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This article deals primarily with the medieval title. For other uses, see "Other usages" below. For the monarch of the ancient Roman Kingdom, see King of Rome. The Roman Kingdom ( Latin: Regnum Romanum) was the monarchical Government of the city of Rome The King of Rome ( Latin: rex regis) was the Chief magistrate of the Roman Kingdom.

King of the Romans (Latin: Rex Romanorum) was the title used by the elected ruler of the Holy Roman Empire, the Imperator futurus ("Emperor to-be"— and in todays terminology "Emperor-elect") prior to his imperial coronation (usually, but not always (many Holy Roman Emperors stayed "Emperor-elect" but were called Emperor despite never being annointed and crowed by the Pope), performed by the Pope). Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. The Prince-Electors (or simply Electors) of the Holy Roman Empire ( German: Kurfürst ( pl The Holy Roman Empire ( HRE; German Heiliges Römisches Reich (HRR, Latin Sacrum Romanum Imperium (SRI was a union of territories in An emperor (from the Latin " Imperator " is a (male Monarch, usually the sovereign ruler of an Empire or another type of The Holy Roman Emperor (Römischer Kaiser or Römisch-Deutscher Kaiser Romanorum Imperator was the elected monarch ruling over the many varying numbers of states History See also History of the Papacy Catholics recognize the Pope as a successor to Saint Peter, who Jesus named as the "shepherd" and The title was later also used by the Emperor's heir-designate, who was elected during the lifetime of the his predecessor. The title came into common use in the High Middle Ages in the 11th century, during the several decades (1056-1084) of the reign of Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor (King Henry IV, in which he ruled the Empire but had not yet been crowned by the Pope. The High Middle Ages was the period of European history in the 11th 12th and 13th centuries (AD 1000&ndash1299 Henry IV ( November 11, 1050 &ndash August 7, 1106) was King of Germany from 1056 and Holy Roman Emperor from 1084 until

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Origin

The Holy Roman Empire was based on the Kingdom of Germany and Kingdom of Italy and the King, who had been elected by the seven German Prince-electors, had to go to northern Italy to be crowned King of Italy and finally to Rome to be crowned Emperor by the Pope. The Kingdom of Germany grew out of East Francia in the tenth century There have been several distinct entities known as the Kingdom of Italy. The Prince-Electors (or simply Electors) of the Holy Roman Empire ( German: Kurfürst ( pl Before that he did not use the title of Emperor but that of a King. The wording of this title was not fixed, as the King was sometimes called Rex Francorum (King of the Franks), Rex Teutonicorum (King of the Germans) or merely Rex (King).

The title Rex Romanorum was used occasionally by the Ottonian rulers and especially by Emperor Henry II to highlight the Roman nature of their Empire, which was contested by the Byzantine Emperors. The Ottonian dynasty was a dynasty of Germanic Kings (919-1024 named after its first emperor but also known as the Saxon dynasty after the family's origin Saint Henry II ( May 6, 973 &ndash July 13, 1024) called the Holy or the Saint, was the fifth and last Holy

Rex Romanorum became the standard title under the Salian King Henry IV during the Investiture Controversy. See also Salian Franks, Salic law The Salian dynasty was a Dynasty in the High Middle Ages of four German Kings (1024-1125 Henry IV ( November 11, 1050 &ndash August 7, 1106) was King of Germany from 1056 and Holy Roman Emperor from 1084 until The Investiture Controversy or Investiture Contest was an 11th century dispute between Henry IV Holy Roman Emperor and Pope Gregory VII over Pope Gregory VII insisted on using the title Rex Teutonicorum to counter Henry's imperial claims. Pope As King, Henry was the Imperator futurus but at that point he had not been crowned Emperor. In reaction to Gregory's usage, Henry made Rex Romanorum his standard title until he was crowned Emperor in 1084.

Henry's successors imitated this practice, being called Rex Romanorum before and Imperator Romanorum after their Roman coronation.

