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Part of a series on the Islamic creed:  |
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| Five Pillars of Islam | |
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Shahādah - Profession of faith |
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| Sunni Six articles of belief | |
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Tawhīd - Oneness |
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| Shi'a Twelver Principles of the Religion (Usul al-Din) |
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Tawhīd - Oneness |
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| Shi'a Twelver Practices of the Religion (Furu al-Din) |
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Salah - Prayer |
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| Shi'a Ismaili 7 pillars | |
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Walayah - Guardianship |
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| Others | |
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Kharijite Sixth Pillar of Islam. An angel is a Spiritual Supernatural being found in many Religions Although the nature of angels and the tasks given to them vary from tradition to tradition In Islam, Yawm al-Qiyāmah "the Day of Resurrection" (يوم القيامة or Yawm ad-Din "the Day of Faith" (يوم الدين is God's final This is a sub-article of Sunni Islam, Aqidah and Predestination. See also Shi'a Islam Twelver Shi'ism ( ar اثنا عشرية Ithnāˤashariyyah) is the largest branch of Shi'a branch of Islam In Twelver Shi'a Islam, the Principles of the Religion ( Usūl al-Dīn) are the five main theological beliefs that Shi'a Muslims must possess Adalah (عدالة means justice and denotes The Justice of God. In Islam, Nubuwwah (نبوة means "Prophethood" and denotes that God has appointed perfect Prophets and Messengers to teach mankind Gods religion This is a sub-article to Imamah (Shi'a doctrine and is specifically about the Shi'a Twelver conception of the term In Islam, Yawm al-Qiyāmah "the Day of Resurrection" (يوم القيامة or Yawm ad-Din "the Day of Faith" (يوم الدين is God's final See also Shi'a Islam Twelver Shi'ism ( ar اثنا عشرية Ithnāˤashariyyah) is the largest branch of Shi'a branch of Islam In Twelver Shi'a Islam, the ten Practices of the Religion ( Furū al-Dīn) are the ten practices that Shi'a Muslims must perform Ṣalāt ( Arabic: صلاة, pl ṣalawāt, Qur'anic Arabic: صلوة ṣalawah) (also munz in Pashto and ll This is a sub-article to Sawm and Ramadan During the entire month of Ramadan, Muslims are obliged to fast (صوم Sawm Ramadan or Ramazan ( Arabic: رمضان Ramaḍān) is a Muslim religious observance that takes place during the ninth month of the Islamic The Hajj (حج is a pilgrimage to Mecca (Makkah It is the largest annual pilgrimage in the world Mecca ˈmɛkə also spelled Makkah ˈmækə (in full Makkah Al-Mukarramah (Arabic mækːæ(t ælmʊkarˑamæ مكّة المكرمة, literally Honored This is a sub-article of Islamic economical jurisprudence. Zakaat ( زكاة zækæːh zakaat or zakāh, has the implied Jihad (جهاد ʤɪhæːd an Islamic term, is a religious duty of Muslims. Commanding the just ( Arabic: Amr bil Ma'rūf امر بالمعروف) is a part of Shia Islam 's Branches of Religion and Forbidding what is evil (النهي عن المنكر "Nahy an al-Munkar") is a part of Islam and means for example to oppose injustice Tawalla (تولّى - Loving the Ahl al-Bayt, is a part of the Twelver Shi'a Branches of Religion and is derived from a Qur'anic See also Muhammad's wives Ahl al-Bayt ( Arabic:ar أهل البيت is an Arabic phrase literally meaning People of the House, or family Tabarra (تبرأ - is a Shia Muslim doctrine that refers to the obligation of hating those who hate Allah and cursing those who reject the Wilayah of See also Muhammad's wives Ahl al-Bayt ( Arabic:ar أهل البيت is an Arabic phrase literally meaning People of the House, or family For the Egyptian city see Ismaïlia. The Ismāʿīlī ( Urdu: إسماعیلی Ismāʿīlī, Arabic: الإسماعيليون The Shi'a Ismāˤīlī - the Nizari, Druze and Mustaali - have Pillars beyond those of the Sunni. This is about the "pillar of Islam" for the historical view see Imamah (Shi'a Ismaili doctrine Guardianship (ولاية Walayah This article is about Hygiene in Islam. For the Jewish Taharah ritual preparation for burial see Bereavement in Judaism preparing the body — Taharah Ṣalāt ( Arabic: صلاة, pl ṣalawāt, Qur'anic Arabic: صلوة ṣalawah) (also munz in Pashto and This is a sub-article of Islamic economical jurisprudence. Zakaat ( زكاة zækæːh zakaat or zakāh, has the implied ll This is a sub-article to Sawm and Ramadan During the entire month of Ramadan, Muslims are obliged to fast (صوم Sawm Ramadan or Ramazan ( Arabic: رمضان Ramaḍān) is a Muslim religious observance that takes place during the ninth month of the Islamic The Hajj (حج is a pilgrimage to Mecca (Makkah It is the largest annual pilgrimage in the world Mecca ˈmɛkə also spelled Makkah ˈmækə (in full Makkah Al-Mukarramah (Arabic mækːæ(t ælmʊkarˑamæ مكّة المكرمة, literally Honored Jihad (جهاد ʤɪhæːd an Islamic term, is a religious duty of Muslims. Kharijites (Arabic Khawārij خوارج literally "Those who Went Out" is a general term embracing various Muslims who while initially supporting the The term Sixth pillar of Islam refers to an addition to the Five Pillars of Islam; the five pillars of Islam explain the basic tenets of Islam Shi'a Islam |
