Kingdom of England ←   ← 927 — 1649 1660 — 1707 →   → Flag Royal Arms (1399-1422, 1461-1470, 1471-1554, 1558-1603) Motto "Dieu et mon droit"  (French) "God and my right" Territory of the Kingdom of England Capital Winchester; London from 11th century Language(s) Old English (de facto, until 1066) Anglo-Norman language (de jure, 1066 - 15th century) English (de facto, gradually replaced French from late 13th century) Government Monarchy Monarch  - 924-939 Athelstan  - 1702-1707 Anne Legislature Parliament of England  - Upper house House of Lords  - Lower house House of Commons History  - Unification by Athelstan 927  - Norman conquest 1066  - English Interregnum 30 January 1649  - English Restoration 1660  - Constitutional monarchy 1689  - Union with Scotland May 1, 1707 Currency Pound sterling

The Kingdom of England was a state (927-1707) located in western Europe dating from the ninth or tenth century to the early eighteenth century when it was legally succeeded by the Kingdom of Great Britain. A state is a political association with effective Sovereignty over a geographic Area and representing a Population. Western Europe at its most general meaning means 'all the countries in the West of Europe ' The Kingdom of Great Britain, also known as the United Kingdom of Great Britain, was a State in northwest Europe, in existence from 1707 to 1800 The Kingdom of England was located in the southern part of the island of Great Britain in the region known today as England, and joined under law as the modern legal entity of England and Wales. See also Kingdom of Great Britain Great Britain (Breatainn Mhòr Prydain Fawr Breten Veur Graet Breetain is the larger of the two main islands The article is about the geographic sense of the term For other uses including Regions and Regional, see Region (disambiguation. England comprises the central and southern two-thirds of the island of Great Britain, plus offshore islands of which the largest is the Isle of Wight. History The Roman occupation of Britain was the first period in which the area of present-day England and Wales was administered as a single unit (with the exception

The chief royal residence was originally located at Winchester, in Hampshire, but London and Gloucester were accorded almost equal status—especially London, which had become the de facto capital by the beginning of the 12th century. Winchester or Winton ( archaic) is a historic city in southern England, with a population of around 40000 within a radius of its centre Wildlife Hampshire has wildlife typical of the island of Great Britain London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. Gloucester (ˈɡlɒstɚ) is a city, district and County town of Gloucestershire in the South West region of England. London served as the capital of the kingdom until its merger with the Kingdom of Scotland in 1707 (see Acts of Union 1707) and continues to remain the chief city of England. The Kingdom of Scotland ( Gaelic: Rìoghachd na h-Alba, Scots: Kinrick o Scotland) was a State in northwest Europe The Acts of Union were a pair of Parliamentary Acts passed during 1706 and 1707 by the Parliament of England and the Parliament of Scotland to put into England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland The city has also served as the capital of both the Kingdom of Great Britain (1707–1801) and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (1801–1922). The Kingdom of Great Britain, also known as the United Kingdom of Great Britain, was a State in northwest Europe, in existence from 1707 to 1800 The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland was the formal name of the United Kingdom from 1 January 1801 until 12 April 1927 Today it remains the capital of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (the "United Kingdom"). The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located

The present monarch of the United Kingdom, Queen Elizabeth II, is the modern successor to the Kings and Queens of England. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located For the ship see RMS Queen Elizabeth 2 Elizabeth II (Elizabeth Alexandra Mary Context States headed by Elizabeth II The title of Queen (and King) of England has been legally incorrect since 1707, although it is still in common use. Elizabeth can trace her descent from the Kings of Wessex from the 1st millennium. This table shows the descent of Elizabeth II from Egbert, traditionally regarded as first King of England and before that from Cerdic, founder of the House of The first millennium is a period of time that commenced on January 1, 1, and ended on December 31, 1000, of the Julian calendar.