List of ruling Kings of the Romans

The following were Kings of the Romans who ruled or claimed to rule the Empire without subordination to another ruler, but who had not been crowned Emperor or claimed the title without coronation. See also List of German monarchs. This article lists the German monarchs, ruling over the territory of Germany from the creation of a separate Eastern Frankish Kingdom in 843 until the end of monarchy

Title of the Heir designate

Royal succession in the Holy Roman Empire always was a difficult issue, since the Empire was an elective monarchy. Otto III (980 &ndash January 23, 1002) was the fourth ruler of the Saxon or Ottonian dynasty of the Holy Roman Empire. Saint Henry II ( May 6, 973 &ndash July 13, 1024) called the Holy or the Saint, was the fifth and last Holy Conrad II (c 990&ndash June 4, 1039) was the son of a mid-level nobleman in Franconia, Count Henry of Speyer and Adelaide of Alsace who inherited Henry III ( 29 October 1017 &ndash 5 October 1056) called the Black or the Pious, was a member of the Salian Dynasty Henry IV ( November 11, 1050 &ndash August 7, 1106) was King of Germany from 1056 and Holy Roman Emperor from 1084 until Henry V ( 8 November 1086 &ndash 23 May 1125) was King of Germany (from 1098-1125) and Holy Roman Emperor Lothair III of Supplinburg (1075 &ndash 1137 was Duke of Saxony (1106 King of Germany (1125 and Holy Roman Emperor from 1133 to 1137 Conrad III (1093 &ndash 15 February 1152) was the first King of Germany of the Hohenstaufen dynasty Frederick I Barbarossa (1122 &ndash 10 June 1190) was elected King of Germany at Frankfurt on 4 March 1152 and crowned Henry VI (November 1165 – 28 September 1197) was King of Germany from 1190 to 1197 Holy Roman Emperor from 1191 to 1197 and King Frederick II ( December 26, 1194 &ndash December 13, 1250) of the Hohenstaufen dynasty was a Pretender to the title Philip of Swabia (1177 &ndash June 21, 1208) was king of Germany and duke of Swabia, the rival of the emperor Otto IV. Otto IV of Brunswick (1175 or 1176 – May 19, 1218) was one of two rival kings of the Holy Roman Empire from 1198 on sole king from 1208 on and emperor Frederick II ( December 26, 1194 &ndash December 13, 1250) of the Hohenstaufen dynasty was a Pretender to the title Conrad IV ( 25 April 1228 &ndash 21 May 1254) was king of Jerusalem (as Conrad II) (1228&ndash1254 of Germany Rudolph I, also known as Rudolph of Habsburg ( German: Rudolf von Habsburg, Latin Rudolfus) May 1, 1218 &ndash Adolf or Adolph (c 1255 &ndash 2 July 1298 was the King of Germany from 1292 until 1298 Albrecht I of Habsburg (July 1255 &ndash May 1, 1308) sometimes named as Albert I, was King of the Romans, Duke of Austria Henry VII ( Heinrich; c 1275 (or 1279 &ndash 24 August 1313) was the King of Germany (or Rex Romanorum) from 1308 and Louis IV ( 1 April[[ 282]] &ndash 11 October 1347) called the Bavarian, of the house of Wittelsbach, was the Duke of Bavaria Charles IV ( Czech: Karel IV, German: Karl IV, Hungarian: IV Károly; 14 May 1316 &ndash Wenceslaus (also Wenceslas, Wenzel Václav Venceslao February 26, 1361 – August 16 1419) called the Drunkard, was Rupert of Germany (Ruprecht III "Klem" Pfalzgraf bei Rhein of the house of Wittelsbach ( 5 May 1352 &ndash 18 May 1410 For other nobles of the same name please see Sigismund. Sigismund ( February 14, 1368 – December 9, Albert II of Habsburg ( August 10, 1397 &ndash October 27, 1439) was King of the Romans (ruler of Germany within the Frederick III of Habsburg ( September 21 1415 &ndash August 19, 1493) was elected as German King as the successor of An elective monarchy is a Monarchy ruled by someone generally from a Royal house, who is elected by a group However, once a ruler had been crowned Emperor, he could pursue the election of his heir as King, who would then succeed him after his death. This junior King, who usually did not participate in the rule, bore the title of a "King of the Romans".

