manisankar
Codes • Pincode • Telephone • UN/LOCODE • Vehicle	• 682 0xx • +0484 • INKOC • KL-7
Website: www.corporationofcochin.org

Coordinates: 9°58′37″N 76°16′12″E / 9.977, 76.27 Kochi (pronunciation (help·info); Malayalam: കൊച്ചി IPA: [koˈʧːi]), formerly known as Cochin, is a city in the Indian state of Kerala. Mercy Williams is the 16th and current mayor of Kochi, Kerala. C K Manisankar is the 16th and current deputy mayor of the Indian port city of Kochi. A Postal Index Number or PIN or Pincode is the post office numbering or Post code system used by India Post the Indian Postal For the past decade or so telecommunication activities have gained momentum in India UN/LOCODE, the United Nations Code for Trade and Transport Locations, is a geographic coding scheme developed and maintained by United Nations Economic Commission KA-19-P-8488jpg|thumb|270px|Close up of a licence plate used in Mangalore, Karnataka. A geographic coordinate system enables every location on the Earth to be specified in three coordinates using mainly a spherical coordinate system. Not to be confused with the Malay language. Malayalam (മലയാളം malayāḷaṁ) is a Dravidian language used India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country India is a union of states comprising twenty-eight states and seven union territories. Kerala ( Malayalam: {{Kerala in Malayalam}}; The city is one of the principal seaports of the country and is located in the district of Ernakulam, about 220 kilometres (137 mi) north of the state capital, Thiruvananthapuram. ||-||-|-||-||-||-||-||-||-|} A port is a facility for receiving Ships and transferring cargo For the town with the same name see Ernakulam. Ernakulam District (എറണാകുളം is a district of the state of Thiruvananthapuram ( Malayalam: തിരുവനന്തപുരം Tiruvanantapuraṁ) also known as Trivandrum, is the capital of the It has an estimated population of 600,000, with an extended metropolitan population of about 1. This article is about the Urban agglomeration of Kochi For the city of Kochi see Kochi Name Theories regarding the Etymology 5 million, making it the largest urban agglomeration and the second largest city in Kerala after the capital. In the study of human settlements an agglomeration is an extended City or Town area comprising the built-up area of a central place ( usually a Municipality

Since 1102 CE, Kochi was the seat of the Kingdom of Cochin, a princely state which traces its lineage to the Kulasekhara empire. The Kingdom of Cochin or Kochi (also known as Perumpadappu Swaroopam, Madarajyam, Gosree Rajyam, or Kuru Swaroopam; For other uses see Principality, Other princely states A Princely State (also called Native State or Indian State) was a The Kulasekhara dynasty is one of the three surviving royal lineages that ruled the current Indian state of Kerala. Heralded as the Queen of the Arabian Sea, Kochi was an important spice trading centre on the Arabian Sea coast from the 14th century onwards. The Arabian Sea ( Arabic: بحر العرب transliterated: Baḥr al-'Arab Sanskrit: सिन्धु सागर transliterated: A spice is a dried Seed, Fruit, Root, Bark or vegetative substance used in Nutritionally insignificant quantities as a Food additive Ancient travellers and tradesmen referred to Kochi in their writings, variously alluding to it as Cocym, Cochym, Cochin, and Cochi. Occupied by the Portuguese in 1503, Kochi was the site of the first European colonial settlement in India. The Portuguese Empire was the earliest and longest lived of the modern European colonial empires spanning almost six centuries from the capture of Ceuta The colonial era in India began in 1502 when the Portuguese established the first European trading center at Kollam It remained the capital of Portuguese India until 1530, when Goa became the capital. Portuguese India (Índia Portuguesa or Estado da Índia) was the aggregate of Portugal 's colonial holdings in India. Goa ( Konkani: गोंय /ɡɔ̃j/ is India 's smallest state in terms of area and the fourth smallest in terms of population. The city was later occupied by the Dutch, the Mysore and the British. The Dutch Empire was the territories controlled by The Netherlands from the 17th to the 20th century The Kingdom of Mysore/State of Mysore (ಮೈಸೂರು ಸಾಮ್ರಾಜ್ಯ was both a Kingdom (1399-1799 CE and a Princely state (1799-1947 The British Empire was the largest empire in history and for over a century was the foremost global power. Kochi was the first princely state to willingly join the Indian Union, when India gained independence in 1947. At the time of Indian independence, "British India " was divided into two sets of territories the first being the territories under the direct control of The term " Indian independence movement " is diffuse incorporating various national and regional campaigns agitations and efforts of both Nonviolent and Militant Kochi experienced decades of economic stagnation from independence until 2003, when it entered a period of economic growth, leading to a spurt in the city's development. Economic stagnation, often called simply stagnation is a prolonged period of slow Economic growth (traditionally measured in terms of the GDP growth The economy of India, measured in USD exchange-rate terms is the twelfth largest in the world with a GDP of around $1 trillion (2008 A growing centre of information technology, tourism and international trade, Kochi is the commercial hub of Kerala, and one of the fastest growing second-tier metros in India. Information technology ( IT) as defined by the Information Technology Association of America (ITAA is "the study design development implementation support India, located in Asia is Bounded by the Himalayan ranges in the north surrounded by the Arabian Sea, the Bay of Bengal, and the International trade is exchange of Capital, Goods, and Services across International borders or Territories. The Status of Indian cities comprises two ranking systems used by the Government of India to allocate compensatory allowances to the cities in the country Like other large cities in the developing world, Kochi continues to struggle with urbanisation problems such as traffic congestion and environmental degradation. Urbanizationn (also spelled urbanisation) is the physical growth of Urban areas into rural or natural land as a result of population in-migration to an existing Environmental degradation is the deterioration of the environment through depletion of resources such as Air, Water and Soil; the destruction

Successive waves of migration over the course of several millennia have made Kochi a cultural melting pot. Human migration denotes any movement by Humans from one locality to another sometimes over long distances or The melting pot is an analogy for the way in which homogeneous societies develop in which the ingredients in the pot (people of different cultures races and religions are Despite the risk of overdevelopment, the city retains its distinct colonial heritage and a blend of tradition and modernity. Overdevelopment refers to a process by which Natural resources are impacted by Urbanization and/or road construction at a rate significantly harmful to the Ecosystem

Name

Cheena vala (Chinese fishing nets); Kochi is the only place outside of China where these fishing structures are used. The Chinese fishing nets (Cheena vala of Fort Kochi (Fort Cochin in the City of Kochi (Cochin in the Indian State of Kerala, are fixed Talk People's Republic of China) PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ARTICLE GUIDELINES

Theories regarding the etymology of the name "Kochi" are disputed. Etymology is the study of the History of Words &mdash when they entered a language from what source and how their form and meaning have changed over time ^[3] One suggests that the city's modern name is derived from the Malayalam word koch azhi, meaning 'small lagoon'. Not to be confused with the Malay language. Malayalam (മലയാളം malayāḷaṁ) is a Dravidian language used A lagoon is a body of comparatively shallow salt or Brackish water separated from the deeper Sea by a shallow or exposed sandbank, coral Another version mentions the name as derivative of the Sanskrit word Go shree which means 'prosperous with cows'. Sanskrit (sa संस्कृता वाक् saṃskṛtā vāk, for short sa संस्कृतम् saṃskṛtam) is a historical Certain ancient texts refer to the city Balapuri (Sanskrit for 'small town'), which became Cochin in course of time. ^[4] According to some accounts, traders from the court of the Chinese ruler Khubilai Khan gave Cochin the name of their homeland. The Emperor of China ( refers to any sovereign of Imperial China reigning since the founding of the Qin Dynasty in 221 BC until the fall of Early years Kublai Khan studied Chinese culture and became enamoured of it Yet another theory is that Kochi is derived from the word Kaci meaning 'harbour'. Certain scholars claim that Cochin is derived from the term Cocha, which is a transfiguration of the Biblical term Cohen. Etymology According to the Online Etymology Dictionary, the word bible is from Latin biblia, traced from the same word through Medieval Latin and Late Latin A kohen (or cohen, Hebrew כּהן "priest" pl כּהנִים kohanim or cohanim) has a separate status in Judaism. ^[3] Accounts by Italian explorers Nicolo Conti (15th century), and Fra Paoline in the 17th century say that it was called Kochchi, named after the river connecting the backwaters to the sea. The' Italian people' are a Southern European Ethnic group located primarily in Italy, Switzerland, France and by virtue of a wide-ranging Niccolò Da Conti (also Nicolò de' Conti) (1395&ndash1469 was a Venetian merchant and explorer born in Chioggia, who traveled to India and Fra Paoline was a 17th century Italian traveller known for his travels in the Indian Ocean region

After the arrival of the Portuguese, and later the British, the name Cochin stuck as the official appellation. Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic (República Portuguesa is a country on the Iberian Peninsula. The city reverted to a closer anglicisation of its original Malayalam name, Kochi, in 1996. Anglicisation or anglicization (see -ise vs -ize) is a process of conversion of verbal or written elements of any other language into a more comprehensible English However, it is still widely referred to as Cochin. Cochin has been brought to its present fame by many enthusiastic younsters, few of them includes Binoj Thomas an IAS Officer, Jabbar a business person.