History

Main article: History of England

The Kingdom of England has no specific founding date. The history of England is similar to the history of Britain until the arrival of the Saxons The Kingdom can trace its origins to the Heptarchy, the rule of what would later become England by seven minor Kingdoms: East Anglia, Essex, Kent, Mercia, Northumbria, Sussex, and Wessex. Heptarchy ( Greek: seven + realm) is a collective name applied to the Anglo-Saxon ancient kingdoms of south east and central East Anglia is often used as a shorthand for the Kingdom of the East Angles. The Kingdom of Essex ( Est Seaxna "East Saxons" was one of the seven traditional kingdoms of the so-called Anglo-Saxon Heptarchy) was founded The Kingdom of Kent was a kingdom of Jutes in southeast England and was one of the seven traditional kingdoms of the so-called Anglo-Saxon heptarchy. Mercia (ˈmɝsiə was one of the kingdoms of the Anglo-Saxon Heptarchy. The Kingdom of Sussex, ( Suth Seaxe, ie the South Saxons was one of the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms the boundaries of which coincided in general with those of the earlier kingdom West Saxon redirects here For other meanings of Wessex or West Saxon see Wessex (disambiguation. The Anglo-Saxons themselves, for example in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, called their lands "this Anglian land of Britain" which referred to the ancient Roman provinces of Britain, not to the whole island. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle is a collection of Annals in Old English chronicling the history of the Anglo-Saxons. Roman Britain refers to those parts of the island of Great Britain controlled by the Roman Empire between AD 43 and 410

The most powerful of the Kings of any of the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms was quite frequently acknowledged as the Bretwalda, a kind of high king over the other kings. Bretwalda, also Brytenwalda, Bretenanwealda, is an Anglo-Saxon term the first record of which comes from the late ninth century Anglo-Saxon Chronicle A high king is a king who holds a position of seniority over a group of other kings without the title of Emperor; compare King of Kings. The famous rowing of the boat on the River Dee was meant to symbolise this relationship as the Bretwalda was at the helm, while the other kings took the oars. Bretwalda, also Brytenwalda, Bretenanwealda, is an Anglo-Saxon term the first record of which comes from the late ninth century Anglo-Saxon Chronicle

The Kings of Wessex, who conquered Kent and Sussex from Mercia in 825, became increasingly dominant over the other kingdoms of England during the 9th century. This is a list of monarchs of Wessex until 924. For later monarchs see the List of monarchs in the British Isles. The Kingdom of Kent was a kingdom of Jutes in southeast England and was one of the seven traditional kingdoms of the so-called Anglo-Saxon heptarchy. The Kingdom of Sussex, ( Suth Seaxe, ie the South Saxons was one of the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms the boundaries of which coincided in general with those of the earlier kingdom Mercia (ˈmɝsiə was one of the kingdoms of the Anglo-Saxon Heptarchy. The conquest of Northumbria, East Anglia and half of Mercia by the Danes left Alfred the Great (reigned 871–899) of Wessex as the only surviving English king. The term Dane may refer to People with a Danish ancestral or ethnic identity whether living in Denmark, emigrants or the descendants of emigrants Alfred the Great (also Ælfred from the Old English Ælfrēd ˈælfreːd (c He successfully resisted a series of Danish invasions and brought the remaining half of Mercia under the sovereignty of Wessex. His son Edward the Elder (reigned 899–924) completed the absorption of English Mercia and conquered the rest of Mercia and East Anglia from their Danish occupiers, uniting England south of the Humber. Edward the Elder ( Old English: Ēadweard se Ieldra) (c 870 &ndash 17 July 924) was King of England (899 &ndash In 927 Northumbria, whose Danish kings had recently been displaced by Norwegians, fell to the King of Wessex Athelstan, a son of Edward the Elder. Athelstan was the first to reign over a united England. He was not the first de jure King of England, but certainly the first de facto one. Over the following years Northumbria repeatedly changed hands between the English kings and Norwegian invaders, but was definitively brought under English control by King Edred in 954, completing the unification of England. King Edred, also known as Eadred or Aedred (c 923 &ndash 23 November, 955) known as 'weak-in-the-feet' was King

