Citizendia
Your Ad Here

The Kingdom of Valencia, located in the Eastern shore of the Iberian Peninsula, was one of the component realms of the Crown of Aragon. The Iberian Peninsula, or Iberia, is located in the extreme southwest of Europe, and includes modern day Spain, Portugal, Andorra The Crown of Aragon was a permanent union of multiple titles and states in the hands of the King of Aragon. When the Crown of Aragon merged by dynastic union with the Crown of Castile to conform the Kingdom of Spain, then the Kingdom of Valencia subsequently became a component realm of the Spanish Monarchy. A dynastic union is the combination by which two different states are governed by the same Monarch or Dynasty, while their boundaries their laws and their interests The Crown of Castile, as a historic entity is usually considered to have begun in 1230 with the third and definitive union of the two kingdoms of León and Castile Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula.

The Kingdom of Valencia was formally created in 1237 when the Moorish taifa of Valencia was taken in the course of the Reconquista. The description Moors has referred to several historic and modern populations of Muslim (and earlier non-Muslim people of Berber and Arab descent A taifa (from طائفة ṭā'ifa, plural طوائف ṭawā'if) in the history of Iberia was an independent Muslim -ruled principality The Reconquista (a Spanish and Portuguese word for "Reconquest" Arabic: الاسترداد, "Recapturing" was a period It was terminated by Felipe V in 1707, by means of the Nueva Planta decrees, as a result of the Spanish War of Succession. Philip V of Spain ( December 19, 1683 - July 9, 1746) born Philippe de France, Fils de France and duc d'Anjou The Nueva Planta decrees (Decretos de Nueva Planta were a number of Decrees signed between 1707 and 1716 by Philip V &mdashthe first Bourbon king of In the War of the Spanish Succession (1701–1714 several European powers combined to stop French succession to the Spanish throne and what would likely have been a resulting

During its existence, the Kingdom of Valencia was ruled by the laws and institutions stated in the Charters of Valencia (Furs de Valencia) which granted it wide self government, initially from the Crown of Aragon and, later on, from the Spanish Kingdom. Furs of Valencia ( Furs de València, in Valencian) were the laws of the Kingdom of Valencia during most of Middle Ages and

The boundaries and identity of the present Spanish Autonomous Community of Valencia are essentially based on those of the former Kingdom of Valencia. An autonomous community is a first-level political division of the Kingdom of Spain, established in accordance with the Spanish Constitution. The Valencian Community ( Valencian and official Comunitat Valenciana; Comunidad Valenciana is an Autonomous community located in central to

Contents

Conquest

The conquest of what would later become the Kingdom of Valencia started in 1232 when the king of the Crown of Aragón, James I, called Jaume I el Conquistador or the Conqueror, took Morella, mostly with Aragonese troops. The Crown of Aragon was a permanent union of multiple titles and states in the hands of the King of Aragon. James I the Conqueror ( Catalan: Jaume el Conqueridor, Aragonese: Chaime lo Conqueridor, Spanish: Jaime el Conquistador Shortly after, in 1233, Burriana and Peñíscola were also taken from the Balansiya (Valencia in the Arabic language) taifa. Burriana (or Borriana in lenguage Valencian) is a town in eastern Spain, in the province of Castellón, part of the autonomous community of Peníscola ( Peñíscola in Castilian) is a Valencian municipality located on the Costa del Azahar along the eastern Mediterranean coast of Arabic (ar الْعَرَبيّة (informally ar عَرَبيْ) in terms of the number of speakers is the largest living member of the Semitic language A taifa (from طائفة ṭā'ifa, plural طوائف ṭawā'if) in the history of Iberia was an independent Muslim -ruled principality

A second and more relevant wave of expansion took place in 1237, when James I defeated the Moors from the Balansiya taifa. He entered the city of Valencia on 9 October 1237, which is regarded as the dawn of the Kingdom of Valencia. Valencia ( Valencian: València, Valencia Spanish phonology --> is the capital of the Spanish autonomous Events 768 - Carloman I and Charlemagne are crowned Kings of The Franks.