History

Main article: History of Kochi

The old Dutch cemetery in Kochi

Kochi was the centre of Indian spice trade for many centuries, and was known to the Yavanas (Greeks) as well as Romans, Jews, Arabs, and Chinese since ancient times. Prehistory Not much is known about the prehistory of Kochi There has been no clear evidence of Stone Age inhabitation The Dutch people ( Dutch:) are the dominant Ethnic group of the Netherlands. A cemetery is a place in which dead bodies and cremated remains are buried. Spice trade is a commercial activity of ancient origin which involves the merchandising of Spices and Herbs. "Yona" is a Pali word used in ancient India to designate Greek speakers The term ancient Greece refers to the period of Greek history lasting from the Greek Dark Ages ca Ancient Rome was a Civilization that grew out of a small agricultural community founded on the Italian Peninsula as early as the 10th century BC PLEASE TAKE NOTE************ The araB gene Promoter is a bacterial promoter activated by e L-arabinose binding China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National ^[5] Kochi rose to significance as a trading centre after the port at Kodungallur (Cranganore) was destroyed by massive flooding of the river Periyar in 1341. Kodungallur (anglicised name Cranganore) is a city and a Municipality in the Thrissur district in the Indian state of Kerala The Periyar River is the longest river in the state of Kerala, India, with a length of 244 km ^[6] The earliest documented references to Kochi occur in books written by Chinese voyager Ma Huan during his visit to Kochi in the 15th century as part of Admiral Zheng He's treasure fleet. Ma Huan (Chinese 马欢) courtesy name Chung-dao 宗道, pen name Mountain-woodcutter, born in Hui Ji county of Zhejiang province Zheng He ( Birth name 馬三寶 / 马三宝; Arabic / Persian name حجّي محمود شمس Hajji Mahmud Shams) (1371&ndash1433 was a Hui ^[7] There are also references to Kochi in accounts written by Italian traveller Niccolò Da Conti, who visited Kochi in 1440. ^[8]

The Kingdom of Kochi came into existence in 1102, after the fall of the Kulasekhara empire. The Kingdom of Cochin or Kochi (also known as Perumpadappu Swaroopam, Madarajyam, Gosree Rajyam, or Kuru Swaroopam; ^[9] The King of Kochi had authority over the region encompassing the present city of Kochi and adjoining areas. The reign was hereditary, and the family that ruled over Kochi was known as the Cochin Royal Family (Perumpadappu Swaroopam in the local vernacular). Cochin Royal Family were rulers of Cochin or Kochi They were also known as Perumpadapu Swaroopam, Kuru Swaroopam History There is no historically The mainland Kochi remained the capital of the princely state since the 18th century. However, during much of this time, the kingdom was under foreign rule, and the King often only had titular privileges.

Hebrew inscription at the Paradesi Synagogue

Fort Kochi in Kochi was the first European colonial settlement in India. Kochi Jewish Synagogue Cjpg|thumb|right|200px|Inside Jewish Synagogue]]The Paradesi Synagogue is the oldest Synagogue in the Commonwealth of Nations, located in A municipal town from 1866 to 1967 Fort Kochi now is one of the three main urban components that constitute the present day City of Kochi in the Indian State of From 1503 to 1663, Fort Kochi was ruled by Portugal. The Portuguese Empire was the earliest and longest lived of the modern European colonial empires spanning almost six centuries from the capture of Ceuta This Portuguese period was difficult for the Jews installed in the region, since the Inquisition was active in Portuguese India. Cochin Jews, also called Malabar Jews ( Malabar Yehudan) are the ancient Jews and their descendants of the former The term Inquisition can refer to any one of several institutions charged with trying and convicting heretics within the Roman Catholic Church and Kochi hosted the grave of Vasco da Gama, the first European explorer to set sail for India, who was buried at St. Dom Vasco da Gama, 1st Count of Vidigueira ('vaʃku dɐ 'gɐmɐ ( Sines or Vidigueira, Alentejo, Portugal, ca Francis Church until his remains were returned to Portugal in 1539. ^[10] The Portuguese rule was followed by that of the Dutch, who had allied with the Zamorins in order to conquer Kochi. Saamoothirippādu or Saamoothiri, anglicised Zamorin, is the used by the Nair rulers of the erstwhile state of Kozhikode (anglicised By 1773, the Mysore King Hyder Ali extended his conquest in the Malabar region to Kochi forcing it to become a tributary of Mysore. The Kingdom of Mysore/State of Mysore (ಮೈಸೂರು ಸಾಮ್ರಾಜ್ಯ was both a Kingdom (1399-1799 CE and a Princely state (1799-1947 Hyder Ali or Haidar 'Ali (c 1722 - 1782 was the de facto ruler of the Kingdom of Mysore in southern India. The Malabar region lies along the southwest coast of India and forms the northern part of the present-day state of Kerala. The hereditary Prime Ministership of Kochi held by the Paliath Achans came to an end during this period. Paliath valiyamma ikkavukuttyjpg|thumb|200px|right|Paliath Ikkavukutty Valiyamma]] Paliath Achan or Paliyath Achan (പാലിയത്‌ അച്ചന്‍ is the name

Meanwhile, the Dutch, fearing an outbreak of war on the United Provinces signed a treaty with the United Kingdom, under which Kochi was ceded to the United Kingdom in exchange for the island of Bangka. "United Netherlands" redirects here For the "Kingdom of the United Netherlands" see United Kingdom of the Netherlands. The Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814 (also known as the Convention of London) was a Treaty signed between Great Britain and the United Provinces in Bangka (or sometimes Banka) is an island lying east of Sumatra, Indonesia. However, there are evidences of English habitation in the region even prior to the signing of the treaty. ^[11] In 1866, Fort Kochi became a municipality, and its first Municipal Council election was conducted in 1883. A municipality is an administrative entity composed of a clearly defined territory and its population and commonly denotes a City, Town, or Village, or The Maharaja of Cochin, who ruled under the British, in 1896 initiated local administration by forming town councils in Mattancherry and Ernakulam. The word Mahārāja (also spelled maharajah) is Sanskrit for "great king" or " High king " (a Karmadharaya from mahānt Mattancherry is the western part of Kochi corporation in Ernakulam district of Kerala, south India. This article is about the town of Ernakulam See Ernakulam district. In 1925, Kochi legislative assembly was constituted due to public pressure on the state.

A painting depicting the city of Kochi (circa. 1682)

Towards the early 20th century, trade at the port had increased substantially, and the need to develop the port was greatly felt. Harbour engineer Robert Bristow was brought to Kochi in 1920 under the direction of Lord Willingdon, then the Governor of Madras. Sir Robert Bristow (born December 13, 1880 in London - died September 3, 1966) was a British harbour engineer who is best Freeman Freeman-Thomas 1st Marquess of Willingdon GCSI GCMG GCIE GBE PC ( 12 September 1866 &ndash Madras Presidency, also known as Madras Province and known officially as Presidency of Fort St In a span of 21 years, he transformed Kochi as one of the safest harbours in the peninsula, where ships berthed alongside the newly reclaimed inner harbour equipped with a long array of steam cranes. ^[12][13]

In 1947, India gained independence from the British colonial rule. Cochin was the first princely state to join the Indian Union willingly. For other uses see Principality, Other princely states A Princely State (also called Native State or Indian State) was a ^[14] In 1949, Travancore-Cochin state came into being with the merger of Cochin and Travancore. Travancore-Cochin or Thiru-Kochi is a former state of India. It was created on July 1 1949 by the merger of two former Princely Travancore or Thiruvithaamkoor ( Malayalam: തിരുവിതാങ്കൂര്‍ "Thiru" (respectful prefix which suggests either royal or The King of Travancore was the Rajpramukh of the Travancore-Cochin Union from 1949 to 1956. Rajpramukh was an administrative title in India which existed from India's independence in 1947 until 1956. Travancore-Cochin, was in turn merged with the Malabar district of the Madras State. Malabar District was an administrative district of British India and independent India's Madras State. Finally, the Government of India's States Reorganisation Act (1956) inaugurated a new state — Kerala — incorporating Travancore-Cochin (excluding the four southern Taluks which were merged with Tamil Nadu), Malabar District, and the taluk of Kasargod, South Kanara. The States Reorganization Act of 1956 was a major reform of the boundaries and governance of India 's states and territories. Tamil Nadu ( Tamil:, Country of the Tamils, t̪ɐmɨɻ n̪aːɽɯ is one of the 28 states of India. A tehsil ( Urdu: تحصیل) (or tahsil, tahasil, taluka, taluk, taluq, mandal) is an Administrative division WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> For the district with the same name see Kasaragod district. Dakshina Kannada ( Kannada & Tulu:ದಕ್ಷಿಣ ಕನ್ನಡ (earlier known as South Kanara, or South Canara) is a coastal ^[15] On 9 July 1960, the Mattancherry council passed a resolution—which was forwarded to the government—requesting the formation of a municipal corporation by combining the existing municipalities of Fort Kochi, Mattancherry, and Ernakulam. Events 455 - Roman military commander Avitus is proclaimed Emperor of the Western Roman Empire. Year 1960 ( MCMLX) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. A municipal corporation is the legal term for a local governing body, including (but not necessarily limited to cities, counties, Towns The government appointed a commission to study the feasibility of the suggested merger. Based on its report, the Kerala Legislative Assembly approved the corporation's formation. The Kerala Legislative Assembly is the law making body of Kerala, one of the 28 States in India. On 1 November 1967, exactly eleven years since the establishment of the state of Kerala, the corporation of Cochin came into existence. Events 996 - Emperor Otto III issues a deed to Gottschalk Bishop of Freising which is the oldest known document using the name Ostarrîchi Year 1967 ( MCMLXVII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the 1967 Gregorian calendar. Corporation of Kochi (or Corporation of Cochin) is a Municipal corporation, that manages the Indian city of Kochi (formerly known as Cochin The merger leading to the establishment of the corporation, was between the municipalities of Ernakulam, Mattancherry and Fort Kochi, along with that of the Willingdon Island, four panchayats (Palluruthy, Vennala, Vyttila and Edappally), and the small islands of Gundu and Ramanthuruth. Willingdon Island is the home of the modern Port that serves Kochi in Kerala, India. The Panchayat is a South Asian Political system. ‘Panchayat’ literally means assembly ( yat) of five ( panch) wise and respected elders chosen Palluruthy is one of the earlier Panchayats of Kerala that was amalgamated with other panchayats during the formation of Kochi corporation Vennala is one of the earlier Panchayats of Kerala, India that was amalgamated with other panchayats during the formation of Kochi corporation — Vyttila is a rapidly expanding commercial area in the city of Kochi, India. Edappally is a fast growing suburb of Kochi/Cochin City in Kerala state Southern India. The Gundu Island is one of the many islands that make up the city of Kochi, Kerala, India. Ramanthuruth is one of the islands that make up the city of Kochi, Kerala, India.