Alfred the Great began to unite England

England has remained in political unity ever since. Alfred the Great (also Ælfred from the Old English Ælfrēd ˈælfreːd (c During the reign of Ethelred II (reigned 978–1016) a new wave of Danish invasions orchestrated by Sweyn I of Denmark culminated, after a quarter of a century of warfare, in the conquest of England in 1013. Ethelred II ( c. 968 – 23 April 1016 also known as Æthelred II, Aethelred II, Ethelred the Unready, Æthelred the Unready Sweyn I Forkbeard, in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, in English Sven the Dane, also known as Swegen and Tuck, ( Old Norse Sweyn died on February 2, 1014 and Ethelred was restored to the throne, but in 1015 Sweyn's son Canute the Great launched a new invasion. Events 962 - Translatio imperii: Pope John XII crowns Otto I Holy Roman Emperor, the first Holy Roman Emperor } Canute the Great, also known as Cnut in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicles, or Knut ( Old Norse: Knútr inn ríki, Norwegian The ensuing war ended in 1016 with an agreement between him and Ethelred's successor Edmund Ironside to divide England between them, but Edmund's death on November 30, 1016 left England united under Danish rule. Edmund Ironside or Eadmund (c 988/993 – 30 November 1016 surnamed " Ironside " for his efforts to fend off the Danish invasion Events 1700 - Battle of Narva — A Swedish army of 8500 men under Charles XII defeats Danish rule continued until the death of Harthacanute on June 8, 1042. Harthacanute ( Canute the Hardy, sometimes Hardicanute, Hardecanute, Hörthaknútr; Danish: Hardeknud) (1018 – 8 June Events 68 - The Roman Senate accepts emperor Galba. 536 - St Silverius becomes Pope (probable He was a son of Canute and Emma of Normandy, widow of Ethelred II. Emma (c 985&ndash March 6, 1052 in Winchester, Hampshire) was daughter of Richard the Fearless, Duke of Normandy, by WIDOW is a full-length Album recorded by British rock band Ritual released in 1983 Harthacanute had no heirs of his own and was succeeded by his half-brother Edward the Confessor. King Edward the Confessor (c 1003 &ndash 5 January 1066 son of Ethelred the Unready, was the penultimate Anglo-Saxon King of England and the last The Kingdom of England was independent again.

Norman conquest

Peace only lasted until the death of childless Edward on January 4/5, 1066. His brother-in-law was crowned Harold II of England. Harold Godwinson, (c 1022 &ndash 14 October 1066 also known as Harold II, is widely regarded as the last Anglo-Saxon King of England before the His cousin William the Bastard, Duke of Normandy, immediately claimed the throne for himself. William I of England ( 1027 His reign which brought Norman culture to England had an enormous impact on the subsequent course of England in the Middle Ages Duke of Normandy is a Title held or claimed by various Norman, French, English and British rulers from the 10th century until the William launched an invasion of England and landed in Sussex on September 28, 1066. Sussex is a historic county in South East England corresponding roughly in area to the ancient Kingdom of Sussex. Events 48 BC - Pompey the Great is assassinated on orders of King Ptolemy of Egypt after landing in Egypt. Harold II and his army were in York following their victory in the Battle of Stamford Bridge (September 25, 1066). York ( is an historic Walled city sited at the confluence of the rivers Ouse and Foss in North Yorkshire, England. The Battle of Stamford Bridge took place at the village of Stamford Bridge East Riding of Yorkshire in England on 25 September 1066 shortly after an invading Events 303 - On a voyage preaching the Gospel, Saint Fermin of Pamplona is beheaded in Amiens, France They had to march across England to reach their new opponents. The armies of Harold II and William finally faced each other in the Battle of Hastings (October 14, 1066). The Battle of Hastings was the decisive Norman victory in the Norman Conquest of England. Events 1066 - Norman Conquest: Battle of Hastings - In England on Senlac Hill seven miles from Hastings, the forces Harold fell and William remained the victor. William was then able to conquer England with little further opposition. He was not however planning to absorb the Kingdom to the Duchy of Normandy. The Duchy of Normandy stems from various Danish, Hiberno-Norse, Orkney Viking and Anglo-Danish ( from the Danelaw) invasions of As a Duke, William still owed allegiance to Philip I of France. Philip I ( 23 May 1052 &ndash 29 July 1108) called the Amorous or the Fat, was King of France from 1060 The independent Kingdom of England would allow him to rule without interference. He was crowned King of England on December 25, 1066. Events 274 - Roman Emperor Aurelian

The signing of the Magna Carta in 1215 put England on course to become a democracy. Magna Carta ( Latin for Great Charter, literally " Great Paper " also called Magna Carta Libertatum ( Great Charter of Freedoms Democracy is a form of government in which the supreme power is held completely by the people under a free electoral system