This practice was continued even after 1556, when the rulers of the Holy Roman Empire no longer sought a coronation by the Pope and instead dubbed themselves Emperor-elect. Despite this lack of a coronation, the respective Emperor-elect's sons were elected during their fathers' lifetime in 1562, 1575, 1636, 1653, 1690, and in 1764. Maximilian II ( July 31, 1527 &ndash October 12, 1576) was king of Bohemia from 1562 king of Hungary and Croatia Rudolf II ( July 18, 1552, Vienna, Austria - January 20, 1612, Prague, Bohemia, now part of Life Eldest son of Emperor Ferdinand II from the house of Habsburg and his first wife Maria Anna of Bavaria. Ferdinand IV ( September 8, 1633 - July 9, 1654) was King of the Romans, of Hungary, and of Bohemia. Joseph I ( July 26, 1678 &ndash April 17, 1711) Holy Roman Emperor, King of Hungary and Bohemia and Archduke of Austria Heir and co-regent Joseph was born in the midst of the early upheavals of the War of the Austrian Succession.

Holy Roman Emperor under the Habsburgs

After the accession of Emperor Charles V, the Imperial title and the Empire became in effect, if not in law, exclusive Habsburg possessions. Charles V (24 February 1500 &ndash 21 September 1558 was This meant that King of Rome or King of the Romans in turn effectively became the designation of the Habsburg heir-apparent. However, the Emperors after Charles V no longer sought Papal coronation, instead taking the title Emperor-elect upon accession; the title King of the Romans thereby ceased to be applied to reigning monarchs.

The practice was broken during the reigns of Emperor Joseph I and Emperor Charles VI, both of whom only produced daughters, and consequently were left without sons to have elected as King of the Romans. Joseph I ( July 26, 1678 &ndash April 17, 1711) Holy Roman Emperor, King of Hungary and Bohemia and Archduke of Austria Charles VI (German Karl VI) ( October 1, 1685 &ndash October 20, 1740) was Holy Roman Emperor, King of Bohemia The latter designated his elder daughter, Maria Theresa of Austria, as his heiress in the hereditary Habsburg domains; however, the title of King of the Romans remained unfilled, and on Charles' death, the Electors chose the Elector of Bavaria as the new Emperor. Maria Theresa (Maria Theresia see also names in other languages; May 13, 1717 November 29 1780) was the Archduchess regnant After his death, Maria Theresa's husband, Francis Stephen, was elected Emperor; in 1764, in a resumption of tradition, he had his eldest son, Joseph, elected King of the Romans. Early life He was born in Nancy, Lorraine (now in France) the oldest surviving son of Leopold Joseph, duke of Lorraine and his wife Heir and co-regent Joseph was born in the midst of the early upheavals of the War of the Austrian Succession. However, Francis died a year later, and Joseph became Emperor. Due to Joseph's lack of sons, the swift death of his brother and successor (Leopold II), and the problems facing Leopold's son, Francis I, no other Habsburg after Joseph was ever elected 'King of Rome' or 'King of the Romans' prior to the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire. Leopold II (May 5 1747 March 1 1792 born Peter Leopold Joseph Anton Joachim Pius Gotthard, was Holy Roman Emperor from 1790 to 1792 and Grand Duke Francis II (Franz II Heiliger Römischer Kaiser ( 12 February 1768 &ndash 2 March 1835) was the last Holy Roman Emperor, ruling

List of subordinate Kings of the Romans

The following were subordinate kings to another Holy Roman Emperor (usually, but not always, their father) for the dates specified. For those rulers of Germany who used the style King of the Romans, but were not subordinate to a Holy Roman Emperor, see List of German monarchs. This article lists the German monarchs, ruling over the territory of Germany from the creation of a separate Eastern Frankish Kingdom in 843 until the end of monarchy

