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The Kingdom of Sicily (Latin: Regnum Siciliae or Sicilie; Italian: Regno di Sicilia, commonly abbreviated Regno) was a state that existed in the south of Italy from its founding by Roger II in 1130 until 1816. Throughout the world there are many cities that were once national Capitals but no longer have that status because the country ceased to exist the capital was moved or the capital Palermo ( Sicilian: Palermu, Greek: Panormus, al-Madinah during Muslim rule is a historic City in A state religion (also called an official religion, established church or state church) is a religious body or Creed officially For the government of parliamentary systems see Executive (government. A monarchy is a Form of government in which supreme power is actually or nominally lodged in an individual who is the Head of state, often for life or Roger II ( 22 December 1095 &ndash 26 February 1154) was King of Sicily, son of Roger I of Sicily and successor to his Ferdinand I ( Ferdinando Antonio Pasquale Giovanni Nepomuceno Serafino Gennaro Benedetto, January 12, 1751 &ndash January 4, 1825) The Sicilian Vespers is the name given to a rebellion in Sicily in 1282 against the rule of the Angevin king Charles I of Naples, who had taken control The Kingdom of the Two Sicilies ( Regno delle Due Sicilie) commonly known as just the Two Sicilies, was the name of a Kingdom in Europe. Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. Italian ( or lingua italiana) is a Romance language spoken by about 63 million people as a First language, primarily in Italy. Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest Roger II ( 22 December 1095 &ndash 26 February 1154) was King of Sicily, son of Roger I of Sicily and successor to his The Kingdom of Sicily covered not only the island of Sicily itself, but also the whole Mezzogiorno region of southern Italy and, until 1530, the islands of Malta and Gozo. Sicily ( Italian and Sicilian: Sicilia) is an autonomous region of Italy. Geography Southern Italy forms the lower "boot" of the Italian peninsula containing the ankle (Abruzzo and Molise and southern Lazio the toe (Calabria and the heel Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest Malta, officially the Republic of Malta (Repubblika ta' Malta is a European Microstate, comprising an Archipelago of three islands Gozo ( Għawdex) is an Island of the Maltese archipelago in the Mediterranean Sea, the island is part of the Southern European The island was divided into three regions; Valle di Mazzara, Valle di Demona and Valle di Noto.
It was sometimes called the regnum Apuliae et Siciliae until 1282, when the mainland separated from the island being known as Kingdom of Naples from then on. The Kingdom of Naples was an informal name of the Polity officially known as the Kingdom of Sicily which existed on the mainland of the southern Italian After 1302 it was sometimes called the Kingdom of Trinacria. Often the kingship was vested in another monarch such as the King of Aragon, the King of Spain or the Holy Roman Emperor. Aragon ( Spanish: "Aragón") is an autonomous community of Spain. Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. The Holy Roman Emperor (Römischer Kaiser or Römisch-Deutscher Kaiser Romanorum Imperator was the elected monarch ruling over the many varying numbers of states In 1816 the Kingdom of Sicily merged with Kingdom of Naples into the newly created Kingdom of the Two Sicilies. The Kingdom of the Two Sicilies ( Regno delle Due Sicilie) commonly known as just the Two Sicilies, was the name of a Kingdom in Europe.