The Kingdom of England and the Duchy of Normandy would remain in personal union until 1204. King John of England, a fourth-generation descendant of William I, lost the continental area of the Duchy to Philip II of France during that year. John (24 December 1167 &ndash 19 October 1216 reigned as a King of England from 6 April 1199 until his death Philip II Augustus (Philippe Auguste ( 21 August[[ 165]] &ndash 14 July 1223) was the King of France from 1180 until his death A few remnants of Normandy, which included the Channel Islands, remained in the possession of King John as did most of the Duchy of Aquitaine. The Duchy of Normandy stems from various Danish, Hiberno-Norse, Orkney Viking and Anglo-Danish ( from the Danelaw) invasions of The Channel Islands ( Norman: Îles d'la Manche, French: Îles Anglo-Normandes or Îles de la Manche) are a group of Islands John (24 December 1167 &ndash 19 October 1216 reigned as a King of England from 6 April 1199 until his death The Duke of Aquitaine ( French: Duc d'Aquitaine) ruled the historical region of Aquitaine under the supremacy of the Frankish and later the

Norman conquest of Wales

Main article: History of Wales#Wales and the Normans: 1067–1283

Up to the time of the Norman conquest of Anglo-Saxon England, Wales had remained for the most part independent of the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms, although some Welsh kings did sometimes acknowledge the Bretwalda, for example. The country of Wales, or Cymru in Welsh has been inhabited by modern humans for at least 29000 years though continuous human habitation The History of Anglo-Saxon England covers the history of Early medieval England from the end of Roman Britain and the establishment of Anglo-Saxon The History of Anglo-Saxon England covers the history of Early medieval England from the end of Roman Britain and the establishment of Anglo-Saxon Bretwalda, also Brytenwalda, Bretenanwealda, is an Anglo-Saxon term the first record of which comes from the late ninth century Anglo-Saxon Chronicle

However, soon after the Norman conquest of England, some of the Norman lords began to attack Wales and conquered parts of it, which they ruled, acknowledging the overlordship of the Norman kings of England, but with considerable local independence. Over many years these "Marcher Lords" conquered more and more of Wales, with considerable resistance led by various Welsh princes, who also often acknowledged the overlordship of the Norman kings of England. A Marcher Lord is the English equivalent of a Margrave (in the Holy Roman empire

King John's grandson Edward I of England defeated Llywelyn the Last and effectively conquered Wales in 1282. John (24 December 1167 &ndash 19 October 1216 reigned as a King of England from 6 April 1199 until his death Edward I (17 June 1239 – 7 July 1307 popularly known as Longshanks, was a King of England who achieved historical fame by conquering large parts of Wales and almost Genealogy and early life Llywelyn was the second of the four sons of Gruffydd, the eldest son of Llywelyn the Great, and Senena ferch Rhodri He created the title Prince of Wales for his eldest son Edward II in 1301. Prince of Wales (Tywysog Cymru is a title traditionally granted to the Heir Apparent to the reigning monarch of the United Kingdom (and formerly the Kingdom For the play see Edward II (play. For the film see Edward II (film. While Edward's conquest was brutal and later repression considerable, as the magnificent Welsh castles, such as Conwy, Harlech and Caernarfon attest, this event re-united under the same ruler the lands of Roman Britain for the first time since the establishment of the Jutes in Kent in the 5th century C. A castle is a defensive structure seen as one of the main symbols of the Middle Ages. Conwy Castle (traditional Conway Castle Welsh Castell Conwy) is a Castle in Conwy, on the north coast of Wales. Harlech Castle, located in Harlech, Gwynedd, Wales, is a Concentric castle, constructed atop a cliff close to the Irish Sea. Caernarfon Castle (Castell Caernarfon was constructed at Caernarfon in Gwynedd, north-west Wales, by King Edward I of England, following his Roman Britain refers to those parts of the island of Great Britain controlled by the Roman Empire between AD 43 and 410 The Jutes, Iuti, or Iutae were a Germanic people who according to Bede were one of the three most powerful Germanic peoples of the time The Kingdom of Kent was a kingdom of Jutes in southeast England and was one of the seven traditional kingdoms of the so-called Anglo-Saxon heptarchy. E. some 700 years before. And they have now remained in such manner united for a little over 700 years from that day to this (2008 C. E. ).

