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Kingdom of Castile was one of the medieval kingdoms of the Iberian Peninsula. For the government of parliamentary systems see Executive (government. A monarchy is a Form of government in which supreme power is actually or nominally lodged in an individual who is the Head of state, often for life or Events By Place Europe Ramiro II of Leon becomes the King of León. The Iberian Peninsula, or Iberia, is located in the extreme southwest of Europe, and includes modern day Spain, Portugal, Andorra It emerged as a political autonomous entity in the 9th century. It was called County of Castile and was held in vassalage from the Kingdom of León. A vassal (also called feodary or fedary) in the terminology that both preceded and accompanied the feudalism of Medieval Europe, Kingdom of León was an independent kingdom situated in the northwest region of the Iberian Peninsula. Its name comes from the host of castles constructed in the region. A castle is a defensive structure seen as one of the main symbols of the Middle Ages. It was one of the kingdoms that founded the Crown of Castile, and the Kingdom of Spain. The Crown of Castile, as a historic entity is usually considered to have begun in 1230 with the third and definitive union of the two kingdoms of León and Castile Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula.
History
9th to 11th centuries: The beginnings
According to the chronicles of Alfonso III of Asturias; the first reference to the name "Castile" (Castilla) can be found in a document written during 800 A. Alfonso III (c 848– 20 December 910 ? called the Great, was the king of Galicia and Asturias from 866 until his death D.
The county of Castile was re-populated by inhabitants of Cantabri, Astur, Vascon and Visigothic origins. The Cantabri were an ancient confederacy of eleven tribes either Celtic or pre-Indo European, that inhabited the north coast of Hispania in the whole The Astures were the original Indo-European inhabitants of the northwest area of Hispania that now comprises almost the entire modern Autonomous community The Vascones (Latin singular VASCO) were an ancient people who at the arrival of the Romans, inhabited the region of present day Navarre The Visigoths (Visigothi, Wisigothi, Vesi, Visi, Wesi, or Wisi were one of two main branches of the Goths, an East It had its own romance dialect and laws. The first Count of Castile was Rodrigo in 850, under Ordoño I of Asturias and Alfonso III of Asturias. Rodrigo (d873 was the first Count of Castile, reigning from about 850 to his death Ordoño I ( أردون بن إذفنش ( Urdūn ibn Iḍfunš: Ordoño of the Beni Alfons) 831– 27 May 866) became Alfonso III (c 848– 20 December 910 ? called the Great, was the king of Galicia and Asturias from 866 until his death In 931 the county was unified by count Fernán González, who made his lands subject to a hereditary succession, independent of the kings of León. Ferdinand González (930–970 was the first independent count of Castile, son of Gonzalo Fernández de Lara, who had been named Count of Arlanza and the
11th and 12th centuries: Expansion and union to the Kingdom of León
In 1028, Sancho III of Navarra married the sister of count García Sánchez and inherited the crown to the County of Castile after his brother-in-law's death. Sancho III Garcés (late 10th century &ndash 18 October 1035) called the Great ( Spanish: el Mayor or el Grande) was In 1035, Sancho III handed over the county to his son Fernando and at which time Castile acquired the status of a kingdom. Fernando I was married to Sancha, sister of Bermudo III of León. Bermudo III (1010&ndash 4 September 1037) King of León (1028&ndash 4 September 1037) son of Alfonso V of León by his Fernando I began a war with León and in the battle of Tamarón against a coalition of Castile and Navarre the king of León was killed, leaving no offspring. His brother-in-law Fernando I of Castile assumed the crown of León for himself using his wife's rights, resulting in the first union of the kingdoms of León and Castile. Ferdinand I, called the Great (in his time El Magno) (1017&ndash León, 1065 son of Sancho III of Navarre and Mayor of Castile
When Fernando I died in 1065, the kingdoms were divided between the heirs. His sons, Sancho II inherited the kingdom of Castile; Alfonso VI, the kingdom of León; García, the kingdom of Galicia; while his daughter Urraca inherited the town of Zamora. Alfonso VI (before June 1040 &ndash June 29 / July 1, 1109) nicknamed the Brave, was King of León from 1065 to 1109 and King of
Sancho II of Castile allied himself with Alfonso VI of León and conquered Galicia. Not being satisfied with Castile and half of Galicia, Sancho attacked his brother and invaded León with the help of El Cid. Rodrigo (or Ruy) Díaz de Vivar (c 1040 Vivar, near Burgos &ndash 10 July 1099, Valencia) known as Urraca permitted the greater part of the Leonese army to take refuge in the town of Zamora. Sancho laid siege to the town, but the Castilian king was assassinated in 1072 by Bellido Dolfos, a Galician nobleman. The Castilian troops then withdrew.