The establishment of several IT and port-based infrastructure led to large scale construction activity in and around the city. Information technology ( IT) as defined by the Information Technology Association of America (ITAA is "the study design development implementation support

Kochi witnessed economic stagnation in the years following India's independence. The city's economic recovery gathered momentum after economic reforms in India introduced by the central government in the mid-1990s. Economic reforms in India is something which is under close study Since 2000, the service sector has revitalised the city’s stagnant economy. The establishment of several industrial parks based on Information technology (IT) and other port based infrastructure triggered a construction and realty boom in the city. Over the years, Kochi has witnessed rapid commercialisation, and has today grown into the commercial capital of Kerala. ^[16]

See also: Kingdom of Cochin and Cochin Royal Family

Geography and climate

Main article: Geography of Kochi

A view of the Kochi harbour mouth from Willingdon Island

Kochi is located on the southwest coast of India at 9°58′N, 76°13′E, spanning an area of 94. The Kingdom of Cochin or Kochi (also known as Perumpadappu Swaroopam, Madarajyam, Gosree Rajyam, or Kuru Swaroopam; Cochin Royal Family were rulers of Cochin or Kochi They were also known as Perumpadapu Swaroopam, Kuru Swaroopam History There is no historically Location of Kochi in India '''Kochi''' ( Malayalam Willingdon Island is the home of the modern Port that serves Kochi in Kerala, India. 88 square kilometres (36. Square Kilometre ( US spelling square kilometer) symbol km2, is a decimal multiple of the SI unit of 63 sq mi). The square mile is an imperial and US unit of Area equal the area of a square of one statute mile. The city is situated at the northern end of a peninsula, about 19 kilometres (12 mi) long and less than one mile (1. A mile is a unit of Length, usually used to measure Distance, in a number of different systems including Imperial units United States 6 km) wide. To the west lies the Arabian Sea, and to the east are estuaries drained by perennial rivers originating in the Western Ghats. An estuary is a semi-enclosed Coastal body of Water with one or more Rivers or Streams flowing into it and with a free connection to the open The Western Ghats ( Kannada ಸಹ್ಯಾದ್ರಿ Marathi / Konkani - सह्याद्री Sahyadri Malayalam സഹ്യപര്‍വ്വതം Much of Kochi lies at sea level, with a coastline of 48 km. ^[17]

The current metropolitan limits of Kochi include the mainland Ernakulam, old Kochi, the suburbs of Edapally, Kalamassery and Kakkanad to the northeast; Tripunithura to the south east; and a group of islands closely scattered in the Vembanad Lake. This article is about the town of Ernakulam See Ernakulam district. Edappally is a fast growing suburb of Kochi/Cochin City in Kerala state Southern India. WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> Kalamassery is a Municipality in Ernakulam district in the Indian state Kakkanad is the administrative headquarters of the district of Ernakulam in Kerala, India. WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> Thrippunithura is a city and a Municipality in Ernakulam district in the Indian Vembanad Lake ( Vembanad Kayal or Vembanad Kol) is India 's longest Lake, and is the largest lake in the state of Kerala. Most of these islands are very small, varying in extent from six square kilometre to less than a square kilometre (1,500 to less than 250 acres). The acre is a unit of Area in a number of different systems including the imperial and U

Soil consists of sediments such as alluvium, teri's, brown sands etc. Sediment is any particulate matter that can be transported by fluid flow and which eventually is deposited as a layer of solid particles on the bed or bottom of a body of Alluvium (from the Latin, alluvius, from alluere, "to wash against" is Soil or Sediments deposited by a river or other running Sand is a naturally occurring Granular material composed of finely divided rock and Mineral particles Hydromorphic saline soils are also found in the areas surrounding the backwaters. ^[18] Predominant rock types found here are Archaean-basic dykes, Charnockites and Gneisses. A dike or dyke in Geology is a type of Sheet intrusion referring to any geologic body that cuts Discordantly ' across planar (1 Charnockite (ˈtʃɑrnəkaɪt is applied to any orthopyroxene-bearing granite composed mainly of Quartz, Perthite or antiperthite and Orthopyroxene Gneiss (ˈnaɪs is a common and widely distributed type of rock formed by high-grade regional metamorphic processes from preexisting formations that were originally An ecologically sensitive area, the Mangalavanam Bird Sanctuary is located in the central part of the city. Mangalavanam is an ecologically sensitive area situated at the centre of the Indian city of Kochi. It has a wide range of mangrove species and is nesting ground for a vast variety of migratory birds. Bird migration refers to the regular seasonal journeys undertaken by many species of Birds Bird movements include those made in response to changes in food availability Certain species of dolphins are also present in the backwaters. Dolphins are Marine mammals that are closely related to Whales and Porpoises There are almost forty species of dolphin in seventeen genera.

Kochi's proximity to the equator along with its coastal location results in little seasonal temperature variation, with moderate to high levels of humidity. Annual temperatures range between 20 to 35 °C (68–95 °F) with the record high being 34 °C (96 °F), and record low 17 °C (63 °F). The Celsius Temperature scale was previously known as the centigrade scale. Fahrenheit is a temperature scale named after Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit (1686–1736 a German Physicist who proposed it in 1724 ^[19] From June through September, the south-west monsoon brings in heavy rains as Kochi lies on the windward side of the Western Ghats. A monsoon is a seasonal prevailing wind which lasts for several months From October to December, Kochi receives light rain from the northwest monsoon, as it lies on the leeward side. Average annual rainfall is 274cms (108 in)^[20], with an annual average of 132 rainy days. Inches redirects here To see the Les Savy Fav album see Inches.

Civic administration

The city is administered by the Kochi Corporation, headed by a mayor. A mayor (from the Latin māior, meaning "greater" is a modern title used in many countries for the highest ranking officer in a municipal government Mercy Williams is the 16th and current mayor of Kochi, Kerala. Deputy mayor is an elective or appointive office of the second-ranking official in many local governments C K Manisankar is the 16th and current deputy mayor of the Indian port city of Kochi. Police Commissioner (or Commissioner of Police) is the title of the chief officer of many law enforcement agencies. Corporation of Kochi (or Corporation of Cochin) is a Municipal corporation, that manages the Indian city of Kochi (formerly known as Cochin For administrative purposes, the city is divided into 70 wards, from which the members of the corporation council are elected for a period of five years. Earlier; Fort Cochin, Mattancherry and Ernakulam were the three Municipalities in Cochin area, which was later merged to form the Cochin Corporation. The Corporation has its headquarters in Ernakulam, and zonal offices at Fort Kochi, Mattancherry, Palluruthy, Edappally, Vaduthala and Vyttila. A municipal town from 1866 to 1967 Fort Kochi now is one of the three main urban components that constitute the present day City of Kochi in the Indian State of Vaduthala is a Suburb of the city of Kochi, India. Before merger with the corporation of Kochi Vaduthala was a municipality under the Government of The general administration of the city is handled by the Personnel Department and the Council Section. Other departments include that of town planning, health, engineering, revenue and accounts. ^[21] The corporation is also responsible for waste disposal, sewage management and the supply of potable water, sourced from the Periyar River. Water of sufficient quality to serve as drinking water is termed potable water whether it is used for drinking or not ^[22] Electricity is provided by the Kerala State Electricity Board. Kerala State Electricity Board or KSEB is a Public sector agency under the Government of Kerala, India, that generates provides and regulates

The Kerala High Court in Ernakulam. This article is about the town of Ernakulam See Ernakulam district.

The Greater Cochin Development Authority (GCDA) is the government agency overseeing the development of Kochi. Greater Cochin Development Authority is the government overseeing agency for the development of the Indian port city of Kochi, Kerala. The Kochi City Police is headed by a Police Commissioner, an Indian Police Service (IPS) officer. Kochi City Police or the Cochin City Police is the Police force of the Indian city of Kochi. Police Commissioner (or Commissioner of Police) is the title of the chief officer of many law enforcement agencies. Indian police redirects here For other uses see Indian police (disambiguation. It comprises the traffic police, Narcotics Cell, Armed Reserve Camps, District Crime Records Bureau, Senior citizen's Cell, and a Women's Cell. Police controlling traffic see rules of the road Highway patrol Road Policing Unit The term narcotic (ναρκωτικός is believed to have been coined by the Greek physician Galen to refer to agents that benumb or deaden causing loss Old age consists of ages nearing or surpassing the Average life span of Human beings and thus the end of the human life cycle. ^[23] It operates 19 police stations functioning under the Home Ministry of State Government. An anti-corruption branch of the Central Bureau of Investigation also operates out of the city. Political corruption is the use of governmental powers by government officials for illegitimate private gain The Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI is India 's premier investigating agency responsible for a wide variety of Criminal and National security matters Kochi is the seat of the High Court of Kerala, the highest judicial body in the state. High Court of Kerala is the highest court in the Indian state of Kerala and in the Union Territory of Lakshadweep.

Kochi contributes five seats to the State Assembly, and a seat to the Lok Sabha, the Lower House of the Indian Parliament. The Lok Sabha (also titled the House of the People, by the Constitution) is the directly elected Lower house of the Parliament of India The Parliament of India (or Sansad) is the federal and supreme Legislative body of India.