So this was a highly significant moment in the history of medieval England as it re-established links with the pre-Anglo-Saxon past, which were exploited for political purposes to unite the peoples of the kingdom including the Anglo-Normans by popularising Welsh legends, particularly the Arthurian cycle with which many of the Normans could identify through links with Brittany, for example, and so forge a common culture with the conquered peoples, assisting with the acceptance of the conquering Normans in England. Welsh mythology, the remnants of the Mythology of the pre Christian Britons, has come down to us in much altered form in medieval Welsh manuscripts The Matter of Britain is a name given collectively to the Legends that concern the Celtic and legendary History of Great Britain, especially those Brittany (Breizh bʁejs Bretagne; Gallo: Bertaèyn) is a former independent Celtic kingdom and Duchy, now incorporated into

However, the Welsh language, derived from the common British language with significant Latin influence, continued to spoken by the majority of the population of Wales for at least another 500 years. Welsh ( cy Cymraeg or cy y Gymraeg, kəmˈrɑːɨɡ and {{IPA|[ə ɡəmˈrɑːɨɡ]}}, is a member of the Brythonic branch of Celtic British was an ancient Celtic language spoken in much of southern and central Britain up to the central lowlands of Scotland and in Ireland. Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome.

Loss of the Angevin Empire and the Wars of the Roses

Edward II was father to Edward III of England, whose claim to the throne of France resulted in the Hundred Years' War (1337–1453). The term Angevin Empire describes a collection of states ruled by the Angevin Plantagenet dynasty The Wars of the Roses (1455–1485 were a series of dynastic Civil wars fought in England between supporters of the Houses of Lancaster and York Edward III (13 November 1312 &ndash 21 June 1377 was one of the most successful English monarchs of the Middle Ages. The English claims to the French throne have a long and rather complex history between the 1340s and the 1800s The Hundred Years' War (Guerre de Cent Ans was a prolonged conflict lasting from 1337 to 1453 between two royal houses for the French throne vacant with the extinction of the senior The end of the war found England defeated and retaining only a single city of France: Calais. Calais (kaˈlɛ in English often kæˈleɪ traditional English pronunciation /ˈkælɨs/ Kales is a town in northern France.

Fifteenth-century miniature depicting the English victory over France at the Battle of Agincourt. The Battle of Agincourt was an English victory against a larger French army in the Hundred Years' War.

During the Hundred Years War an English Identity was seen to develop, contrasting with the previous split between the Norman Lords and their Anglo-Saxon subjects, in the context of the sustained hostility to the increasingly nationalist French whose kings and other leaders notably the charismatic Joan of Arc used a developing sense of French Identity to help to draw people to their cause. The Hundred Years' War (Guerre de Cent Ans was a prolonged conflict lasting from 1337 to 1453 between two royal houses for the French throne vacant with the extinction of the senior The term nationalism can refer to an Ideology, a sentiment, a form of Culture, or a Social movement that focuses on the Nation This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Joan of Arc (c 1412 Joan asserted that she had visions from God that told her to recover her homeland from English domination late in the Hundred Years' The Anglo-Norman became separate from their cousins who held lands mainly in France who mocked them for their archaic and bastardised spoken French. The Anglo-Normans were mainly the descendants of the Normans who ruled England following the conquest by William of Normandy in 1066, although This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. English also became the language of the law courts during this period. Middle English is the name given by Historical linguistics to the diverse forms of the English language spoken between the Norman invasion of

The Kingdom had little time to recover before entering the Wars of the Roses (1455–1487), a series of civil wars over possession of the throne between the House of Lancaster and the House of York, different branches of the descendants of Edward III. The Wars of the Roses (1455–1485 were a series of dynastic Civil wars fought in England between supporters of the Houses of Lancaster and York The House of Lancaster was a branch of the English royal House of Plantagenet. The House of York was a branch of the English royal House of Plantagenet, three of whom became English kings in the late 15th century The end of the wars found the throne held by a female line descendant of the House of Lancaster married to the eldest daughter of the House of York. Henry VII of England and his Queen consort Elizabeth of York were the founders of the Tudor dynasty which ruled the Kingdom from 1485 to 1603. A queen consort is the title given to the wife of a reigning king. Elizabeth of York (11 February 1466 &ndash 11 February 1503 was the Queen Consort of King Henry VII of England, whom she married in 1486 The Tudor dynasty or House of Tudor was an English royal Dynasty that lasted 118 years from 1485 to 1603 a period known as the Tudor period

Tudors and Stuarts

Meanwhile, Wales retained the distinct legal and administrative system that had been established by Edward I in the late 13th century. Edward I (17 June 1239 – 7 July 1307 popularly known as Longshanks, was a King of England who achieved historical fame by conquering large parts of Wales and almost The second of the Welsh origin Tudor dynasty, Henry VIII of England, merged Wales into England under the Laws in Wales Acts 1535-1542. Henry VIII (28 June 1491 &ndash 28 January 1547 was King of England and Lord of Ireland, later King of Ireland and claimant to the Kingdom of The Laws in Wales Acts 1535–1542 (Y Deddfau Uno 1535 a 1542 were a series of parliamentary measures by which the legal system of Wales was annexed to England and Wales ceased to be a personal fiefdom of the King of England but was annexed to the Kingdom of England and was represented in the Parliament of England. Under the system of Feudalism, a fiefdom, fief, feud, feoff, or fee, often consisted of inheritable lands or revenue-producing The Parliament of England was the Legislature of the Kingdom of England.

