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Kiowa
Spoken in: USA 
Region: southwestern Oklahoma
Total speakers: 300 (1999)
Language family: Kiowa-Tanoan
 Kiowa
Language codes
ISO 639-1: none
ISO 639-2: –
ISO 639-3: kio
Note: This page may contain IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Oklahoma ( is a state located in the South Central region of the United States of America. List of language familiesA language family is a group of Languages related by descent from a common ancestor called the Proto-language of that family Kiowa-Tanoan (also Tanoan-Kiowa) is a family of languages spoken in New Mexico, Kansas, Oklahoma, and Texas. ISO 639-1 is the first part of the ISO 639 international-standard language-code family ISO 639-2 is the second part of the ISO 639 standard, which lists codes for the representation of the names of languages ISO 639 -3 (ISO 639-32007 is an international standard for Language codes The standard describes three‐letter codes for identifying languages In Computing, Unicode is an Industry standard allowing Computers to consistently represent and manipulate text expressed in most of the world's
Pre-contact distribution of the Kiowa language
Pre-contact distribution of the Kiowa language

Kiowa is a Kiowa-Tanoan language spoken by the Kiowa Tribe in southwestern Oklahoma in primarily Caddo, Kiowa, and Comanche counties. Kiowa-Tanoan (also Tanoan-Kiowa) is a family of languages spoken in New Mexico, Kansas, Oklahoma, and Texas. The Kiowa (ˈkaɪoʊwə are a nation of American Indians who migrated from what is now Canada to their present location in Southwestern Oklahoma. Oklahoma ( is a state located in the South Central region of the United States of America. Caddo County is a County located in the US state of Oklahoma. Kiowa County is a County located in the US state of Oklahoma. Comanche County is a County located in the US state of Oklahoma. The Kiowa tribal center is located in Carnegie. Carnegie is a town in Caddo County, Oklahoma, United States. The population was 1637 at the 2000 census. Like most North American languages, Kiowa is an endangered language. An endangered language is a Language that it is at risk of falling out of use generally because it has few surviving speakers

Contents

Demographics


Laurel Watkins noted in 1984 based on Parker McKenzie's estimates that only about 400 people (mostly over the age of 50) could speak Kiowa and that only rarely were children learning language. A more recent figure from McKenzie is 300 adult speakers of "varying degrees of fluency" reported by Mithun (1999) out of a 12,242 Kiowa tribal membership (US Census 2000).

History


Genealogical relations


Sounds

Main article: Kiowa phonology

The 23 consonants of Kiowa:

Bilabial Dental Alveolar Palatal Velar Glottal
Plosive and
affricate		 voiced b d ɡ
voiceless p t ts k ʔ
aspirated pʰ tʰ kʰ
ejective p’ t’ ts’ k’
Fricative voiceless s h
voiced z
Nasal m n
Approximant (w) l j

The 24 Kiowa vowels:

Monophthongs
  Front Back
short long short long
Close oral i iː u uː
nasal ĩ ĩː ũ ũː
Mid oral e eː o oː
nasal ẽ ẽː õ õː
Open oral a aː ɔ ɔː
nasal ã ãː ɔ̃ ɔ̃ː
Diphthongs
   Front   Back 
 High    uj
 Mid    oj
 Low  aj ɔj