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Norman kingdom
On the death of William II, Duke of Apulia, in 1127, the Duchy of Apulia and the County of Sicily were united under the rule of Roger II of Sicily, one of the greatest rulers of the Middle Ages. William II (1095-July 1127 was the duke of Apulia and Calabria from 1111 to 1127 This is a list of Counts and Dukes of Apulia and Calabria in Southern Italy from the 11th century to the 12th century The County of Sicily was a Norman state comprising the islands of Sicily and Malta from 1071 until 1130 Roger II ( 22 December 1095 &ndash 26 February 1154) was King of Sicily, son of Roger I of Sicily and successor to his Roger threw his support behind the Antipope Anacletus II, who duly enthroned him King of Sicily on Christmas Day 1130. Anacletus II, born Pietro Pierleoni, (died January 25 1138) was an Antipope who ruled from 1131 to his death in a schism against
Roger spent most of the decade beginning with his coronation and ending with his great Assizes of Ariano fending off one invader or other and quelling rebellions by his premier vassals: Grimoald of Bari, Robert of Capua, Ranulf of Alife, Sergius of Naples and others. The Assizes of Ariano were a series of laws promulgated in the summer of 1140 at Ariano, near Benevento in the Mezzogiorno, by Roger II of Sicily Grimoald Alferanites was the Prince of Bari from 1121 to 1132 Robert II (died 1156 was the count of Aversa and the Prince of Capua from 1127 until his death. Ranulf II (or Rainulf, Italian: Rainolfo d'Alife; died 30 April 1139) was the count of Alife and Caiazzo, and Sergius VII (died 30 October 1137) was the thirty-ninth and last duke (or Magister militum) of Naples. In 1139, the Treaty of Mignano granted Roger recognition of his kingship from the legitimate pope. The Treaty of Mignano of 1139 was the treaty which ended more than a decade of constant war in the Mezzogiorno following the union of the mainland duchy of Apulia It was through his admiral George of Antioch that Roger then proceeded to conquer the Mahdia in Africa (Ifriqiya), taking the unofficial title "King of Africa. George of Antioch (died 1151 or 1152 was the first true ammiratus ammiratorum, successor of the great Christodulus. For the town in Guyana see Mahdia Guyana. Mahdia, Arabic: المهدية (al-Mahdiya is a Tunisian In medieval history, Ifriqiya or Ifriqiyah (إفريقية was the area comprising the coastal regions of what are today western Libya, Tunisia " At the same time Roger's powerful fleet attacked the Byzantine Empire and made Sicily the leading maritime power in the Mediterranean Sea for almost a century.
Roger's son and successor was William the Bad, though his nickname derives primarily from his lack of popularity with the chroniclers, who supported the baronial revolts William crushed. William I ( 1131 - May 7 1166) called the Bad or the Wicked, was the second King of Sicily, ruling from his father's death His reign ended in peace (1166), but his son, William II, was a minor. William II (French language Guillaume II, 1155 &ndash November 11 1189 Palermo) called the Good, was king of Sicily Until the end of the boy's regency in 1172, the kingdom saw turmoil which almost brought the ruling family down, although the reign of the second William is remembered as two decades of almost continual peace and prosperity. A regent, from the Latin regens "who reigns" is a person selected to act as Head of state (ruling or not because the ruler is a minor For this more than anything, he is nicknamed "the Good. " However, his death without heirs in 1189 threw the realm into chaos.
Tancred of Lecce seized the throne but had to contend with the revolt of his distant cousin Roger of Andria and the invasion of Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor on behalf of his wife, Constance, the daughter of Roger II. Tancred (died February 20, 1194) was King of Sicily from 1189 to 1194 Roger, count of Andria and Great Chamberlain of Sicily was a claimant for the Sicilian throne after the death of William II in 1189 Henry VI (November 1165 – 28 September 1197) was King of Germany from 1190 to 1197 Holy Roman Emperor from 1191 to 1197 and King Constance of Sicily (1154 &ndash November 27, 1198) was the heiress of the Norman kings of Sicily and the wife of Henry VI Holy Roman Emperor Constance and Henry eventually prevailed and the kingdom fell in 1194 to the Hohenstaufen dynasty. Through Constance, however, the Hauteville blood was passed to the great Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor. The family of the Hauteville ( French: Maison de Hauteville, Italian: Casa d'Altavilla) was a petty baronial Norman family from the Frederick II ( December 26, 1194 &ndash December 13, 1250) of the Hohenstaufen dynasty was a Pretender to the title
Hohenstaufen kingdom
The accession of Frederick, a child who would then become also the Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II, in 1197 greatly affected the immediate future of Sicily. Frederick II ( December 26, 1194 &ndash December 13, 1250) of the Hohenstaufen dynasty was a Pretender to the title For a land so used to centralised royal authority, the king's young age caused a serious power vacuum. His uncle Philip of Swabia moved to secure Frederick's inheritance by appointing Markward von Anweiler, margrave of Ancona, regent in 1198. Philip of Swabia (1177 &ndash June 21, 1208) was king of Germany and duke of Swabia, the rival of the emperor Otto IV. Markward von Annweiler (died 1202 was Imperial Seneschal and Regent of the Kingdom of Sicily. Margrave (marchio is the English and French form (recorded since 1551 of the German Title Markgraf (from Mark " Ancona (Ankon is a city and a seaport in the Marche, a region of central Italy, population 101909 (2005 Meanwhile, Pope Innocent III had reasserted papal authority in Sicily, but recognised Frederick's rights. Pope Innocent III ( February 22, 1161 &ndash June 16, 1216) born Lotario de' Conti di Segni, was Pope from January The pope was to see papal power decrease steadily over the next decade and was unsure about which side to back at many junctures.