Christian conquest of the Kingdom of Valencia; note the latter additions to the present day Valencian Community (in green), done in the 19th century and hence not belonging to the historic Kingdom; also note the Biar-Busot line, which made the Southern border of the Kingdom until 1296
Christian conquest of the Kingdom of Valencia; note the latter additions to the present day Valencian Community (in green), done in the 19th century and hence not belonging to the historic Kingdom; also note the Biar-Busot line, which made the Southern border of the Kingdom until 1296

A third phase started in 1243 and ended in 1245, when it met the limits agreed between James I and the heir to the throne of Castile, Alfonso the Wise, who would succeed to the throne as Alfonso X in 1252. Alfonso X (November 23 1221 Toledo Spain &ndash April 4 1284 Seville Spain) was a Spanish monarch who ruled as the King of Castile, These limits were traced in the Treaty of Almizra between the Crown of Castile and the Crown of Aragon, which coordinated their Reconquista efforts to drive the Moors southward by establishing their respectively desired areas of influence. The Treaty of Almizra (or Treaty of Almiçra) was the third of a series of three treaties between the Crowns of Aragon and Castile meant to determine the The Treaty of Almizra established the south line of Aragonese expansion in the line formed by the villes of Biar and Busot, today in the North of the Alicante province. Alicante in Spanish or Alacant (in Valencian) is a province of eastern Spain, in the southern part of the Valencian Everything South of that line, including what would be the Kingdom of Murcia, was reserved by means of this treaty for Castile.

The matter of the large majority of mudejar population, left behind from the progressively more southern combat front, lingered from the very beginning until they finally were expelled en masse in 1609. Mudéjar is the name given to the Moors or Muslims of Al-Andalus, who remained in Christian territory after the Reconquista but were Until that moment, they represented a complicated issue for the newly established Kingdom, as they were essential to keep the economy working due to their numbers, which inspired frequent pacts with local Muslim populations, such as Mohammad Abu Abdallah Ben Hudzail al Sahuir, allowing their culture various degrees of tolerance but, on the other side, they were deemed as a menace to the Kingdom due to their lack of allegiance and their real or perceived conspiracies to bring the Ottoman Empire to their rescue. Mohammad Abu Abdallah Ben Hudzäil al Sähuir (1208 in Vall de Alcalá, Alicante &ndash 1276 Alcoy) popularly known as Al-Azraq (of the blue The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish

There were indeed frequent rebellions from the Moor population against Christian rule, the most threatening being those headed by the Moor chieftain Mohammad Abu Abdallah Ben Hudzail al Sahuir, also known as Al-Azraq. Mohammad Abu Abdallah Ben Hudzäil al Sähuir (1208 in Vall de Alcalá, Alicante &ndash 1276 Alcoy) popularly known as Al-Azraq (of the blue He led important rebellions in 1244, 1248 and 1276. During the first of these, he briefly regained Muslim independence for the lands South of the Júcar, but he had to surrender soon after. The Júcar is a river on the Iberian Peninsula of Spain. The river runs for approximately 509 km from the Universales Mountains to Cullera During the second revolt, king James I was almost killed in battle, but Al-Azraq also was finally subjugated, his life spared only because of a long time relationship with the Christian monarch. During the third rebellion, Al-Azraq himself was killed but his son would continue to promote Muslim unrest and local rebellions remained always at sight.

James II called Jaume II el Just or the Just, a grandson of James I, initiated in 1296 a final push of his army further southwards than the Biar-Busot pacts. James II ( 10 August 1267 in Valencia &ndash 2 November or 5 November 1327 in Barcelona) called the Just His campaign aimed at the fertile countryside around Murcia and the Vega Baja del Segura whose local Muslim rulers were bound by pacts with Castile and governing by proxy on behalf of this kingdom; Castilian troops often raided the area to assert a sovereignty which, in any case, was not stable but was characterized by the typical skirmishes and ever changing alliances of a frontier territory. Murcia ( is the capital city of the Autonomous Community of the Region of Murcia, located at the river Segura in south-eastern Spain. Vega Baja del Segura ( Valencian: Baix Segura) is a ''comarca'' in the province of Alicante, Valencian Community,

The campaign under James II was successful to the point of extending the limits of the Kingdom of Valencia well South of the previously agreed border with Castile. His troops took Orihuela and Murcia. For the town in the province of Teruel Spain see Orihuela del Tremedal Orihuela in Spanish or Oriola in Valencian What was to become the definite dividing line between Castile and the Crown of Aragón was finally agreed by virtue of the Sentencia Arbitral de Torrellas (1304), amended by the Treaty of Elche (1305), which assigned Orihuela (also Alicante and Elche) to the Kingdom of Valencia, while Murcia went to the Crown of Castile, so drawing the final Southern border of the Kingdom of Valencia. The Treaty of Elche was an agreement between the Crowns of Castile and Aragon signed in 1305. ||-||} Alicante ( Spanish language) or Alacant ( Valencian) is a city in Spain, the capital of the province of Alicante and of the

