| Kiowa |
|---|
 |
| Two-hatchet |
| Total population |
|
12,000[1] |
| Regions with significant populations |
| United States (Oklahoma) |
| Languages |
| English, Kiowa |
| Religions |
| Traditional |
| Related ethnic groups |
| other Tanoan peoples |
The Kiowa (pronounced /ˈkaɪəˌweɪ/) are a nation of Native Americans who lived mostly in north Texas, Oklahoma and eastern New Mexico at the time of the arrival of Europeans. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Oklahoma ( is a state located in the South Central region of the United States of America. English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States Kiowa is a Kiowa-Tanoan language spoken by the Kiowa Tribe in southwestern Oklahoma in primarily Caddo, Kiowa, and Kiowa-Tanoan (also Tanoan-Kiowa) is a family of languages spoken in New Mexico, Kansas, Oklahoma, and Texas. Native Americans in the United States are the indigenous peoples from the regions of North America now encompassed by the continental United States Texas ( is a state geographically located in the South Central United States and is also known as the Lone Star State. Oklahoma ( is a state located in the South Central region of the United States of America. New Mexico ( is a state located in the southwestern region of the United States of America. Today the Kiowa Tribe is federally recognized, with about 12,000 members living in southwestern Oklahoma. Federally recognized tribes are those Indian tribes recognized by the United States Bureau of Indian Affairs for certain federal government Kiowa means "principal people" in the tribal language.
Contents |
History
In the early spring of 1790, at the place that would become Las Vegas, New Mexico, a Kiowa party lead by war leader Guikate made an offer of peace to a Comanche party while both were visiting the home of a friend of both tribes. Las Vegas is a city in San Miguel County, New Mexico, United States. This led to a later meeting between Guikate and the head chief of the Nokoni Comanches. The two groups made an alliance to share the same hunting grounds and entered into a mutual defense pact. From that time on, the Comanches and Kiowa hunted, traveled, and made war together. An additional group, the Plains Apache (also called Kiowa-Apache), affiliated with the Kiowa at this time. The Plains Apache (also Kiowa-Apache, Naʼisha, Naisha) are a Southern Athabaskan group that lived primarily on the plains of North America
The Kiowa lived a typical Plains Indian lifestyle. The Plains Indians are the Indigenous peoples who live on the plains and rolling hills of the Great Plains of North America. Mostly nomadic, they survived on buffalo meat and gathered vegetables, lived in lodges, and depended on their horses for hunting and military uses. Nomadic people, (from the νομάδες nomádes, "those who let pasture herds" also known as nomads, are communities of people that The American bison ( Bison bison) is a Bovine Mammal, also commonly known as the American buffalo. The horse ( Equus caballus) is a hoofed ( Ungulate) Mammal, one of eight living species of the family Equidae. From their hunting grounds south of the Arkansas River the Kiowa were notorious for long-distance raids as far west as the Grand Canyon region, south into Mexico and Central America, and north into Canada. The Grand Canyon The United Mexican States ( or commonly Mexico (ˈmɛksɪkoʊ () is a federal constitutional Republic in North America. Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page
Famous Kiowa leaders were Dohäsan (Tauhawsin), Over-Hanging Butte, alias Little Mountain, alias Little Bluff; Guipahgah (Old Chief Lonewolf), alias Guibayhawgu (Rescued From Wolves); sub-leaders Satanta and Satank. Dohäsan (born c late 1780s to early 1790s &ndash died 1866 was a prominent Native American. Satank ( Set-ankeah, translated as Sitting Bear) was a prestigious Kiowa warrior and medicine man In 1871 Satanta and Big Tree were accused, arrested, transported and confined at Fort Richardson, Texas, after being convicted by a "cowboy jury" in the Trial of Satanta and Big Tree in Jacksboro, Texas, for participating in the Warren Wagon Train Raid. Fort Richardson was an United States Army installation located one mile south of Jacksboro Texas. The Trial of Satanta and Big Tree occurred in July 1871 in the town of Jacksboro in Jack County Texas, Texas, United States. Jacksboro is a city in Jack County, Texas, United States. The population was 4533 at the 2000 census The Warren Wagon Train Raid occurred on May 18 1871 Henry Warren was contracted to haul supplies to forts in the west of Texas including Fort Richardson, Fort During the transport to Fort Richardson, Satank was shot in an escape attempt by accompanying cavalry troops near Fort Sill, Indian Territory. Fort Sill is a United States Army post near Lawton, Oklahoma, about 85 miles southwest of Oklahoma City. The Indian Territory, also known as The Indian Country, The Indian territory or the Indian territories, was land set aside within the United States
Indian Wars
After 1840 the Kiowas, with their former enemies the Cheyennes, as well as their allies the Comanches and the Apaches, fought and raided the Eastern natives moving into the Indian Territory. The United States military intervened, and in the Treaty of Medicine Lodge of 1867 the Kiowa agreed to settle on a reservation in southwestern Oklahoma. The Medicine Lodge Treaty was a set of three treaties signed between the United States of America and the Kiowa, Comanche, Plains Apache Some bands of Kiowas remained at large until 1875. The Battle of Palo Duro Canyon was a significant US victory that brought about the end of the Red River War.
On August 6, 1901 Kiowa land in Oklahoma was opened for white settlement, effectively dissolving the contiguous reservation. Events 1538 - Bogotá, Colombia, is founded by Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada. Year 1901 ( MCMI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting While each Kiowa head of household was allotted 160 acres (320,000 m²), the only land remaining in Kiowa tribal ownership today is what was the scattered parcels of 'grass land' which had been leased to the white settlers for grazing before the reservation was opened for settlement.