The Hohenstaufen grip on power, however, was not secure. Walter III of Brienne had married the daughter of Tancred and come to the south in 1201 to claim the kingdom. Walter III of Brienne (d June 14, 1205) was the Count of Brienne 1191&ndash1205 Prince of Taranto, Duke of Apulia, and Count of In 1202, an army led by the chancellor Walter of Palearia and Dipold of Vohburg was defeated by Walter. Walter of Palear (or Palearia, also Gualtiero da Pagliaria; died 1229 or 1231 was Chancellor of Sicily and the Bishop of Troia (1189&ndash1208 Dipold (died after 1221 known in German as Diepold or Dietpold von Schweinspeunt or Schweinspünt, was a Ministerialis Markward was killed and Frederick fell under the control of William of Capparone, an ally of the Pisans. William of Capparone was a Norman knight of Palermo who came to power as the Regent of Sicily and guardian of Frederick I Pisa is a city in Tuscany, central Italy, on the right bank of the mouth of the Arno River on the Ligurian Sea. Dipold continued the war against Walter on the mainland until the claimant's death in 1205. Dipold finally wrested Frederick from Capparone in 1206 and gave him over to the guardianship of the chancellor, Walter of Palearia. Walter and Dipold then had a falling out and the latter captured the royal palace, where he was besieged and captured by Walter in 1207. After a decade, the wars over the regency and the throne itself had ceased.
Frederick built on the reform of the laws begun at the Assizes of Ariano in 1140 by his grandfather Roger II. The Assizes of Ariano were a series of laws promulgated in the summer of 1140 at Ariano, near Benevento in the Mezzogiorno, by Roger II of Sicily Roger II ( 22 December 1095 &ndash 26 February 1154) was King of Sicily, son of Roger I of Sicily and successor to his His initiative in this direction was visible as early as the Assizes of Capua (1220) but came to fruition in his promulgation of the Constitutions of Melfi (1231, also known as Liber Augustalis), a collection of laws for his realm that was remarkable for its time and was a source of inspiration for a long time after. The Assizes of Capua were the first of two great legislative acts of the reign of Frederick I of Sicily, Holy Roman Emperor. The Constitutions of Melfi, or Liber Augustalis, were a new legal code for the Kingdom of Sicily promulgated on 1 September 1231 by The Constitutions of Melfi, or Liber Augustalis, were a new legal code for the Kingdom of Sicily promulgated on 1 September 1231 by It made the Kingdom of Sicily an absolutist monarchy, the first centralized state in Europe to emerge from feudalism; it also set a precedent for the primacy of written law. Absolute monarchy is a monarchical Form of government where the king and queen have absolute power over everything A state is a political association with effective Sovereignty over a geographic Area and representing a Population. Feudalism, a term first used in the early modern period (17th century in its most classic sense refers to a Medieval Europe Political system composed With relatively small modifications, the Liber Augustalis remained the basis of Sicilian law until 1819. Year 1819 ( MDCCCXIX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar in the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common year
During this period, he also built the Castel del Monte and in 1224 created the University of Naples: now called Università Federico II, it remained the sole athenaeum of Southern Italy for centuries. Castel del Monte can refer to Castel del Monte (Abruzzo, a commune and town in Province of L'Aquila, Abruzzo, Italy. The University of Naples Federico II (Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II is a university located in Naples, Italy. The University of Naples Federico II (Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II is a university located in Naples, Italy.