At the end of the process, four taifas had been wiped out: Balansiya, Alpuente, Denia and Murcia. Taking into account the standards of the day, it can be considered as a rather rapid conquest, since most of the territory was gained in less than fifty years and the maximum expansion was completed in less than one century. The toll in terms of social and politic unrest which was to be paid for this fast process was the existence of a large Muslim population within the Kingdom which neither desired to become a part of it nor, as long as they remained Muslim, was given the chance to.

Motives

James I the Conqueror
James I the Conqueror

Modern historiography sees the conquest of Valencia under the light of similar Reconquista efforts by the Crown of Castile: as a fight led by the King in order to gain new territories as free as possible of serfdom to the nobility. The Reconquista (a Spanish and Portuguese word for "Reconquest" Arabic: الاسترداد, "Recapturing" was a period The Crown of Castile, as a historic entity is usually considered to have begun in 1230 with the third and definitive union of the two kingdoms of León and Castile The new territories would then be only accountable to the King, thus enlarging and consolidating his power versus that of the nobility. Making it part of a growing trend evident in Spain in the Middle Ages (said to end in 1492 with the final acts of the Reconquista in the capitulation of Kingdom of Granada and the expulsion of the Jews) and well into the era of Habsburg Spain. After the disorders of the passage of the Vandals and Alans down the Mediterranean coast of Hispania from 408, the history of Medieval Spain Granada is a city and the capital of the province of Granada, in the autonomous region of Andalusia, Spain. Habsburg Spain refers to the history of Spain over the 16th and 17th centuries (1516-1700 when this country was ruled by the Habsburg dynasty (also associated to

It is under this approach that the repopulation of the Kingdom is assessed today. The new Kingdom population was initially overwhelmingly Muslim and often subjected to revolts and the serious threat of being taken by any given fellow Muslim army put together for this purpose in the Maghreb. A Muslim (مسلم pronounced Muslim, not Muzlim) is an adherent of the Religion The Maghreb (المغرب العربي al-Maġrib al-ʿArabī) also rendered Maghrib (or rarely Moghreb) meaning "place of Sunset

The process by which the monarchy strived to free itself from any noble guardianship was not easy as the nobility still held a big share of power and was determined to retain it as much as possible. This fact marked the Christian colonization of the newly acquired territories, ruled by the Lleis de Repartiments. A Christian is a person who adheres to Christianity, a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth Finally the Aragonese nobles were granted several domains but only managed to obtain the inland, mostly mountainous and sparsely populated parts of the Kingdom of Valencia. The king reserved the fertile and highly populated lands in the coastal plains to free citizens and incipient bourgeoisie whose cities were given Furs or royal charters regulating civil law and administration locally, always accountable to the king.

This had linguistic consequences. :

Another possibly primary driving force, but likely to be understated by modern historiography, was religious faith. In this regard, Pope Gregory IX recognized the fight as a Crusade and James I was known for being a devout king. Pope Gregory IX, born Ugolino di Conti, was Pope from March 19, 1227 to August The Crusades were a series of military campaigns of a religious character waged by much of Christian Europe against external and internal opponents

Splendour

The Kingdom of Valencia achieved its height during the early 15th century. The economy was prosperous and centered around trading through the Mediterranean Sea, which had become increasingly controlled by the Crown of Aragon, mostly from the ports of Valencia and Barcelona. Barcelona ( Catalan bəɾsəˈlonə Spanish baɾθeˈlona is the capital and most populous city of the Autonomous Community of Catalonia

The Contract Hall in La Lonja de la Seda.
The Contract Hall in La Lonja de la Seda.