Economy

Main article: Economy of Kochi

The Tejomaya building at InfoPark, Kochi

Kochi is the economic capital of Kerala by volume of trade; though, unlike other South Indian cities, Kochi has been slow to industrialise. '''Kochi''' ( Malayalam: കൊച്ചി) formerly known as Cochin) is a city in southern India, and the commercial hub of the state of Kerala InfoPark is an Information technology park promoted by the Government of Kerala, located at Kochi, India. South India is the area encompassing India 's states of Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu as well as the union is a process of social and economic change whereby a human group is transformed from a Pre-industrial society into an industrial one ^[16][24] In recent years the city has rejuvenated from its economic stagnation and has witnessed heavy investment, thus making it one of the fastest-growing second-tier metro cities in India. Economic stagnation, often called simply stagnation is a prolonged period of slow Economic growth (traditionally measured in terms of the GDP growth The Status of Indian cities comprises two ranking systems used by the Government of India to allocate compensatory allowances to the cities in the country ^[25][26] The economy of the city can be classified as a business economy with emphasis on the service sector. ^[27] Major business sectors include gold and textile retailing, seafood and spices exports, information technology (IT), tourism, health services, banking, shipbuilding, and the fishing industry. Information technology ( IT) as defined by the Information Technology Association of America (ITAA is "the study design development implementation support Medical tourism (also called medical travel, health tourism or global healthcare is a term initially coined by travel agencies and the Mass media The economy is mostly dependent on trade and retail activities. ^[28] As in most of Kerala, remittances from non-resident Indians (NRI)s is a major source of income. A non-resident Indian (NRI is an Indian citizen who has migrated to another country a person of Indian origin who is born outside India or a person of ^[29] The city also houses Kerala's only bourse—the Cochin Stock Exchange. A stock exchange, share market or bourse is a Corporation or Mutual organization which provides "trading" facilities for Stock The Cochin Stock Exchange Limited (CSE is located at Kochi, Kerala in India.

Kochi is a major destination for IT and ITES companies, ranked by NASSCOM as the second-most attractive city in India for IT-based services. Business process outsourcing ( BPO) contains the transmission of processes along with the associated operational activities and responsibilities to a third party with at least The National Association of Software and Services Companies ( NASSCOM) the Indian Chamber of commerce is a consortium that serves as an interface to the ^[30] Availability of cheap bandwidth through undersea cables and lower operational costs compared to other major cities in India, has been to its advantage. A submarine communications cable is a cable laid beneath the sea to carry Telecommunications between countries Various technology and industrial campuses including the government promoted InfoPark, Cochin Special Economic Zone and KINFRA Export Promotion Industrial Park operate in the outskirts of the city. InfoPark is an Information technology park promoted by the Government of Kerala, located at Kochi, India. The Cochin Special Economic Zone is a Special Economic Zone situated at Cochin, Kerala. Kerala Industrial Infrastructure Development Corporation (or KINFRA) is a government agency under the State government of the Indian state of Kerala, that Several new industrial campuses for research, trade and development in biotechnology, electronic hardware and information technology are in various stages of construction in the suburbs of the city. Biotechnology is Technology based on Biology, especially when used in Agriculture, Food science, and Medicine. Electronic hardware refers to interconnected electronic components which perform analog and/or Logic operations on received and locally stored Information Prominent among them are the Sobha Hi-tech city at Maradu and the SmartCity at Kakkanad, which on completion, would rank among the largest such ventures in the country. Sobha Hi-tech city is a planned industry township for knowledge-based companies to be constructed in Kochi, India. Smart City Kochi is a planned industry township for Information Technology and enabled services media and Bio-technology, to be constructed in ^[31][32] The Cochin International Airport is also in the process of setting up an aerotropolis at Nedumbasserry. An aerotropolis (pl aerotropolises or aerotropoli) is a new type of urban form comprising Aviation -intensive Businesses and related

Eloor, situated 17 kilometres (10. WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> Eloor is a Census town located 17  Km north of the city of Kochi in Paravur taluk 5 mi) north of the city, is the largest industrial belt in Kerala, with more than 250 industries manufacturing a range of products including chemical and petrochemical products, pesticides, rare earth elements, rubber processing chemicals, fertilisers, zinc and chromium compounds, and leather products. A chemical substance is a Material with a definite chemical composition. Petrochemicals are chemical products made from raw materials of Petroleum or other Hydrocarbon origin A pesticide is a substance or mixture of substances used to kill a pest. Rare earth elements and rare earth metals are according to IUPAC, the collection of seventeen Chemical elements in the Periodic table, namely Fertilizers ( also spelt fertiliser are chemical compounds given to Plants to promote growth they are usually applied either through the soil for uptake by plant Zinc (ˈzɪŋk from Zink is a Metallic Chemical element with the symbol Zn and Atomic number 30 Chromium (ˈkroʊmiəm is a Chemical element which has the symbol Cr and Atomic number 24 Leather is a material created through the Tanning of hides and Skins of Animals primarily Cattlehide The Tanning process

The Chinese fishing net bridge in Kochi

Kochi is the headquarters of the Southern Naval Command, the primary training centre of the Indian Navy. The Indian Navy is the naval branch of the armed forces of India. ^[33] The Cochin Shipyard in Kochi is the largest shipbuilding facility in India. Cochin Shipyard (CSL is the largest ship building yard in India. See also Shipbuilding (song. Shipbuilding is the construction of Ships It normally takes place in a specialized facility known as a ^[34][35] The Cochin fishing harbour, located at Thoppumpady is a major fishing port in the state and supplies fish to local and export markets. Thoppumpady is a growing centre in Ernakulam district of Kerala, south India. To further tap the potential of the all-season deep-water harbour at Kochi, an international cruise terminal and several marinas are being constructed. For other uses of this word see Marina (disambiguation. A marina is a sheltered Harbor where Boats and Yachts ^[36][37]

Exports and allied activities are also important contributors to the city's economy. The Cochin Port currently handles export and import of container cargo at its terminal at Willington Island. Cochin Port Trust is a body of the Government of India that manages the port of Kochi. Willingdon Island is the home of the modern Port that serves Kochi in Kerala, India. A new international container transshipment terminal—the first in the country—is being commissioned at Vallarpadam. Containerization (or containerisation) is a system of Intermodal freight transport Cargo Transport using standard ISO containers Transshipment or Transhipment is the Shipment of goods to an intermediate destination and then from there to yet another destination ^[38] Kochi's historical reliance on trade continues into modern times, as the city is a major exporter of spices and is home to the International Pepper Exchange, where black pepper is globally traded. International Pepper Exchange is an organisation headquartered in Kochi, India, that deals with the global trade of Black pepper. Black pepper ( Piper nigrum) is a flowering Vine in the family Piperaceae, cultivated for its Fruit, which is usually dried The Spices Board of India is also headquartered in Kochi. Spices Board is the Indian government regulatory and promotion agency for Indian Spices The board is headquartered in Kochi.

Kochi also has an oil refinery—the Kochi Refineries (BPCL) at Ambalamugal. An oil refinery is an industrial Process plant where Crude oil is processed and refined into more useful Petroleum products, such as Gasoline Kochi Refineries Ltd (KRL History Kochi Refinery started on 27 April 1963 when Government of India, Phillips Petroleum Company of USA Ambalamedu is a small township adjacent to the city of Kochi in Kerala, India. Central Government establishments like the Coconut Development Board, the Coir Board and the Marine Products Export Development Authority (MPEDA) have head offices located in the city. Coconut Development Board (CDB is a statutory body established under the Ministry of Agriculture Government of India for the integrated development of Coconut and Coir Board of India is an Indian government organisation that works for the promotion research education and training of the Coir industry The Marine Products Export Development Authority (MPEDA was constituted in 1972 under the Marine Products Export Development Authority Act 1972 (No

Transport

Main article: Transport in Kochi

A private bus speeding through the streets of Kochi

Public transport in the city is largely dependent on private buses. Kochi ( Malayalam: കൊച്ചി Kocci}}'') formerly known as Cochin is a city in the Indian state of Kerala. In Economics, the private sector is that part of the economy which is both run for private Profit and is not controlled by the State. The term privately held company refers to ownership of a business company in two different ways first referring to ownership by non-governmental organizations and second Taxis and autorickshaws (called autos) are available for hire throughout the day. A taxicab, also taxi or cab, is a type of Public transport for a single passenger or small group of passengers typically for a non-shared ride An auto rickshaw or tuk tuk ( auto autorick or rickshaw in popular parlance is a Motor vehicle that is one of the chief Narrow roads and the mix of vastly differing types of vehicles have made traffic congestion a problem in the city. A metro rapid transit service, intended to considerably ease congestion, is currently under construction. A rapid transit, underground, subway, elevated railway or metro(politan system is an electric passenger railway ^[39]

Because it is one of the safest harbours in the Indian Ocean, Kochi ranks among India's major seaports. The Indian Ocean is the third largest of the world's Oceanic divisions covering about 20% of the water on the Earth 's surface ^[40] The port, administered by a statutory autonomous body known as the Cochin Port Trust, offers facilities for bunkering, handling cargo and passenger ships and storage accommodation. Cochin Port Trust is a body of the Government of India that manages the port of Kochi. Fuel oil is a fraction obtained from Petroleum Distillation, either as a distillate or a residue Cargo (or freight) refers to goods or produce transported generally for Commercial gain by ship, aircraft, train, A passenger ship is a Ship whose primary function is to carry passengers It also operates passenger ships to Colombo and Lakshadweep. Colombo ( Sinhala:, ˈkoləmbə Tamil: கொழும்பு is the largest city and commercial capital of Sri Lanka. Boat services operated by Kerala Shipping and Inland Navigation Corporation, the State Water Transport Department, and of private ownership are available from various boat jetties in the city. Kerala Shipping and Inland Navigation Corporation is an agency under the State government of Kerala, that oversees the Shipping and Inland navigation matters Kerala State Water Transport Department is a governmental agency that regulates the Inland navigation systems in the Indian state of Kerala and provides The junkar ferry for the transshipment of vehicles and passengers between the islands are operated between Ernakulam and Vypin, and between Vypin and Fort Kochi. See also Merchant ship A ferry is a form of transport usually a Boat or Ship, used to carry (or ferry) passengers and Vypin, also spelled Vypeen (വൈപ്പിന്‍ is an island in Ernakulam district of Kerala. However, with the construction of the Goshree bridges (which links Kochi's islands), ferry transport has become less essential. Goshree bridges include the many bridges that link the scattered islands in the city of Kochi, India.