Frederick II's heir in Sicily was his illegitimate son Manfred, who ruled the kingdom for fifteen years while other Hohenstaufen heirs were busy in Germany. Manfred ( Venosa, 1232 &ndash Benevento February 26, 1266) was the King of Sicily from 1258 to 1266 The Hohenstaufen rule in Sicily ended after the 1266 Angevin invasion and the death of Conradin, the last male Hohenstaufen, in 1268. Angevin (ˈændʒəvɪn ( French, from Old French, from Medieval Latin Andegavinus from Andegavia Anjou, France) is the name applied Conradin is also a character in the short story Sredni Vashtar.
Angevin and Aragonese kingdoms
Conflict between the Hohenstaufen house and the Papacy led in 1266 to Sicily's conquest by Charles I, Duke of Anjou. Charles I ( 21 March 1226 &ndash 7 January 1285) commonly called Charles of Anjou, was the King of Sicily by conquest Anjou is a former County (c 880) Duchy ( 1360) and province centred on the city of Angers in the lower Opposition to French officialdom and taxation led in 1282 to the Sicilian Vespers insurrection and successful invasion by king Peter III of Aragon. The Sicilian Vespers is the name given to a rebellion in Sicily in 1282 against the rule of the Angevin king Charles I of Naples, who had taken control Peter the Great ( Catalan: Pere el Gran, Spanish: Pedro el Grande; 1239 &ndash 2 November 1285) was the King of Aragon The resulting War of the Sicilian Vespers lasted until the Peace of Caltabellotta in 1302. The War of the ( Sicilian) Vespers started with the insurrection of the Sicilian Vespers against Charles of Anjou in 1282 and finally ended with The Peace of Caltabellotta, signed on August 19, 1302, was the last of a series of treaties including those of Tarascon and Anagni, designed
The Peace divided the old Kingdom of Sicily in two. The island of Sicily, called the "Kingdom of Sicily beyond the Lighthouse" or the Kingdom of Trinacria, went to Frederick III, who had been ruling it, and the peninsular territories (the Mezzogiorno), contemporaneously called Kingdom of Sicily but called Kingdom of Naples by modern scholarship, went to Charles II, who had been ruling it. For Trinacria as a place-name in Greek mythology see Thrinacia. Frederick II or III ( 13 December 1272 &ndash 25 June 1337) was the Regent (from 1291 and subsequently King of Sicily Geography Southern Italy forms the lower "boot" of the Italian peninsula containing the ankle (Abruzzo and Molise and southern Lazio the toe (Calabria and the heel The Kingdom of Naples was an informal name of the Polity officially known as the Kingdom of Sicily which existed on the mainland of the southern Italian Charles II, known as "the Lame" ( French le Boiteux, Italian lo Zoppo; 1254 &ndash 5 May 1309) was Thus, the peace was formal recognition of an uneasy status quo.
Sicily was ruled as an independent kingdom by relatives of the kings of Aragon until 1409 and thence as part of the Crown of Aragon. The Crown of Aragon was a permanent union of multiple titles and states in the hands of the King of Aragon. The Kingdom of Naples was ruled by Angevins until the two thrones were forcibly reunited by Alfonso V of Aragon, whose siege of Naples ended in triumph February 26, 1443. Alfonso the Magnanimous (also Alphonso; Catalan: Alfons) (1396 &ndash 27 June 1458) was the King of Aragon (as However, Alfonso divided them after his rule. He passed Naples to his son Ferdinand I of Naples, who ruled from 1458 to 1494, and Aragon and Sicily to Alfonso's brother John II of Aragon. Ferdinand I of Naples should not be confused with Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies, a latter king of Naples John II the Great ( June 29, 1397 &ndash January 20, 1479) was the King of Aragon (1458&ndash1479 and Jure uxoris From 1494 to 1503 successive kings of France Charles VIII and Louis XII, who were heirs of Angevins, tried the conquest of Naples (see Italian Wars) but failed, so the Kingdom was definitely reunited to Aragon. Charles VIII, called the Affable (l'Affable 30 June 1470 &ndash 7 April 1498 was King of France from 1483 to his death Louis XII ( June 27, 1462 – January 1, 1515) called "the Father of the People" (Le Père du Peuple was the thirty-fifth king
The titles were held by the Aragonese kings until 1516, followed by the Kings of Spain until 1707. This is a list of the rulers of Aragon, now a region of north-eastern Spain. This is a list of Spanish Monarchs &mdashthat is rulers of the country of Spain in the modern sense of the word The Holy Roman Emperors held the titles from 1707 until 1735, when Naples was attacked by Duke Charles of Parma, who became Charles VII of Naples and Sicily. Charles III ( January 20, 1716 – December 14, 1788) was King of Spain 1700–88 (as Carlos III King of Naples and His descendants ruled until the unification of Italy in 1861. From 1816 to 1861 the kingdoms were united under the name Kingdom of the Two Sicilies. The Kingdom of the Two Sicilies ( Regno delle Due Sicilie) commonly known as just the Two Sicilies, was the name of a Kingdom in Europe.