During Henry VIII's reign in 1541 the Parliament of Ireland proclaimed him King of Ireland, thus bringing the Kingdom of Ireland into personal union with the Kingdom of England. The Parliament of Ireland (Irish Parlaimint na hEireann) was a Legislature that existed from mediæval times until 1800. The designation King of Ireland (Rí na hÉireann and Queen (regnant of Ireland was used during three periods of Irish history. The Kingdom of Ireland (Ríocht na hÉireann was the name given to the Irish state from 1541 by the Crown of Ireland Act 1542 of the Parliament of Ireland.

Portrait of Elizabeth made to commemorate the defeat of the Spanish Armada (1588), depicted in the background. The Spanish Armada ( Spanish: Grande y Felicísima Armada, "Great and Most Fortunate Navy" or Armada Invencible, "Invincible Elizabeth's international power is symbolized by the hand resting on the globe.

During the reign of Mary I of England, eldest daughter of Henry VIII, Calais was captured by Francis, Duke of Guise on January 7, 1558. Mary I (18 February 1516 &ndash 17 November 1558 was Queen of England and Queen of Ireland from 19 July 1553 until her death Henry VIII (28 June 1491 &ndash 28 January 1547 was King of England and Lord of Ireland, later King of Ireland and claimant to the Kingdom of Francis II Prince of Joinville Duke of Guise Duke of Aumale ( February 17, 1519 &ndash February 24, 1563) called Balafré ("the Events 1325 - Alfonso IV becomes King of Portugal. 1558 - France takes Calais, the last continental

The House of Tudor ended with the death of its last monarch, Elizabeth I of England, on March 24, 1603. Events 1401 - Mongol emperor Timur sacks Damascus. 1603 - James VI of Scotland Without any direct heir to her throne, James VI, King of Scots, a distant Protestant relative of Elizabeth from Scotland's Stuart dynasty, acceded to the throne of England as King James I of England. James VI and I (19 June 1566 – 27 March 1625 was King of Scotland as James VI, and King of England and King of Ireland as James The monarch of Scotland was the Head of state of the Kingdom of Scotland. Protestantism refers to the forms of Christian faith and practice that originated in the 16th century Protestant Reformation. The House of Stuart or Stewart was a Royal house of the Kingdom of Scotland, later also of the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of James VI and I (19 June 1566 – 27 March 1625 was King of Scotland as James VI, and King of England and King of Ireland as James Despite this Union of the Crowns, the Kingdom of England and Kingdom of Scotland remained separate and independent states under this personal union, until 1707. The Union of the Crowns was the Accession of James VI, King of Scots, to the throne of England in March 1603 thus uniting Scotland and England The Kingdom of Scotland ( Gaelic: Rìoghachd na h-Alba, Scots: Kinrick o Scotland) was a State in northwest Europe A personal union is the combination by which two different States are governed by the same Monarch, while their boundaries their laws and their interests remain distinct