The Cochin International Airport, which is about 25 kilometres (15 mi) north of the city, handles both domestic and international flights. Cochin International Airport, also known as Kochi International Airport or Nedumbassery Airport, is located at Nedumbassery, near Kochi It is the largest airport of Kerala, and one of the busiest in India. It is the first international airport in India to be built without Central Government funds. ^[41] An airport run by the Navy also operates in the city. The Indian Navy is the naval branch of the armed forces of India. A third airport, for use by the Indian Coast Guard, is under construction in the suburbs. The Indian Coast Guard is the fourth service created to guard Republic of India 's vast Coastline.

There is no intra-city rail transport system in Kochi. The inter-city rail transport system in the city is administered by the Southern Railway division of the Indian Railways. Inter-city rail services are express Train passenger services which cover longer distances than Commuter trains Africa Inter-city services are reasonably Southern Railway is the first Railway Zone to be created in independent India. Indian Railways (भारतीय रेल Bhāratīya Rail) abbreviated as IR (hi भारे is a Department of the Government of India under the Ministry There are two main railway stations—the Ernakulam Junction and the Ernakulam Town (locally known as the 'South' and 'North' railway stations respectively). Ernakulam Junction (also known as South) is a Railway junction and one of the busiest railway stations in Kerala located in Kochi, India. For the town please see Ernakulam Ernakulam Town (also known as Ernakulam North is a railway station for inter-city trains and is located The railway line connecting these two stations cuts the city longitudinally in two, with two narrow bridges connecting the two halves.

See also: Cochin International Airport

Demographics

An antique shop showcasing Jewish remnants of Kochi

As of 2001, Kochi had a population of 596,473, with a density of 6850. Cochin International Airport, also known as Kochi International Airport or Nedumbassery Airport, is located at Nedumbassery, near Kochi An antique shop (or antiques shop) is a retail store specializing in the selling of Antiques Antiques shops can be located either locally and with the advent PLEASE TAKE NOTE************ Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar. 7 persons per square kilometre. ^[42] Scheduled castes and tribes comprise 14. Scheduled Castes ("SC"s and Scheduled Tribes ("ST"s are Indian population groupings that are explicitly recognized by the Constitution of 3% of the city's population. The female-to-male ratio is 1,024:1,000, significantly higher than the all-India average of 933:1,000. Kochi's literacy rate is 94. 3%. ^[42] The female literacy rate lags that of males by 1. 1%, amongst the lowest such gaps in India.

Kochi's major religions are Hinduism, Christianity, and Islam; Jainism, Judaism, Sikhism, and Buddhism have smaller followings. Hinduism is a religious tradition that originated in the Indian subcontinent. Christianity ( Greek Χριστιανισμός from the word Xριστός ( Christ)is a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. Jainism, traditionally known as Jain Dharma / Shraman Dharma (जैन धर्म is an ancient religion of India. Judaism (from the Greek Ioudaïsmos, derived from the Hebrew יהודה Yehudah, " Judah " in Hebrew יַהֲדוּת Yahedut Sikhism ( IPA: or; ਸਿੱਖੀ sikkhī, IPA:) founded on the teachings of Nanak and nine successive gurus in fifteenth century Buddhism is a family of beliefs and practices Though 47% practise Hinduism, Christianity's large following (35%) makes Kochi a city with one of the largest Christian populations in India. ^[43] The majority of residents are Malayalis; however, there are significant ethnic minority communities including Tamils, Gujaratis, Jews, Sikkimese, Anglo-Indians, Konkanis, and Tulus. The Malayali people (also spelled Malayalee; Malayalam: മലയാളി are the inhabitants of Kerala or their descendants Tamil people (also called Tamils or Tamilians) ( are an Ethnic group native to Tamil Nadu, a state in India, and the north-eastern Gujarati people ( Gujarati: ગુજરાતી લોકો Gujǎrātī loko ? PLEASE TAKE NOTE************ Sikkim ( Nepali:, also Sikhim) is a Landlocked Indian state nestled in the Himalayas It is the least populous state in India Anglo-Indians are people who have mixed Indian and British ancestry and the term is sometimes used in the West. Konkani people form an ethnic group mainly found in the Konkan Coast of western India who speak the Konkani language natively Malayalam is the main language of communication and medium of instruction, although English is more commonly used in business circles. Tamil and Hindi are widely understood—albeit rarely spoken. Tamil (ta தமிழ்; t̪əmɨɻ is a Dravidian language spoken predominantly by Tamil people of the Indian subcontinent. Hindi ( Devanāgarī: hi [[wiktहिन्दी हिन्दी]] or hi [[wiktहिंदी हिंदी]] IAST:, IPA:) is

Like in other large cities of India, Kochi has a growing slum population. A slum, as defined by the United Nations agency UN-HABITAT, is a run-down area of a city characterized by substandard housing and squalor and lacking in tenure security Hundreds of people, mostly comprising migrant labourers who come to the city seeking job prospects, reside in such shabby areas.

Like other fast-growing cities in the developing world, Kochi suffers from major urbanisation problems, poor sanitation, and unemployment. Urbanizationn (also spelled urbanisation) is the physical growth of Urban areas into rural or natural land as a result of population in-migration to an existing Sanitation is the hygienic means of preventing human contact from the hazards of wastes to promote health Unemployment occurs when a person is available to work and currently seeking work but the person is without work. However, a survey conducted in 2007 by a private agency considered Kochi to be the best city to live in India. ^[44]

The city registered an increase of 9. 7% in its unemployment rate from 14. 8% in 1998 to 24. 5% in 2003. ^[45] Shortage of potable water is a major concern in the city. ^[46] The situation is aggravated by the threat posed by pollution in industrial areas. Pollution is the introduction of contaminants into an environment that causes instability disorder harm or discomfort to the physical systems or living organisms they are in ^[47] The city also has a growing slum-dwelling population. A slum, as defined by the United Nations agency UN-HABITAT, is a run-down area of a city characterized by substandard housing and squalor and lacking in tenure security ^[48] The government has plans to make the city slum-free by 2016. ^[49] Kochi has a high suicide rate with 32 suicides per lakh, which is three times higher than the national average of 11. A lakh (also written lac, and lackh in an Indian english language news source India PR Wire 8 Oct '08 is a unit in the Indian numbering system equal to 2 per lakh. ^[50] According to the National Crime Records Bureau, Kochi has one of highest rates of crime in India—498. NCRB or the National Crime Records Bureau is a governmental agency of India responsible for collecting and analysing crime data as defined by the Indian Penal 6, against the national average of 287. 3. ^[51] However, a survey conducted by The Week, found Kochi to be the safest city in India for women. ^[52]

See also: Cochin Jews and Syrian Malabar Nasrani

Culture

Main article: Culture of Kochi

Pedestrians can stroll along the Marine Drive, a waterfront promenade of Kochi. Cochin Jews, also called Malabar Jews ( Malabar Yehudan) are the ancient Jews and their descendants of the former The Syrian Malabar Nasrani people are an Ethnoreligious group from Kerala, India. Kochi ( Malayalam: കൊച്ചി) formerly known as Cochin is a city in the Indian state of Kerala. Places Lining the Marine Drive The Marine Drive stretches from the Jankar Jetty in the north to the Ernakulam Boat Jetty in the south

As a result of successive waves of migration over the course of several centuries, the population of the city is a mix of people from all parts of Kerala and most of India. The pan-Indian nature is highlighted by the substantial presence of various ethnic communities from different parts of the country. ^[53] Kochi has a diverse, multicultural, and secular community consisting of Hindus, Christians, Muslims, Jains, Sikhs, and Buddhists among other denominations, all living in peaceful co-existence. A Christian is a person who adheres to Christianity, a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth A Muslim (مسلم pronounced Muslim, not Muzlim) is an adherent of the Religion Jainism, traditionally known as Jain Dharma / Shraman Dharma (जैन धर्म is an ancient religion of India. Sikh (English or; ਸਿੱਖ sikkh, IPA) is the title and name given to an adherent of Sikhism. Buddhism is a family of beliefs and practices The city once had a large Jewish community, known as the Malabar Yehuden—and now increasingly as Cochin Jews—that figured prominently in Kochi's business and economic strata. Cochin Jews, also called Malabar Jews ( Malabar Yehudan) are the ancient Jews and their descendants of the former ^[54] The Syro-Malabar Church, one of the 22 sui iuris Eastern Catholic Churches, has its seat at Ernakulam. The Syro-Malabar Catholic Church is a Chaldean Rite Major Archiepiscopal Church in Full communion with the Roman Catholic Church. Sui iuris, commonly also spelled sui juris, is a Latin phrase that literally means “of one’s own right” This article refers to Eastern Churches in full communion with the Holy See Appropriate to its multi-ethnic composition, Kochi celebrates traditional Kerala festivals like Onam and Vishu along with North Indian Hindu festivals like Holi and Diwali with great fervour. Onam is the state festival of Kerala. It is celebrated in honour of Mahabali, the mythical Asura king of ancient Kerala Vishu ( Malayalam:- (American Vjéshu ( Tamil:வீஷூ is Astronomical new year day festival held in the state of Kerala in South Geography Northern India lies mainly on continental India and a very small part of it lies on the Indian peninsula Holi ( or language|Bhojpuri]] also called the Festival of Colours, is a popular Hindu spring Festival observed in India, Diwali, or Deepavali, (also called Tihar and Swanti in Nepal (Markiscarali is a major Indian and Nepalese festival and a significant Christian and Islamic festivals like Christmas, Easter, Eid ul-Fitr and Milad-e-sherif are also celebrated. Easter ( Greek: Πάσχα Pascha or Pasxa) is the most important religious feast in the Christian Liturgical year. Eid ul-Fitr or Id-ul-Fitr (عيد الفطر ‘Īdu l-Fiṭr) often abbreviated to Eid, is a Muslim Holiday that marks the end of Mawlid ( Eid Milad an Nabi ( Turkish:Mevlid ( Qur'anic مَوْلِدُ آلنَبِيِّ mawlidu n-nabiyyi, “Birth of the Prophet” A merry making fest called the Cochin Carnival is celebrated at Fort Kochi during the last ten days of December. Kochi ( Malayalam: കൊച്ചി) formerly known as Cochin is a city in the Indian state of Kerala.

The Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium in Kochi is one of the largest multi-use stadiums in India

Residents of Kochi are known as Kochiites; they are an important part of the South Indian weltanschauung. Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (locally known as Kaloor International Stadium) is an international Stadium in Kochi, Kerala, India. South Indian culture refers to the culture of the South Indian states of Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, and Kerala. However, the city's culture is rapidly evolving, with Kochiites generally becoming more cosmopolitan in their outlook. ^[26] The people are also increasingly fashion-conscious, often deviating from the traditional Kerala wear to western clothing. South Indian culture refers to the culture of the South Indian states of Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, and Kerala. ^[55]

Kochiites generally partake of Keralite cuisine, which is generally characterised by an abundance of coconut and spices. The cuisine of Kerala (കേരളീയ പാചകശൈലി is linked in all its richness to the history, geography, demography The Coconut Palm ( Cocos nucifera) is a member of the Family Arecaceae (palm family Other South Indian cuisines, as well as Chinese and North Indian cuisines are popular. South Indian culture refers to the culture of the South Indian states of Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, and Kerala. Chinese cuisine ( Traditional Chinese: 中國菜 Simplified Chinese: 中国菜 originated from the various regions of China and has become widespread in Fast food culture is also very prominent. Fast food is the term given to food that can be prepared and served very quickly ^[56]

Kochi was home to some of the most influential figures in Malayalam literature, including Changampuzha Krishna Pillai, Kesari Balakrishna Pillai, G. Sankara Kurup, and Vyloppilli Sreedhara Menon. The term Malayalam literature refers to Literature written in Malayalam language Changampuzha Krishna Pillai (1911-1948 was a Writer of Malayalam Poetry. Kesari Balakrishna Pillai (1889 - 1960 was a prominent Malayalam literary critic born in North Paravur. G Sankara Kurup, (born June 3, 1901, Nayathode Kerala, India - February 2, 1978, Trivandrum, Kerala Vyloppilli Sreedhara Menon (1911 - 1985 was a prominent Malayalam Poet. Prominent social reformers such as Sahodaran Ayyappan and Pandit Karuppan also are from Kochi. Sahodaran Ayyappan (b August 21 1889 __ d March 6 1968 was a social reformer thinker journalist and politician of Kerala, India. Pandit Karuppan was a poet dramatist and social reformer who lived in Kerala, India.

The Maharajas of Kochi (then Cochin) were scholars who knew the epics and encouraged the arts. The paintings at the Hill Palace and the Dutch Palace are testimony to their love.

Kochiites are known for their enthusiasm in sports, especially cricket and football. Cricket is a bat-and-ball team Sport that originated in England and is now played in more than 100 countries Association football, more commonly known as football or soccer, is a Team sport played between two teams of eleven players and is widely considered ^[57] The Jawaharlal Nehru International Stadium in Kochi is one of the largest multi-use stadiums in India with International Class Lighting for Day and Night Matches. Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (locally known as Kaloor International Stadium) is an international Stadium in Kochi, Kerala, India. India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country ^[58] The Regional Sports Centre is an important centre of sporting activity in the city. Regional Sports Centre is a multipurpose sports centre in Kochi, Kerala, India.

See also: Culture of Kerala and Cuisine of Kerala

Education

Schools and colleges in the city are either run by the government or by private trusts and individuals. Kerala is a southern most state of India. Kerala can largely trace its non-prehistoric cultural genesis to its membership (around the 3rd century CE in a vaguely-defined The cuisine of Kerala (കേരളീയ പാചകശൈലി is linked in all its richness to the history, geography, demography The schools are each affiliated with either the Indian Certificate of Secondary Education (ICSE), the Central Board for Secondary Education (CBSE), or the Kerala State Education Board. The Indian Certificate of Secondary Education ( ICSE) examination is an examination conducted by the Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations for The Kerala State Education Board is a board of school Education in India, conducted by the Government of the Indian state of Kerala English is the medium of instruction in most private schools; though government run schools offer both English and Malayalam. After completing their secondary education, which involves ten years of schooling, students typically enrol at Higher Secondary School in one of the three streams—Arts, Commerce or Science. The term junior college refers to different educational institutions in different countries The term liberal arts refers to a particular type of educational Curriculum broadly defined as a Classical education. Commerce is a division of trade or production which deals with the exchange of goods and services from producer to final consumer Science (from the Latin scientia, meaning " Knowledge " or "knowing" is the effort to discover, and increase human understanding Upon completing the required coursework, the student can enroll in general or professional degree programmes.

The Cochin University is situated in the city. Cochin University of Science & Technology ( CUSAT) is a Government owned Autonomous University in Kochi ( Cochin) Most of the colleges offering tertiary education are affiliated either with the Mahatma Gandhi University or the Cochin University. Tertiary education, also referred to as third stage third level and' post-secondary education', is the educational level following the completion of a school providing Mahatma Gandhi University, also known as M G University, was established on 2 October, 1983 in Kottayam. Other national educational institutes include the Central Institute of Fisheries Nautical and Engineering Training, the National University of Advanced Legal Studies, the National Institute of Oceanography, the Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute and the Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham. Central Institute of Fisheries Nautical and Engineering Training (or CIFNET is a marine studies centre located at Kochi, India. National University of Advanced Legal Studies (NUALS is a University located at Kochi, India. Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute is a marine research institute located at Kochi, India. Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham or Amrita University is a multi-campus Multi-disciplinary Research university located in India

See also: Education in India

Media

The Shenoys, one of the popular Cineplexs in the city. Structure There are broadly four stages of school education in India namely primary upper primary secondary and higher secondary (or High school)

Major Malayalam newspapers published in Kochi include Malayala Manorama, Mathrubhumi, Deshabhimani, Deepika, Kerala Kaumudi and Veekshanam. A newspaper is a written Publication containing News, information and Advertising, usually printed on low-cost paper called Newsprint. Malayala Manorama (മലയാള മനോരമ is a popular Malayalam daily newspaper in Kerala, India. Mathrubhumi is a prominent Malayalam language newspapers in Kerala state of India. Desabhimani is a Malayalam Newspaper and the organ of the Kerala State Committee of the Communist Party of India (Marxist. Deepika or Dipika may refer to Deepika (newspaper, a Malayalam newspaper Kerala Kaumudi is a popular Malayalam newspaper founded in 1911 by C Popular English newspapers include The Hindu, The New Indian Express and The Pioneer. The Hindu is a single-edition English-language Indian newspaper The New Indian Express is a newspaper with its head office based in Chennai India The Pioneer is a medium-sized English language newspaper in India A number of evening papers are also published from the city. ^[59] Newspapers in other regional languages like Hindi, Kannada, Tamil and Telugu are also available. Kannada (kn [[wiktಕನ್ನಡ ಕನ್ನಡ]] Kannaḍa) is one of the major Dravidian languages of India, spoken predominantly in the state

Being the seat of the Cochin Stock Exchange, a number of financial publications are also published in the city. The Cochin Stock Exchange Limited (CSE is located at Kochi, Kerala in India. These include The Economic Times, Business Line, The Business Standard and The Financial Express. The Economic Times, launched in 1961 is India's largest financial daily and the world's second largest financial daily after The Wall Street Journal, Business Line or The Hindu Business Line is an Indian business Newspaper published by Kasturi and Sons the publishers of the newspaper The Business Standard is an English financial newspaper published from various cities in India. The Financial Express is a daily newspaper published by the Indian Express group since 1961 Prominent magazines and religious publications like the Sathyadeepam, The Week and Vanitha are also published from the city. Sathyadeepam is a Malayalam Catholic weekly published from Kochi in Kerala. The Week is an English language Indian weekly Newsmagazine published by the The Manorama group which also publishes the newspaper Malayala Manorama. Vanitha is an Indian biweekly magazine published by the Malayala Manorama group Television stations in Kochi include Asianet Cable Vision, Indiavision, Kairali TV, Jeevan TV, Amrita TV, and Manorama News. Asianet Cable Vision (ACV was early a sister concern of Asianet TV which provided services on Cable TV, Broadband internet connections Indiavision is an Indian news channel in Malayalam based at Kochi Kairali TV is a Malayalam television channel based in Trivandrum, Kerala. Jeevan TV is a 24 hour Malayalam television channel with its headquarters at Palarivattom, Kochi, India. Amrita TV, launched in 2005 as a 24-hour Malayalam general entertainment & news satellite channel with a global footprint has been honoured with 26 State Awards for Excellence in MM TV or Manorama News is a 24-hour Malayalam news channel owned and operated by the Malayala Manorama news house Satellite television services are available through Doordarshan Direct Plus, Dish TV and Tata Sky. Satellite television is Television delivered by the means of Communications satellites as compared to conventional Terrestrial television and Cable Doordarshan (दूरदर्शन literally Tele-Vision) is the public television broadcaster of India and a division of Prasar Bharati, a public Not to be confused with the American service Dish Network. Dish TV is India’s first direct to home entertainment service Tata Sky is a DTH satellite television provider in India,using MPEG-2 digital compression technology transmitting using INSAT 4A at 83 There are five FM radio stations in Kochi, of which two are operated by the All India Radio. All India Radio (abbreviated as AIR) officially known as Akashvani ( Devanagari: आकाशवाणी ākāshavānī ( Urdu: اکاشوانی ^[60] Private satellite radios such as WorldSpace, are also available. There are over ten cinema halls that screen movies in Malayalam, Tamil, English and Hindi. Cinemaaustraliajpg|thumb|A movie theater in Australia ]]A movie theater, movie theatre, picture theatre or cinema is a venue A film festival, known as the Cochin International Film Festival (CIFF), is held in the city every year. The Cochin International Film Festival was conducted in 2004 and 2005 in Kochi