In the city of Valencia the Taula de canvis was created, functioning partly as a bank and partly as a stock exchange market; altogether it boosted trading. A stock exchange, share market or bourse is a Corporation or Mutual organization which provides "trading" facilities for Stock The local industry, specially textile manufactures, achieved great development and the city of Valencia turned into a Mediterranean trading emporium where traders from all Europe worked. Perhaps the best symbol which summarizes this flamboyant period is the Silk Exchange, one of the finest European examples of civil Gothic architecture and a major trade market in the Mediterranean by the end of the 15th century and throughout the 16th century. See also Gothic art Gothic architecture is a style of Architecture which flourished during the high and late medieval period.

Valencia was one of the first cities in Europe to install a movable type printing press as per the designs of Johannes Gutenberg. Movable type is the system of Printing and Typography that uses movable components to reproduce the elements of a document (usually individual letters or punctuation A printing press is a mechanical device for applying pressure to an inked surface resting upon a medium (such as paper or cloth thereby transferring an image Johannes Gensfleisch zur Laden zum Gutenberg ( 1398 &ndash February 3, 1468) was a German Goldsmith and printer who is credited It was Valencian authors such as Joanot Martorell or Ausiàs March who conformed the canon of classic Catalan literature. Joanot Martorell (1413 &ndash 1468 was the Valencian Author of the novel Tirant lo Blanch, which is written in Valencian (Martorell Ausiàs March (c 1397 - March 3, 1459) Valencian Poet, was born in Gandia ( Valencia) towards the end of the

Modern Era, the Germanies, and decay

In 1479 the Kingdom of Valencia merged with the rest of territories of the Crown of Aragon and the Crown of Castile to form the modern Kingdom of Spain. The Crown of Aragon was a permanent union of multiple titles and states in the hands of the King of Aragon. The Crown of Castile, as a historic entity is usually considered to have begun in 1230 with the third and definitive union of the two kingdoms of León and Castile Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula.

Kings of Habsburg Spain (January 23, 1516 - November 1, 1700) maintained the privileges and liberties of the territories and cities which formed the kingdom and its legal structure and factuality remained intact. Habsburg Spain refers to the history of Spain over the 16th and 17th centuries (1516-1700 when this country was ruled by the Habsburg dynasty (also associated to Events 393 - Roman Emperor Theodosius I proclaims his nine year old son Honorius co-emperor Events 996 - Emperor Otto III issues a deed to Gottschalk Bishop of Freising which is the oldest known document using the name Ostarrîchi Meanwhile the rising Spanish Empire had left behind its former status as a Kingdom of the Iberian Peninsula and had emerged as a Great power. The Spanish Empire (Imperio Español was one of the largest Empires in history and one of the first Global empires In the 15th and 16th centuries The Iberian Peninsula, or Iberia, is located in the extreme southwest of Europe, and includes modern day Spain, Portugal, Andorra A great power is a Nation or State that has the ability to exert its influence on a global scale The Empire shifted its focus to the Spanish colonization of the Americas and its possessions in Europe, rather than its Iberian territories. The Spanish colonization of the Americas was Spain 's conquest settlement and rule over much of the Western hemisphere.

During the 16th century Valencia lost its status as a preeminent commercial center of Europe to the rapidly developing cities of Northern Europe and Central Europe. Northern Europe is a term for the northern part of Europe. The United Nations defines Northern Europe as (Finland Central Europe is the Region lying between the variously and vaguely defined areas of Eastern and This was in part due to diminishing profits from the Mediterranean trade. The Spanish Empire was in frequent conflict with the Ottoman Empire which controlled most of the eastern Mediterranean. The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish They prevented each other from reaching certain ports while Ottoman privateers like Barbarossa prayed on trade ships. A privateer was a private Warship authorized by a country's Government by Letters of marque to attack foreign shipping Barbarossa Hayreddin Pasha ( Turkish: Barbaros Hayreddin Paşa or Hızır Hayreddin Paşa; also Hızır Reis before being promoted to the Meanwhile the Barbary pirates such as Dragut, operating out of Tunis, Tripoli, Algiers, Salé and ports in Morocco were actively preying on shipping in the western Mediterranean, which included destructive raids in Christian ports along the coast, also Valencian ones. The Barbary pirates, also sometimes called Ottoman corsairs, were Muslim Pirates and Privateers that operated from North Africa, from Turgut Reis ( 1485 - June 23, 1565) was a Turkish Privateer and Ottoman Admiral as well as Bey of Tunis ( Arabic: تونس Tūnis) is the Capital of the Tunisian Republic and also the Tunis Tripolis ( Arabic: طرابلس Ṭarābulus - also طرابلس الغرب Ṭarā-bu-lus al-Gharb Libyan vernacular: Algiers (الجزائر Algerian Arabic: Dzayer ( (From kabyle pronunciation Kabyle: Ledzayer, Alger) is the Capital and largest For the Canadian figure skater see Jamie Salé. For the Finnish Union of Sex Workers see Salli. Morocco (المغرب "al-Maghrib" officially the Kingdom of Morocco (المملكة المغربية is a country located in North Africa The combined effects represented a blow to the Kingdom of Valencia which had already been economically affected by the Alhambra decree which had expelled the Jews back in 1492. The Alhambra Decree (also known as the Edict of Expulsion) was an edict issued on 31 March, 1492 by the joint Catholic Monarchs of