Art
Kiowa artists are well known for a pictographic art form that is now referred to as "Plains Indian ledger art", and its contribution to the development of contemporary Native American art. Native Americans in the United States are the indigenous peoples from the regions of North America now encompassed by the continental United States The earliest of these Kiowa artists were those held in captivity by the U.S. Army at Fort Marion in St. Augustine, Florida, at the conclusion of the Southern Plains Indian war. The United States Army is a military organization whose primary mission is to "provide necessary forces and capabilities. The Castillo de San Marcos is a Spanish built Fort located in the city of St St Augustine is the County seat of St Johns County, Florida, in the United States. Traditionally the artist's media for their pictographic images were natural objects and animal skins, but for the Kiowa in captivity the lined pages of the white man's record keeping books became a popular substitute, thus the name "ledger art".
Twentieth century Kiowa artists include the Kiowa Five, a group of artists who studied at the University of Oklahoma. University of Oklahoma, abbreviated OU, is a Coeducational public Research university located in the U The "Five" referred to are the male members of the group. The pictographic art form known as "ledger art" was an Indian art form which had historically been dominated by the male members of the plains culture. However, the "Five" actually had a sixth member, a woman named Lois Smokey. Another prolific and significant pre-Kiowa Five artisan during the early twentieth century was Silverhorn. Well known Kiowa artists of the later twentieth century include Bobby Hill (White Buffalo), Robert Redbird, Roland N. Whitehorse, and T. C. Cannon. The pictographic art of contemporary and traditional artist Sherman Chaddlesone has revived the ledger art form that was absent in most of the art of the Second Generation Modernists that had developed since Silverhorn and the Kiowa Five. Chaddlesone studied under Native American masters Allan Houser and Fritz Scholder and is considered a versatile and widely respected artist.
The influence of Kiowa art and the revival of the plains ledger art is also illustrated in the early work of Cherokee-Creek female artist Virginia Stroud and Spokane artist George Flett. The Cherokee (ᎠᏂᏴᏫᏯ a-ni-yv-wi-ya, in the Cherokee language) are a people native to North America, who at the time of European contact The Spokane (or Spokan) are a Native American people in the northeastern portion of the U While Stroud is of Cherokee-Creek descent, she was raised by a Kiowa family and the traditions of that culture, and the influence of the Kiowa tradition is evident in her early pictographic images.
Kiowa author N. Scott Momaday won the 1969 Pulitzer Prize for his novel House Made of Dawn. Navarro Scott Momaday (born February 27, 1934) is a Native American ( Kiowa) writer The Pulitzer Prize for Fiction has been awarded since 1948 for distinguished fiction by an American author preferably dealing with American life House Made of Dawn is a Novel by N Scott Momaday, widely credited as leading the way for the breakthrough of Native American literature Other Kiowa authors include playwright Hanay Geiogamah, poet and film maker Gus Palmer, Jr. , Alyce Sadongei, and Tocakut.
Kiowa music is often noted for its hymns that were traditionally accompanied by dance or played on the flute. The Kiowa are a federally recognized tribe meaning there is a functioning government-to-government relationship between the United States Government and the Kiowa Tribe of Oklahoma A hymn is a type of Song, usually religious specifically written for the purpose of praise adoration or Prayer, and typically addressed to a deity/deities Traditional performers include Cornel Pewewardy and Phillip "Yogi" Bread. Contemporary Kiowa musicians include Kiowa-Comanche flutist Tom Mauchahty-Ware.
See also
- Kiowa County
- Kiowa language
- Comanche
- Gallery of Native Americans with facial hair
Notes
References
- Boyd, Maurice (1983). Kiowa is a Kiowa-Tanoan language spoken by the Kiowa Tribe in southwestern Oklahoma in primarily Caddo, Kiowa, and The Comanche are a Native American ethnic group whose range (the Comancheria) consisted of present-day eastern New Mexico, southern Colorado Kiowa Voices: Myths, Legends and Folktales. Texas Christian University Press. ISBN 0-912646-76-4
- Corwin, Hugh (1958). The Kiowa Indians, their history and life stories.
- Hoig, Stan (2000). The Kiowas and the Legend of Kicking Bird. Boulder: The University Press of Colorado. ISBN 0-87081-564-4
- Mishkin, Bernard (1988). Rank and Warfare Among The Plains Indians. AMS Press. ISBN 0-404-62903-2
- Richardson, Jane (1988). Law & Status Among the Kiowa Indians (American Ethnological Society Monographs; No 1). AMS Press. ISBN 0-404-62901-6
- Nye, Colonel W. S. (1983). Carbine and Lance: The Story of Old Fort Sill. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 0-8061-1856-3
- Momaday, N. Scott (1977). The Way to Rainy Mountain. University of New Mexico Press. ISBN 0-8263-0436-2
External links
- Kiowa Indians on Encarta Encyclopedia
- Kiowa Comanche Apache Indian Territory Project
- Kiowa Collection: Selections from the Papers of Hugh Lenox Scott
- Photographs of Kiowa Indians hosted by the Portal to Texas History
- The Handbook of Texas Online: Kiowa Indians
- Sketch of a Chief of the Kiowas from A pictorial history of Texas, from the earliest visits of European adventurers, to AD 1879, hosted by the Portal to Texas History.
- Kiowa ledger drawing in the Smithsonian.
- The Kiowa Five.
"Kiowa Indians". Catholic Encyclopedia. The Catholic Encyclopedia, also referred to today as the Old Catholic Encyclopedia, is an English-language Encyclopedia published by The Encyclopedia (1913). New York: Robert Appleton Company.
Dictionary
Kiowa
-proper noun
- The Kiowa people of North America, currently in Oklahoma.
- The Kiowa language of the Kiowa-Tanoan language family.