As a result Alfonso VI recovered all his original territory of León, and now became the king of both Castile and Galicia. This was the second union of León and Castile, although the two kingdoms remained distinct. The sworn oath taken by El Cid to Alfonso VI in Santa Gadea de Burgos regarding the innocence of the Leonese king in the matter of the murder of his brother is well known.
With Alfonso VI, there is an approach to the rest of Europeans kingdoms, including France. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. He marries his daughters Urraca and Teresa with Raymond of Bourgogne and Henri of Lorraine. In the Council of Burgos in 1080 the traditional "Mozarabe" rite is replaced by the Roman one. Upon his death, Alfonso VI was succeeded by his daughter Urraca. Urraca married Alfonso I of Aragón (her second marriage), but when he was unable to unify both kingdoms, he repudiated Urraca in 1114, which increased tensions between the two kingdoms. Urraca also had to contend with her son (offspring of her first marriage), the king of Galicia, to assert her rights. When Urraca died, he became the king of Castile as Alfonso VII. During his reign Alfonso VII managed to annex parts of the weaker kingdoms of Navarre and Aragón which fought to secede after the death of Alfonso I of Aragón. Alfonso VII refused his right to conquer the Mediterranean coast for the new union of Aragón with the County of Barcelona (Petronila and Ramón Berenguer IV).
12th century: A link between Christianity and Islam
During the 12th century, Europe enjoyed a great advance in intellectual achievements provided by the kingdom of Castile. The Islamic Empire's forgotten classic works in Southern Europe were recovered, and contacts established with the knowledge and works of Muslim scientists.
In the first half of the century a program of translations, traditionally called the "School of Toledo", was undertaken which rendered many philosophical and scientific works from classical Greek and Islamic world into Latin. The Renaissance of the 12th century saw a major search by European scholars for new learning which led them to the Arabic fringes of Europe especially to Islamic Many European scholars, including Daniel de Morley travelled to Spain to gain further education. Daniel of Morley (c 1140 &ndash c 1210 was an English scholastic Philosopher.
The Way of St. James further enhanced the cultural exchange between the kingdoms of Castile and León; and the rest of Europe. The Way of St James or St James' Way ( Galician O camiño de Santiago, Spanish name El Camino de Santiago)
The 12th century saw the establishment of many new religious orders, after the European fashion, such as Calatrava, Alcantara and Santiago; and the foundation of many Cistercian abbeys.
13th century: Definitive union with the Kingdom of León
Alfonso VII restored the royal tradition of dividing his kingdom among his children. Alfonso VII ( 1 March 1105 &ndash 21 August 1157) called the Emperor, became the King of Galicia in 1111 and King Sancho III became King of Castile and Fernando II, King of León. Sancho III of Castile ( 1134 &ndash August 31, 1158) called el Deseado (the Desired due to his birth as first child of his parents not until Ferdinand II (1137 in Toledo, Castile – January 22 1188 was King of León from 1157 to his death
The rivalry between both kingdoms started again until 1230 when Ferdinand III of Castile received the Kingdom of Castile from his mother Berenguela of Castile in 1217 and the Kingdom of León from his father Alfonso IX. Saint Ferdinand III (July 30 or August 5 1199 &ndash May 30, 1252) was the King of Castile from 1217 and King of León from 1230 Berenguela (or Berengaria) (1180 &ndash November 8, 1246) was briefly queen of Castile and León. Alfonso IX of Leon and Galicia ( August 15, 1171 &ndash September 23 or 24 1230 first cousin of Alfonso VIII of Castile and numbered next In addition, he took advantage of the decline of the Almohad empire to conquer the Guadalquivir Valley whilst his son Alfonso took the Kingdom of Murcia. The Almohad Dynasty (From Arabic الموحدون al-Muwahhidun, i The Courts from León and Castile merged, an event considered as the foundation of the Crown of Castile, consisting of the kingdoms of Castile, León, taifas and other domains conquered by the Arab people, including the Kingdom of Córdoba, Kingdom of Murcia, Kingdom of Jaén, and Kingdom of Sevilla. The araB gene Promoter is a bacterial promoter activated by e L-arabinose binding
14th and 15th centuries: The House of Trastámara
The House of Trastámara was a lineage that ruled Castile from 1369 to 1504, Aragón from 1412 to 1516, Navarre from 1425 to 1479, and Naples from 1442 to 1501.