Kiowa has phonemic oral, nasal, short, and long vowels. See also Kiowa language The most thorough treatment of the Kiowa sound system is by Laurel Watkins in a generative framework In Phonetics, a bilabial consonant is a Consonant articulated with both Lips The bilabial consonants identified by the International Phonetic Alphabet In Linguistics, a dental consonant or dental is a Consonant that is articulated with the tongue against the upper teeth such as /t/ /d/ /n/ and Alveolar consonants are articulated with the tongue against or close to the superior Alveolar ridge, which is called that because it contains the alveoli (the sockets Palatal consonants are Consonants articulated with the body of the tongue raised against the Hard palate (the middle part of the roof of the mouth Glottal consonants are Consonants articulated with the Glottis. A stop, plosive, or occlusive is a Consonant sound produced by stopping the airflow in the Vocal tract. Affricate Consonants begin as stops (most often an alveolar, such as or) but release as a fricative (such as or or occasionally into In Phonetics, ejective consonants are Voiceless Consonants that are pronounced with simultaneous closure of the Glottis. Fricatives are Consonants produced by forcing air through a narrow channel made by placing two articulators close together A nasal consonant (also called nasal stop or nasal continuant) is produced with a lowered velum in the mouth allowing air to escape freely through the Approximants are speech sounds ( Phonemes) that could be regarded as intermediate between Vowels and typical Consonants In the articulation of approximants A front vowel is a type of Vowel sound used in some spoken Languages The defining characteristic of a front vowel is that the tongue is positioned as far forward A back vowel is a type of Vowel sound used in some spoken Languages The defining characteristic of a back vowel is that the tongue is positioned as far back as A close vowel is a type of Vowel sound used in many spoken Languages The defining characteristic of a close vowel is that the tongue is positioned as close as A mid vowel is a Vowel sound used in some spoken Languages The defining characteristic of a mid vowel is that the tongue is positioned mid-way between an An open vowel is a Vowel sound of a type used in most spoken Languages The defining characteristic of an open vowel is that the tongue is positioned as far as The phoneME project is Sun Microsystems reference implementation of Java virtual machine and associated libraries of Java ME with source licensed under the GNU A nasal vowel is a Vowel that is produced with a lowering of the velum so that air escapes both through Nose as well as the Mouth. A nasal vowel is a Vowel that is produced with a lowering of the velum so that air escapes both through Nose as well as the Mouth. Kiowa also has four diphthongs of the form vowel + /j/. In Phonetics, a diphthong (also gliding vowel) (from Greek grc δίφθογγος "diphthongos" literally "with two sounds" or "with

Orthography

Kiowa orthography was developed by native speaker Parker McKenzie had worked with J. P. Harrington and later with other linguists. The development of the orthography is detailed in Meadows & McKenzie (2001). The tables below show each orthographic symbol used in the Kiowa writing system and its corresponding phonetic value (written IPA). A writing system is a type of Symbolic system used to represent elements or statements expressible in Language.

Vowels
Orthography Pronunciation   Orthography Pronunciation
a a u u
au ɔ ai aj
e e aui ɔj
i i oi oj
o o ui uj

The mid-back vowel /ɔ/ is indicated by a digraph vowel au. The four diphthongs indicate the offglide /j/ with the symbol i following the main vowel. Nasal vowels are indicated by underlining the vowel symbol: nasal o is, thus, o. Long vowels are indicated with macron diacritics: long o is, thus, ō. A macron, from Greek el μακρόv ( makrón) meaning "long" is a Diacritic ¯ placed over or under a Vowel which was originally Short vowels are unmarked. Tone is indicated with diacritics. The acute accent ´ represents high tone, the grave accent ` indicates low tone, and the circumflex ˆ indicates falling tone — these are exemplied on the vowel o as ó (high), ò (low), ô (falling). History An early precursor of the acute accent was the apex, used in Latin inscriptions to mark long vowels. Pitch The grave accent was first used in the polytonic orthography of Ancient Greek, where it occurred only on the last syllable of a word in cases where the Pitch The circumflex accent was first used in the polytonic orthography of Ancient Greek, where it occurred (subject to certain rules on the accented syllable Since long vowels also have tones, the vowel symbols can have both a macron and a tone diacritic above the macron: ṓ (long high), ṑ (long low), ō̂ (long falling).

Consonants
Orthography Pronunciation   Orthography Pronunciation
b b ch ts
f p x ts’
p pʰ s s
v p’ z z
d d l l
j t y j
t tʰ w
th t’ h h
g ɡ m m
c k n n
k kʰ
q k’

The palatal glide [j] that is pronounced before velar consonants g, c, k, q (which are phonetically /ɡ, k, kʰ, k’/, respectively) is never written (as it is predictable). [1] There are, however, a few exceptions where g is not followed by a [j] glide, in which case an apostrophe ’ is written after the g as g’. Thus, there is, for example, ga which is pronounced [gja] and g’a which is pronounced [ga]. The glottal stop /ʔ/ is also never written as it is often deleted and its presence is predictable. This article is about the sound in spoken language For the letter see Glottal stop (letter. A final convention is that pronominal prefixes are always written as separate words instead of being attached to verbs.

Like sub-continent Indian scripts (e. g. Devanagari), the Kiowa alphabet is ordered according to mostly phonetic principles. The Kiowa alpha order is the following (from first to last): a, au, e, i, o, u, ai, aui, oi, ui, b, f, p, v, g, c, k, q, d, j, t, th, ch, x, s, z, l, w, y, h, m, n.