Kochi has the highest density of telephones in India. ^[61] Telephony services are provided by various players like Airtel, Idea cellular, Vodafone, Reliance Infocomm, Tata Indicom and the state owned BSNL. In Telecommunication, telephony (təˈlɛfəni or teh-LEH-fuh-nee encompasses the general use of equipment to provide voice communication over distances specifically Bharti Airtel, formerly known as Bharti Tele-Ventures Limited (BTVL is India 's largest cellular service provider with more than 75 million subscribers as of August Idea Cellular is a wireless Telephony company operating in various states in India. Vodafone Essar, previously Hutchison Essar is a cellular operator in India that covers 16 telecom circles in India. Reliance Communications (formerly Reliance Infocomm) along with Reliance Telecom and Flag Telecom, is part of Reliance Communications Ventures (RCoVL Introduction Tata Teleservices Limited (TTSL is a part of the Tata Group of companies an Indian conglomerate

See also

Notes

The temple adjoining the Mattancherry Palace

The Jain temple at Mattancherry

St. A Hindu temple or Mandir ( Sanskrit: मंदिर is a house of worship for Hindus followers of Hinduism. The Mattancherry Palace, also known as the Dutch Palace, in Mattancherry, Kochi, in the Indian state of Kerala features Jainism, traditionally known as Jain Dharma / Shraman Dharma (जैन धर्म is an ancient religion of India. Mattancherry is the western part of Kochi corporation in Ernakulam district of Kerala, south India. Francis Asissi Cathedral in Kochi