Its name was taken from the Count (or Duke) of Trastámara, the title used by Enrique II of Castile, of the Mercedes, before coming to the throne in 1369, during the civil war with his legitimate brother Pedro I. Enrique was raised and educated by Count Rodrigo Álvarez.
16th century: Union of the Crowns of Castile and Aragón
On the death of Juan II, his daughter Leonor inherited Navarre, and her stepbrother, Fernando the Catholic, the Crown of Aragón. Ferdinand II of Aragon the Catholic (Fernando II de Aragón y V de Castilla "el Católico" Ferran II d'Aragó "el Catòlic" Ferrando II d'Aragón The Crown of Aragon was a permanent union of multiple titles and states in the hands of the King of Aragon. The marriage of Fernando and Isabel I of Castile, celebrated in 1469, in the Palacio de los Vivero, in Valladolid, established the union of the two crowns. ||-||} is an industrial city and it is a Municipality in north-central Spain, upon the Pisuerga River and within the Ribera del Duero wine-making region This union, however, threatened the power of the nobles in Castile, and civil war broke out. In 1474, five years after their marriage, Ferdinand and Isabella assumed the throne of Castile. Upon taking the throne, Ferdinand and Isabella created the Cortes of Castile, an assembly designed to instigate peace throughout the land, and punish those committing the widespread criminal acts.
Government: Municipal councils and parliaments
As with all medieval kingdoms, supreme power was understood to reside in the monarch "by the grace of God," as the legal formula explained. Nevertheless, rural and urban communities began to form assemblies to issue regulations to deal with everyday problems. Over time, these assemblies evolved into municipal councils, known as variously as ayuntamientos or cabildos, in which some of the inhabitants, the property-owning heads of households (vecinos), represented the rest. For a discussion of the contemporary Spanish and Latin American cabildo see Ayuntamiento. The medieval household was like modern Households the centre of family life for all classes of European society These councils gained more powers, such as the right to elect municipal magistrates and officers (alcaldes, speakers, clerks, etc. Alcalde () or Alcalde ordinario, is the traditional Spanish municipal magistrate who had both Judicial and administrative functions ).
Due to the increasing power of the councils and the need for communication between these and the King, parliaments (Cortes) were established in the Kingdom of León in 1188, along its counterpart in the Kingdom of Castile in 1250. The Cortes Generales ( Spanish for General Courts or Cortes Españolas, Spanish Courts) is the Legislature of Spain. Kingdom of León was an independent kingdom situated in the northwest region of the Iberian Peninsula. In earlier Leonese and Castilian Cortes, the inhabitants of the cities (known as "laboratores") formed a small group of the representatives and had no legislative powers, but they were a link between the king and the general population, something that was pioneered by the kingdoms of Castile and León.
Arms of the Kingdom of Castile
During the reign of Alfonso VIII, the kingdom began to use as its emblem, both in blazons and banners, the canting arms of the Kingdom of Castile: gules, a three towered castle or, masoned sable and ajouré azure. Alfonso VIII ( 11 November 1155 &ndash 5 October 1214) called the Noble or Él de las Navas, was the King In Heraldry and heraldic Vexillology, a blazon is a formal description of most often a Coat of arms or Flag, which enables a person to In Heraldry, an heraldic flag is any of several types of Flags containing coats of arms, Heraldic badges or other devices used for personal Canting arms is a technique used in European Heraldry whereby the name of the individual or community represented in a Coat of arms is "translated" into
See also
External links
Al-Andalus (الأندلس was the Arabic name given to those parts of the Iberian Peninsula governed by Muslims or The Crown of Castile, as a historic entity is usually considered to have begun in 1230 with the third and definitive union of the two kingdoms of León and Castile The Council of Castile ( Consejos de Castilla, plural in Spanish) was a high council for the domestic government of Castile. The History of Spain spans the period from Prehistoric Iberia, through the rise and fall of the first global empire, to Spain's current position This is a list of counts kings and queens of Castile. It is in part a continuation of the List of Asturian monarchs and the List of Leonese monarchsDapyx Software network: MP3 Explorer | Ebook Manager | Zenithic