Grammar


Nouns

Number inflection

Kiowa, like other Kiowa-Tanoan languages, is characterized by an inverse number system. In linguistics grammatical number is a Grammatical category of nouns pronouns and adjective and verb agreement that expresses count distinctions (such as "one" Kiowa has four noun classes. Class I nouns are inherently singular/dual, Class II nouns are inherently dual/plural, Class III nouns are inherently dual, and Class IV nouns are mass or noncount nouns. If the number of a noun is different from its class' inherent value, the noun takes the suffix -gau (or a variant).

class singular dual plural
I – – -gau
II -gau – –
III -gau – -gau
IV (n/a) (n/a) (n/a)

Mithun (1999:445) gives as an example chē̂ "horse/two horses" (Class I) made plural with the addition of -gau: chē̂gau "horses". On the other hand, the Class II noun tṓsè "bones/two bones" is made singular by suffixing -gau: tṓsègau "bone. "

Verbs

Kiowa verbs consist of verb stems that can be preceded by prefixes, followed by suffixes, and incorporate other lexical stems into the verb complex. Incorporation is a phenomenon by which a word usually a Verb, forms a kind of compound with for instance its Direct object or Adverbial modifier Kiowa verb have a complex active-stative pronominal system expressed via prefixes. An active-stative language, or active language for short is one in which the sole argument of an Intransitive verb is sometimes marked in the same way In Linguistics and Grammar, a pronoun is a Pro-form that substitutes for a (including a noun phrase consisting of a single Noun) with or These prefixes can be followed by incorporated nouns, verbs, or adverbs. Following the main verb stem are suffixes that indicate tense/aspect and mode. A final group of suffixes that pertain to clausal relations can follow the tense-aspect-modal suffixes. These syntactic suffixes include relativizers, subordinating conjunctions, and switch-reference indicators. Relative clause, how much should be moved here from Relative clause, etc?-->In In Linguistics, switch-reference (SR describes any clause-level Morpheme that signals whether certain prominent arguments in 'adjacent' Clauses co-refer A skeletal representation of the Kiowa verb structure can be represented as the following:

pronominal
prefix		 - incorporated elements
(adverb + noun + verb)		 - VERB STEM - tense/aspect-modal
suffixes		 - syntactic
suffixes

The pronominal prefixes and tense/aspect-modal suffixes are inflectional and required to be present on every verb. In Grammar, inflection or inflexion is the way language handles grammatical relations and relational categories such as tense, mood, voice

Pronominal inflection

Kiowa verb stems are inflected with prefixes that indicate:

  1. grammatical person
  2. grammatical number
  3. semantic roles of animate participants

All these of the categories are indicated for only the primary animate participant. Grammatical person, in Linguistics, is deictic reference to a participant in an event such as the speaker the Addressee, or others In Linguistics, thematic relations express the meaning that a Noun phrase plays with respect to the action or state described by a sentence's verb is the retailing arm of MOVIC and is the largest retailer of Anime, games, and Manga in Japan If there is, in addition to the primary participant, a second participant (such as in transitive sentences), then the number of the second participant is also indicated. A participant is primary in the following cases:

The term non-agent here refers to semantic roles including involitional agents, patients, beneficiaries, recipients, experiencers, and possessors. In Linguistics, a grammatical patient is the participant of a situation upon whom an action is carried out

Intransitive verbs
Number
Person Singular Dual Plural
1st à- è-
2nd èm- mà- bà-
3rd – è- á-
Inverse è-
Agent transitive verbs
Volitional Agent Primary Person-Number
Non-agent
Number		 1st-Sg. 2nd-Sg. 2nd-Dual 2nd-Pl. 3rd-Sg. 3rd-Dual 1st-Sg. /Dual
3rd-Pl. 		3rd-Inverse
Sg. gà- à-  má-`- bá-`- – é-`- á-`-  é-`-
Dual nèn- mèn- mén-  bèj-  è-  én-  èj-   èj- 
Pl. gàj- bàj- mán-`- báj-`- gà- én-`- gá-`- éj-`-
Inverse dé- bé-  mén-`- béj-  é-  én-  è-   éj- 


Tense-aspect


Switch-reference


Notes

  1. ^ This glide is written in Harrington's vocabulary.

See also

Bibliography

External links

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