Malta under the Knights
In 1530, in an effort to protect Rome from Ottoman invasion from the south, Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, as Charles I of Aragon, gave the Islands of Malta and Gozo to the Knights Hospitaller in perpetual fiefdom, in exchange for an annual fee of a single Maltese falcon, which they were to send on All Souls' Day to the Viceroy of Sicily. Rome ( Roma ˈroma Roma is the capital city of Italy and Lazio, and is Italy's largest and most populous city with more than 2 The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish Charles V (24 February 1500 &ndash 21 September 1558 was Malta, officially the Republic of Malta (Repubblika ta' Malta is a European Microstate, comprising an Archipelago of three islands Gozo ( Għawdex) is an Island of the Maltese archipelago in the Mediterranean Sea, the island is part of the Southern European The Knights Hospitaller (also known as the Sovereign Military Hospitaller Order of St Malta has been inhabited since around 5200 BC from the Italian island of Sicily. In Western Christianity, All Souls' Day commemorates the faithful departed. A viceroy is a royal official who governs a country or province in the name of and as representative of the Monarch. The Maltese Islands had formed part of the Duchy, and later the Kingdom of Sicily, since 1127. The feudal relationship between Malta and the Kingdom of Sicily continued in form throughout the rule of the Knights, until they were evicted from Malta by Napoleon, in 1798. Year 1798 ( MDCCXCVIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a
See also
- Emirate of Sicily
- Norman conquest of southern Italy
- Kingdom of Naples
- War of the Sicilian Vespers
- List of monarchs of Naples and Sicily
- Ottoman-Habsburg wars
- Two Sicilies
Sources
- European Commission presentation of The Normans Norman Heritage, 10th-12th century. The Emirate of Sicily was an Islamic state on the island of Sicily from 965 to 1072. The Norman conquest of Southern Italy spanned most of the eleventh century involving many battles and many independent players conquering territories of their own The Kingdom of Naples was an informal name of the Polity officially known as the Kingdom of Sicily which existed on the mainland of the southern Italian The War of the ( Sicilian) Vespers started with the insurrection of the Sicilian Vespers against Charles of Anjou in 1282 and finally ended with The following is a list of monarchs of Sicily. Counts of Sicily Sicily was granted pending its Christian reconquest to Robert Guiscard as "duke" The Kingdom of the Two Sicilies ( Regno delle Due Sicilie) commonly known as just the Two Sicilies, was the name of a Kingdom in Europe. The European Commission (formally the Commission of the European Communities) is the executive branch of the European Union.
- Houben, Hubert. Roger II of Sicily: A Ruler between East and West. Trans. G. A. Loud and Diane Milbourne. Cambridge University Press: 2002. Cambridge University Press (known colloquially as CUP is a Publisher given a Royal Charter by Henry VIII in 1534 See also 2002 (disambiguation Year 2002 ( MMII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar.
- Norwich, John Julius. John Julius Cooper 2nd Viscount Norwich CVO (born 15 September 1929) is an English historian travel writer and television personality The Kingdom in the Sun 1130-1194. Longman: London, 1970. London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. Year 1970 ( MCMLXX) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link shows full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.
- Matthew, Donald. The Norman Kingdom of Sicily. Cambridge University Press: 1992. Cambridge University Press (known colloquially as CUP is a Publisher given a Royal Charter by Henry VIII in 1534 Year 1992 ( MCMXCII) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1992 Gregorian calendar)
- Chaytoe, H. J. A History of Aragon and Catalonia. See chapter 7.
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