In 1707, the Acts of Union ratified by both the Parliament of Scotland and Parliament of England created the Kingdom of Great Britain (1707–1801). The Acts of Union were a pair of Parliamentary Acts passed during 1706 and 1707 by the Parliament of England and the Parliament of Scotland to put into This article is about the pre-1707 parliament The article on the devolved legislative body established in 1999 is at Scottish Parliament. The Kingdom of Great Britain, also known as the United Kingdom of Great Britain, was a State in northwest Europe, in existence from 1707 to 1800 Queen Anne, the last monarch from the House of Stuart, became the first monarch of the new kingdom. Anne (6 February 1665 – 1 August 1714 became Queen of England, Scotland and Ireland on 8 March 1702 succeeding William III of England and II of Both the English and Scottish Parliaments were merged into the Parliament of Great Britain, located in Westminster, London. TalkParliament#Screen-size. -->A  parliament is a Legislature, especially in those The Parliament of Great Britain was formed in 1707 following the ratification of the Acts of Union by both the Parliament of England and Parliament of Scotland Westminster is an area of Central London, within the City of Westminster. London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. At this point, England ceased to exist as a separate political entity and has since had no national government. There has not been a government of England since 1707 when the Kingdom of England ceased to exist as a sovereign State, as it merged with the Kingdom Legally, however, the jurisdiction continued to operate as England and Wales (just as Scotland continued to have its own laws and law courts) and this continued also after the Act of Union of 1800 between the Kingdom of Great Britain and Kingdom of Ireland which created the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. History The Roman occupation of Britain was the first period in which the area of present-day England and Wales was administered as a single unit (with the exception Scotland ( Gaelic: Alba) is a Country in northwest Europethat occupies the northern third of the island of Great Britain. The phrase Act of Union 1800 (or sometimes Act of Union 1801) (Acht an Aontais 1800 is used to describe two complementary Acts whose official United Kingdom titles are The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland was the formal name of the United Kingdom from 1 January 1801 until 12 April 1927 (Later going on to become the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland). The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located

Commonwealth and Protectorate

Cromwell at Dunbar. Oliver Cromwell united the whole of the British Isles by force and created the Commonwealth of England. Oliver Cromwell (25 April 1599 Old Style &ndash 3 September 1658 Old Style) was an English military and political leader best known The British Isles (Irish variously Na hOileáin Bhriotanacha, Oileáin Iarthair Eorpa, Éire agus an Bhreatain Mhór; Ellanyn Goaldagh Eileanan The Commonwealth of England was the Republican government which ruled first England (including Wales) and then Ireland and Scotland

England was a monarchy for the entirety of its political existence since its creation about 927 up to the 1707 Act of Union, except for the eleven years of English Interregnum (1649 to 1660) that followed the English Civil War. A monarchy is a Form of government in which supreme power is actually or nominally lodged in an individual who is the Head of state, often for life or The English Interregnum was the period of Parliamentary and Military rule in the land occupied by modern-day England and Wales after the The English Civil War (1642-1651 was a series of armed conflicts and political machinations between Parliamentarians and Royalists.

The rule of executed King Charles I of England was replaced by that of a republic known as Commonwealth of England (1649–1653). Charles I, (19 November 1600 &ndash 30 January 1649 was King of England, Scotland and Ireland from 27 March 1625 until his execution. A republic is a State or Country that is not led by a hereditary Monarch, but in which the people (or at least a part of its people have impact on its The Commonwealth of England was the Republican government which ruled first England (including Wales) and then Ireland and Scotland The most prominent general of the republic, Oliver Cromwell, managed to extend its rule to Ireland and Scotland. Oliver Cromwell (25 April 1599 Old Style &ndash 3 September 1658 Old Style) was an English military and political leader best known The Cromwellian conquest of Ireland (1649-53 refers to the re-conquest of Ireland by the forces of the English Parliament, led by Oliver Cromwell Scotland in the Wars of the Three Kingdoms covers Scotland 's involvement in the wider conflict known as the Wars of the Three Kingdoms between 1644 and 1650

The victorious general eventually turned against the republic, and established a new form of government known as The Protectorate, with himself as Lord Protector until his death on September 3, 1658. In British history, the Protectorate was the period 1653&ndash1659 during which the Commonwealth of England Scotland and Ireland was governed by a Lord Lord Protector is a particular British title for Heads of State with two meanings (and full styles at different periods of history Events 36 BC - In the Battle of Naulochus, Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa, Admiral of Octavian, defeats Sextus Pompeius He was succeeded by his son Richard Cromwell. Richard Cromwell ( 4 October 1626 &ndash 12 July 1712) was the third son of Oliver Cromwell, and the second Lord Protector However, anarchy eventually developed, as Richard proved unable to maintain his rule. He resigned his title and retired into obscurity. The Commonwealth was re-established but proved unstable. The exiled claimant Charles II of England was recalled to the throne in 1660 in the English Restoration. Charles II (Charles Stuart 29 May 1630 – 6 February 1685 was the King of England, Scotland, and Ireland. The English Restoration, or simply The Restoration began in 1660 when the English monarchy, Scottish monarchy and Irish monarchy were restored

References

See also

• List of monarchs of England
• Royal English Navy
• Crown Jewels of England
• England and Wales
• Kingdom of Cornwall (Kernow)
• Anglo-Norman language