In the First French Empire

When Napoleon I of France had a son and heir, Napoleon II, he revived the title as King of Rome, styling his son as such. Otto I the Great ( 23 November 912 &ndash 7 May 973) son of Henry I the Fowler and Matilda of Ringelheim, was Duke Henry III ( 29 October 1017 &ndash 5 October 1056) called the Black or the Pious, was a member of the Salian Dynasty Conrad II (c 990&ndash June 4, 1039) was the son of a mid-level nobleman in Franconia, Count Henry of Speyer and Adelaide of Alsace who inherited Henry IV ( November 11, 1050 &ndash August 7, 1106) was King of Germany from 1056 and Holy Roman Emperor from 1084 until Henry III ( 29 October 1017 &ndash 5 October 1056) called the Black or the Pious, was a member of the Salian Dynasty Conrad II ( 12 February 1074 &ndash 27 July 1101) was the second son of Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV. Henry IV ( November 11, 1050 &ndash August 7, 1106) was King of Germany from 1056 and Holy Roman Emperor from 1084 until Henry V ( 8 November 1086 &ndash 23 May 1125) was King of Germany (from 1098-1125) and Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV ( November 11, 1050 &ndash August 7, 1106) was King of Germany from 1056 and Holy Roman Emperor from 1084 until Henry Berengar (dc1150 was the eldest legitimate son of Conrad III of Germany and his second wife Gertrude von Sulzbach. Conrad III (1093 &ndash 15 February 1152) was the first King of Germany of the Hohenstaufen dynasty Henry VI (November 1165 – 28 September 1197) was King of Germany from 1190 to 1197 Holy Roman Emperor from 1191 to 1197 and King Frederick I Barbarossa (1122 &ndash 10 June 1190) was elected King of Germany at Frankfurt on 4 March 1152 and crowned Frederick II ( December 26, 1194 &ndash December 13, 1250) of the Hohenstaufen dynasty was a Pretender to the title Henry VI (November 1165 – 28 September 1197) was King of Germany from 1190 to 1197 Holy Roman Emperor from 1191 to 1197 and King Frederick II ( December 26, 1194 &ndash December 13, 1250) of the Hohenstaufen dynasty was a Pretender to the title Conrad IV ( 25 April 1228 &ndash 21 May 1254) was king of Jerusalem (as Conrad II) (1228&ndash1254 of Germany Frederick II ( December 26, 1194 &ndash December 13, 1250) of the Hohenstaufen dynasty was a Pretender to the title Wenceslaus (also Wenceslas, Wenzel Václav Venceslao February 26, 1361 – August 16 1419) called the Drunkard, was Charles IV ( Czech: Karel IV, German: Karl IV, Hungarian: IV Károly; 14 May 1316 &ndash Frederick III of Habsburg ( September 21 1415 &ndash August 19, 1493) was elected as German King as the successor of Ferdinand I Holy Roman Emperor ( Alcalá de Henares (near Madrid) Kingdom of Castile (now Spain) 10 March 1503 &ndash Charles V (24 February 1500 &ndash 21 September 1558 was Maximilian II ( July 31, 1527 &ndash October 12, 1576) was king of Bohemia from 1562 king of Hungary and Croatia Ferdinand I Holy Roman Emperor ( Alcalá de Henares (near Madrid) Kingdom of Castile (now Spain) 10 March 1503 &ndash Rudolf II ( July 18, 1552, Vienna, Austria - January 20, 1612, Prague, Bohemia, now part of Maximilian II ( July 31, 1527 &ndash October 12, 1576) was king of Bohemia from 1562 king of Hungary and Croatia Life Eldest son of Emperor Ferdinand II from the house of Habsburg and his first wife Maria Anna of Bavaria. Ferdinand II Holy Roman Emperor ( July 9, 1578 &ndash February 15, 1637) of the House of Habsburg, reigned as Ferdinand II Ferdinand IV ( September 8, 1633 - July 9, 1654) was King of the Romans, of Hungary, and of Bohemia. Life Eldest son of Emperor Ferdinand II from the house of Habsburg and his first wife Maria Anna of Bavaria. Joseph I ( July 26, 1678 &ndash April 17, 1711) Holy Roman Emperor, King of Hungary and Bohemia and Archduke of Austria Early life He was a younger brother of Ferdinand IV of Hungary and Mariana of Austria. Heir and co-regent Joseph was born in the midst of the early upheavals of the War of the Austrian Succession. Early life He was born in Nancy, Lorraine (now in France) the oldest surviving son of Leopold Joseph, duke of Lorraine and his wife Napoleon Bonaparte (15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821 was a French military and political leader who had a significant impact on the History of Europe. The boy was often known colloquially by the title throughout his short life, although after 1815 he was more commonly referred to as the Duke of Reichstadt.

In Spanish culture

"Hablando del rey de Roma" (literally "speaking of the king of Rome") is a colloquial expression in Spanish equivalent to the English-language saying "Speak of the devil", referring to someone who has entered a room or conversation in which said person has just been the topic. (The full English expression, rarely stated, is, "Speak of the devil, and he appears. ")

Other usages

This or similar titles were also used by:

References

This article uses material translated from the corresponding article in the German-language wikipedia, which, in turn, cites a source that contains further references:

See also

This article lists the German monarchs, ruling over the territory of Germany from the creation of a separate Eastern Frankish Kingdom in 843 until the end of monarchy
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