1. ^ Census India - Kerala, p.11. Archived from the original on 2007-06-30. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 350 - Roman usurper Nepotianus, of the Constantinian dynasty, is defeated and killed by troops of the Usurper
2. ^ United Nations World Urbanization Prospects
3. ^ ^{a b} Etymology of Kochi. Etymology of Kochi. Corporation of Kochi. Retrieved on 2006-05-23. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1430 - Siege of Compiègne: Joan of Arc is captured by the Burgundians while leading an army to relieve Compiègne
4. ^ Etymology of Kochi. Culture of Kochi. Corporation of Kochi. Retrieved on 2006-05-23. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1430 - Siege of Compiègne: Joan of Arc is captured by the Burgundians while leading an army to relieve Compiègne
5. ^ History of Ernakulam. Ernakulam Portal. National Informatics Centre. Retrieved on 2006-05-23. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1430 - Siege of Compiègne: Joan of Arc is captured by the Burgundians while leading an army to relieve Compiègne
6. ^ Emergence of Kochi harbour. History of Kochi. Centre For Heritage Studies, India. Retrieved on 2006-05-23. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1430 - Siege of Compiègne: Joan of Arc is captured by the Burgundians while leading an army to relieve Compiègne
7. ^ Ma Huan: Ying Yai Sheng Lan — translated by J. Ma Huan (Chinese 马欢) courtesy name Chung-dao 宗道, pen name Mountain-woodcutter, born in Hui Ji county of Zhejiang province V. G. Mills (1970). The Overall Survey of the Ocean's Shores. Hakluyt Society, White Lotus Press. The Hakluyt Society is a Registered charity based in London England, dedicated to the advancement of the understanding of world history ISBN 974-8496-78-3.  
8. ^ Accounts of Nicolo de' Conti (ca.1395–1469). Niccolo di Conti. win. tue. nl. Retrieved on 2006-05-23. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1430 - Siege of Compiègne: Joan of Arc is captured by the Burgundians while leading an army to relieve Compiègne
9. ^ Prehistory and Archaeology of Cochin. Corporation of Cochin. Retrieved on 2006-05-23. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1430 - Siege of Compiègne: Joan of Arc is captured by the Burgundians while leading an army to relieve Compiègne
10. ^ Death of Vasco Da Gama in Kochi. MSN Encarta Encyclopedia. Microsoft. Retrieved on 2006-05-23. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1430 - Siege of Compiègne: Joan of Arc is captured by the Burgundians while leading an army to relieve Compiègne
11. ^ KP Padmanabha Menon. (1914). Kochi Rajyacharithram.  
12. ^ Cochin Harbour and Willingdon Island. Official website of Ernakulam District. Government of Kerala. Retrieved on 2006-08-21. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1192 - Minamoto Yoritomo becomes Seii Tai Shōgun and the De facto ruler of Japan.
13. ^ The Cochin Saga. Robert Charles Bristow employed to develop Kochi port. Corporation of Kochi. Retrieved on 2006-05-23. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1430 - Siege of Compiègne: Joan of Arc is captured by the Burgundians while leading an army to relieve Compiègne
14. ^ History and culture of Kochi. Corporation of Kochi. Retrieved on 2006-05-23. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1430 - Siege of Compiègne: Joan of Arc is captured by the Burgundians while leading an army to relieve Compiègne
15. ^ Plunkett, R, Cannon, T, Davis, P, Greenway, P & Harding (2001). Lonely Planet South India, Lonely Planet. ISBN 1-86450-161-8.  
16. ^ ^{a b} Statistical data. Govt. Of Kerala. Retrieved on 2006-08-22. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 392 - Arbogast has Eugenius elected Western Roman Emperor.
17. ^ Geography of Kochi. Corporation of Kochi. Retrieved on 2006-05-23. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1430 - Siege of Compiègne: Joan of Arc is captured by the Burgundians while leading an army to relieve Compiègne
18. ^ Geology of Kochi. Corporation of Kochi. Retrieved on 2006-08-22. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 392 - Arbogast has Eugenius elected Western Roman Emperor.
19. ^ Historical weather for Kochi. weatherbase. Retrieved on 2006-05-23. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1430 - Siege of Compiègne: Joan of Arc is captured by the Burgundians while leading an army to relieve Compiègne
20. ^ Weatherbase: Historical Weather for Cochin, India
21. ^ Administrative set up. Corporation of Kochi. Retrieved on 2006-08-22. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 392 - Arbogast has Eugenius elected Western Roman Emperor.
22. ^ "Private firm allowed to draw Periyar water", The Hindu, 9 September 2003. Events 1000 - Battle of Svolder, Viking Age. 1379 - Treaty of Neuberg, splitting the Austrian Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. Retrieved on 2006-08-22. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 392 - Arbogast has Eugenius elected Western Roman Emperor.  
23. ^ Organisational chart. Kochi City Police. Retrieved on 2006-08-22. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 392 - Arbogast has Eugenius elected Western Roman Emperor.
24. ^ "Kerala's economic setbacks — Is globalisation responsible?", The Hindu, 2002-07-12. See also 2002 (disambiguation Year 2002 ( MMII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1191 - Saladin 's garrison surrenders ending the two-year Siege of Acre. Retrieved on 2006-01-06. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1066 - Harold Godwinson is crowned King of England. 1205 - Philip of Swabia becomes King  
25. ^ George Joseph. "Check out how Kochi is shining!", Rediff. com, 2005-06-10. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1190 - Third Crusade: Frederick I Barbarossa drowns in the Sally River while leading an army to Jerusalem Retrieved on 2006-01-06. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1066 - Harold Godwinson is crowned King of England. 1205 - Philip of Swabia becomes King  
26. ^ ^{a b} Rakee Mohan. "Developing metro and quaint environs", Economic Times, 2006-04-08. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 217 - Roman Emperor Caracalla is Assassinated (and succeeded by his Praetorian Retrieved on 2006-05-23. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1430 - Siege of Compiègne: Joan of Arc is captured by the Burgundians while leading an army to relieve Compiègne  
27. ^ Services sector fuels 9.2 pc growth in Kerala. Blonnet. Retrieved on 2006-05-23. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1430 - Siege of Compiègne: Joan of Arc is captured by the Burgundians while leading an army to relieve Compiègne
28. ^ "Retail booooom", New Indian Express, 2006-05-09. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1457 BC - Battle of Megiddo (15th century BC between Thutmose III and a large Canaanite coalition under the King of Retrieved on 2006-05-23. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1430 - Siege of Compiègne: Joan of Arc is captured by the Burgundians while leading an army to relieve Compiègne  
29. ^ Director, Kerala Tourism. "Kerala, Gods Own Country - Where Business Blooms", cbcglobelink. org. Retrieved on 2006-02-07. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 457 - Leo I becomes emperor of the Byzantine Empire. 1074 - Battle of Montesarchio in which the Prince Archived from the original on 2006-07-23. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1632 - Three hundred colonists bound for New France depart from Dieppe France.  
30. ^ "Kochi set to scale greater heights in investment", The Hindu, 2005-12-30. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1460 - Wars of the Roses: Battle of Wakefield. 1816 - The Treaty of St Retrieved on 2006-06-01. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 193 - Roman Emperor Didius Julianus is Assassinated 987 - Hugh Capet is elected  
31. ^ "Kerala Cabinet clears Smartcity pact", The Hindu, 2007-04-25. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1607 - Eighty Years' War: The Dutch fleet destroys the anchored Spanish fleet at Gibraltar. Retrieved on 2007-05-03. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1491 - Kongo monarch Nkuwu Nzinga is baptised by Portuguese missionaries adopting the baptismal name of João  
32. ^ Press Trust of India. "Sobha to build Rs 5,000cr tech city in Kerala", Business Standard, 2007-08-20. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 636 - Battle of Yarmouk: Arab forces led by Khalid ibn al-Walid take control of Syria and Palestine Retrieved on 2007-08-29. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 708 - Copper coins are minted in Japan for the first time (Traditional Japanese date: August 10, 708)  
33. ^ Southern Naval Command. Bharat Rakshak. Retrieved on 2006-08-29. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 708 - Copper coins are minted in Japan for the first time (Traditional Japanese date: August 10, 708)
34. ^ In terms of deadweight tonnage of ships built
35. ^ List of ship building centres in India. Deadweight tonnage (also known as deadweight and variously abbreviated as DWT, D Shipping Ministry of India. Archived from the original on 2005-09-15. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 668 - Eastern Roman Emperor Constans II is assassinated in his bath at Syracuse Italy. Retrieved on 2006-05-23. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1430 - Siege of Compiègne: Joan of Arc is captured by the Burgundians while leading an army to relieve Compiègne
36. ^ "CPT hands over land for marina", The Hindu, 2005-08-26. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1071 - Battle of Manzikert: The Seljuk Turks defeat the Byzantine Army at Manzikert. Retrieved on 2006-05-23. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1430 - Siege of Compiègne: Joan of Arc is captured by the Burgundians while leading an army to relieve Compiègne  
37. ^ "The first cruise terminal in the country to come up in Kochi", The Hindu, 2007-06-30. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 350 - Roman usurper Nepotianus, of the Constantinian dynasty, is defeated and killed by troops of the Usurper Retrieved on 2007-08-29. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 708 - Copper coins are minted in Japan for the first time (Traditional Japanese date: August 10, 708)  
38. ^ "Kochi terminal handed over to Dubai Ports International", The Hindu, 2005-04-02. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 68 - Galba, Governor of Hispania, names himself legatus senatus populique Romani, breaking the line of Retrieved on 2006-05-23. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1430 - Siege of Compiègne: Joan of Arc is captured by the Burgundians while leading an army to relieve Compiègne  
39. ^ "Kochi Metro Rail", The New Indian Express, 2006-05-09. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1457 BC - Battle of Megiddo (15th century BC between Thutmose III and a large Canaanite coalition under the King of Retrieved on 2006-05-23. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1430 - Siege of Compiègne: Joan of Arc is captured by the Burgundians while leading an army to relieve Compiègne  
40. ^ Trade with India — major ports in India. National Informatics Centre. Archived from the original on 2006-12-15. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 533 - Byzantine general Belisarius defeats the Vandals, commanded by King Gelimer, at the Battle of Retrieved on 2006-05-23. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1430 - Siege of Compiègne: Joan of Arc is captured by the Burgundians while leading an army to relieve Compiègne
41. ^ A novel venture in the history of Indian Aviation. Cochin International Airport. Retrieved on 2006-05-23. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1430 - Siege of Compiègne: Joan of Arc is captured by the Burgundians while leading an army to relieve Compiègne
42. ^ ^{a b} Census GIS India. Census India - Whizmap. Census of India. Retrieved on 2006-05-23. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1430 - Siege of Compiègne: Joan of Arc is captured by the Burgundians while leading an army to relieve Compiègne
43. ^ Religious data. Census India - Household Whizmap. Census of India. Retrieved on 2006-05-23. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1430 - Siege of Compiègne: Joan of Arc is captured by the Burgundians while leading an army to relieve Compiègne
44. ^ "Best cities to live, invest and earn in", Rediff. com, 2007-11-26. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 43 BC - The Second Triumvirate alliance of Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus ("Octavian" later "Caesar Augustus" Retrieved on 2008-01-22. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 565 - Eutychius is deposed as Patriarch of Constantinople by John Scholasticus.  
45. ^ K. C. Zachariah and S. Irudaya Rajan (2005). Unemployment in Ernakulam (PDF Format), K. C. Zachariah and S. Irudaya Rajan. Retrieved on 2006-05-23. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1430 - Siege of Compiègne: Joan of Arc is captured by the Burgundians while leading an army to relieve Compiègne  
46. ^ "Acute drinking water shortage in Kochi", The Hindu, 2007-03-09. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 590 - Bahram Chobin is crowned as king Barham VI of Persia. Retrieved on 2008-04-27. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1124 - David I becomes King of Scotland. 1296 - Battle of Dunbar: The Scots are defeated  
47. ^ "Water pollution in Kochi", The Hindu, 2004-05-16. "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " Events 1204 - Baldwin IX Count of Flanders is crowned as the first Emperor of the Latin Empire. Retrieved on 2006-05-23. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1430 - Siege of Compiègne: Joan of Arc is captured by the Burgundians while leading an army to relieve Compiègne  
48. ^ "Housing a dream", The Hindu, 2003-05-19. Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1535 - French explorer Jacques Cartier sets sail on his second voyage to North America with three ships 110 men and Retrieved on 2006-05-23. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1430 - Siege of Compiègne: Joan of Arc is captured by the Burgundians while leading an army to relieve Compiègne  
49. ^ City Development Plan - Kochi. Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission. Retrieved on 2008-03-20. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1600 - The Linköping Bloodbath takes place on Maundy Thursday in Linköping, Sweden.
50. ^ "All is not well in God's Own Country - Alarming suicide rates", The Hindu, 2003-11-10. Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1444 - Battle of Varna: The crusading forces of King Vladislaus III of Varna (aka Ulaszlo I of Hungary and Wladyslaw Retrieved on 2006-05-23. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1430 - Siege of Compiègne: Joan of Arc is captured by the Burgundians while leading an army to relieve Compiègne  
51. ^ National Crime Records Bureau (2004). "Crimes in Mega Cities", Crime in India-2004 (PDF Format), Ministry of Home Affairs. Retrieved on 2006-05-23. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1430 - Siege of Compiègne: Joan of Arc is captured by the Burgundians while leading an army to relieve Compiègne  
52. ^ The best cities. Cover Story: The best cities in India. The Week. Archived from the original on 2006-08-18. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 293 BC - The oldest known Roman temple to Venus is founded starting the institution of Vinalia Rustica. Retrieved on 2006-06-01. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 193 - Roman Emperor Didius Julianus is Assassinated 987 - Hugh Capet is elected
53. ^ T S Sudhir. "Kochi's 'mini-India'", NDTV, 2006-04-29. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1429 - Joan of Arc arrives to relieve the Siege of Orleans. Retrieved on 2006-05-23. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1430 - Siege of Compiègne: Joan of Arc is captured by the Burgundians while leading an army to relieve Compiègne  
54. ^ The Jews, Israel, and India. An Interview with Nathan Katz. Jerusalem Centre for public affairs. Retrieved on 2006-05-17. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1521 - Edward Stafford 3rd Duke of Buckingham, is executed for Treason.
55. ^ "Retail booooom", New Indian Express, 2006-05-09. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1457 BC - Battle of Megiddo (15th century BC between Thutmose III and a large Canaanite coalition under the King of Retrieved on 2006-05-23. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1430 - Siege of Compiègne: Joan of Arc is captured by the Burgundians while leading an army to relieve Compiègne  
56. ^ "Fast food overtakes the spice route", The Hindu, 2005-11-28. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. For the town in Argentina, see 28 de Noviembre. Events Retrieved on 2006-05-23. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1430 - Siege of Compiègne: Joan of Arc is captured by the Burgundians while leading an army to relieve Compiègne  
57. ^ Football and Cricket - the Most Popular Games. Sports and Games in Kerala. Information and Public relations office of Kerala. Retrieved on 2006-06-12. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1381 - Peasants' Revolt: in England, rebels arrive at Blackheath.
58. ^ Stadiums in India. List of stadiums in India in order of seating capacity. worldstadiums. com. Retrieved on 2006-05-23. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1430 - Siege of Compiègne: Joan of Arc is captured by the Burgundians while leading an army to relieve Compiègne
59. ^ "Keeping Kochi updated", The Hindu, 2003-09-15. Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 668 - Eastern Roman Emperor Constans II is assassinated in his bath at Syracuse Italy. Retrieved on 2006-06-02. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 455 - The Vandals enter Rome, and plunder the city for two weeks  
60. ^ FM Rainbow. FM in Kochi. The Hindu. Retrieved on 2006-06-27. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1358 - Republic of Dubrovnik is founded 1709 - Peter the Great defeats Charles XII of Sweden
61. ^ InfoPark Kochi. Advantage Kochi. InfoPark. Archived from the original on 2007-02-26. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 747 BC - Epoch (origin of Ptolemy 's Nabonassar Era 364 - Valentinian I is proclaimed Retrieved on 2006-06-02. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 455 - The Vandals enter Rome, and plunder the city for two weeks

References

External links

This article contains Indic text. The Brahmic family is a family of syllabaries (writing systems used in South Asia, Southeast Asia, and parts of Central Asia and East Asia, Without rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes or other symbols instead of Indic characters; or irregular vowel positioning and a lack of conjuncts. Mojibake is the happenstance of incorrect unreadable characters (garbage characters shown when Computer software fails to render a text correctly according to its associated

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• Government of Kerala - Ernakulam Portal
• Government of India Ernakulam Portal