Besides, locally bred social tensions, fueled by the economic crisis, erupted in the form of the Revolta de les Germanies. A Germania ("brotherhood") refers to an association or guild of artisans. A guild is an association of craftsmen in a particular trade The earliest guilds were formed as confraternities of workers An artisan, also called a Craftsman, is a skilled manual worker who crafts items that may be functional or strictly decorative including furniture clothing The revolt they started in 1521, which led to civil unrest and bloody local clashes well into 1522, had several different causes, such as economic resent against the nobility and high Bourgeoisie, a will to oust them from the city command and, also, a religious resentment against the Moors, who were closely associated to the nobles per serfdom ties, something which made them vital for the nobility's economy. The description Moors has referred to several historic and modern populations of Muslim (and earlier non-Muslim people of Berber and Arab descent This rebellion shared many traits and happened almost contemporarily to the one of the Comuneros in Castile.

As a result of the exhausted forces left by the clashes between nobles and high bourgeoisie versus the general populace and lesser bourgeoisie, the king used this power vacuum to enlarge his share of power and gradually diminish the ones of the local authorities; this meant that his requests for money in order to enlarge or consolidate the disputed possessions in Europe were progressively more frequent, more imperative and, conversely, less reciprocated for the Kingdom of Valencia, just as they were elsewhere for the rest of the Spanish Kingdom territories.

Then the expulsion in 1609 of the mudejar population meant a final blow for the Kingdom of Valencia, as thousands of people were forced to leave, entire villages got deserted and the countryside lost its main labour force, which further deepened the economic crisis. The Spanish Inquisition started and was established in 1478 by Catholic Monarchs Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile to maintain Since the expulsion meant the loss of the free workforce for the nobility, themselves and the upper bourgeoisie had to turn to the king seeking protection from the general populace, which meant that they had to renounce their former check and balance role before the requests of the kings, which was one of the driving forces of the Kingdom's autonomy.

The Kingdom of Valencia as a legal and politic organization was finally terminated in 1707 as a result of the Spanish War of Succession. In the War of the Spanish Succession (1701–1714 several European powers combined to stop French succession to the Spanish throne and what would likely have been a resulting The local population mostly took side and provided troops and resources for Archduke Charles, the pretender who was arguably to maintain the legal status quo. Charles VI (German Karl VI) ( October 1, 1685 &ndash October 20, 1740) was Holy Roman Emperor, King of Bohemia Status quo is a Latin term meaning the present existing state of affairs or "the state in which" His utter defeat at the Battle of Almansa, near the borders of the Kingdom of Valencia, meant its legal and politic termination, along with other autonomous parliaments in the Crown of Aragon, as the Nueva Planta Decrees were passed and the new King Philip V of Spain of the House of Bourbon created a centralized Spain. The Battle of Almansa, fought on April 25, 1707, was one of the most decisive engagements of the War of the Spanish Succession. The Nueva Planta decrees (Decretos de Nueva Planta were a number of Decrees signed between 1707 and 1716 by Philip V &mdashthe first Bourbon king of Philip V of Spain ( December 19, 1683 - July 9, 1746) born Philippe de France, Fils de France and duc d'Anjou The House of Bourbon is an important European Royal house, a branch of the Capetian dynasty.

See also

References

Rodrigo (or Ruy) Díaz de Vivar (c 1040 Vivar, near Burgos &ndash 10 July 1099, Valencia) known as
© 2009 citizendia.org; parts available under the terms of GNU Free Documentation License, from http://en.wikipedia.org
 Dapyx Software network: MP3 Explorer | Ebook Manager | Zenithic