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Part of a series on the |
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Khums (خمس) is the Arabic word for One Fifth (1/5). Fiqh ( Arabic: فقه, fɪqəh is Islamic Jurisprudence. Fiqh is an expansion of the Sharia Islamic law—based directly on the An academic discipline or field of study is a branch of Knowledge which is taught or Researched at the college or university level This is a sub-article to Religious education, Academic discipline, and Islam. This is a sub-article of Fiqh and Law and economics. Islamic economics is Economics in accordance with Islamic law This is a sub-article of Islamic economical jurisprudence. Zakaat ( زكاة zækæːh zakaat or zakāh, has the implied Under Islamic law, jizya or jizyah (جزْية ʤɪzjæh Ottoman Turkish: cizye both derived from Pahlavi and ultimately from Aramaic In Sharia (Islamic Jurisprudence) nisab (نصاب is the amount which savings or capital or product must exceed in order for the Muslim owner to be obliged This is a sub-article of Zakat, Infaq and Mustahabb. Sadaqah (plural sadaqat) ( صدقة, sˤɒdæqɒh is an A waqf ( plural, awqāf; vakıf wæqəf is an inalienable religious endowment in Islam, typically devoting a building or plot of land for Muslim Bayt al-Mal, AKA Bayt al-Mal Lil Muslimeen is a Hezbollah -controlled organization that performs financial services for the organization Islamic banking refers to a system of banking or banking activity that is consistent with Islamic law ( Sharia) principles and guided by Islamic economics Riba ( Arabic: ربا rɪbæː means Usury and is forbidden in Islamic economic jurisprudence. Murabaha (accurate transliteration murābaḥa, Arabic مرابحه is defined as a particular kind of sale compliant with Shariah, where the seller expressly mentions Takaful is an Islamic Insurance concept which is grounded in Islamic muamalat (banking transactions observing the rules and regulations of Islamic Sukuk ( Arabic: صكوك plural of صك Sakk "legal instrument deed check" is the Arabic name for a financial Certificate but can be seen This is a sub-article to Islamic economical jurisprudence and Inheritance. This is a sub-article of Islamic economic jurisprudence and Muslim world. See also Modern Islamic philosophy, Islamism, Islamic terrorism Political aspects of Islam are derived from the Quran, the Sunna In Islamic law Marriage ("ʿurs" عرس is a legal bond and Social contract between a man and a woman as prompted by the Shari'a. This is a sub-article of Fiqh and Criminal law. Islamic criminal law (فقه العقوبات is Criminal law in accordance This is a sub-article of Islamic jurisprudence and Etiquette. This is a sub-article to Islamic jurisprudence and Islamic theology. This is a sub-article to Fiqh and Hygiene Hygiene is a prominent topic in Islam. Islamic military jurisprudence consists of the basic laws governing the conduct of the military aspects of Jihad (also known as "lesser Jihad " According to Shia Islamic legal terminology, it means "one-fifth of certain items which a person acquires as wealth, and which must be paid as an Islamic tax"[1]
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Note on Citations from the Quran and the arabic language
The Items eligible for khums are referred to as Ghanima →"الْغَنيمَة" in the Quran. Ghanima Atreides (meaning "spoil of war" in the Fremen language from the Arabic "الْغَنيمَة" is a Fictional character from the The Arabic word Ghanima has two meanings
- "spoils of war" or "war booty"
- gain or profit
Interpretations of the verse regarding Ghanima
Taken in context
If read in context, "Khums" should only be paid on war booty. The ruling appears in The Qur'an 008:041. Chapter 8 of the Qur'an (Al-Anfal - "spoils of war, booty") begins with the following verse:
Verse 001:
YUSUFALI: They ask thee concerning (things taken as) spoils of war. Say: "(such) spoils are at the disposal of Allah and the Messenger: So fear Allah, and keep straight the relations between yourselves: Obey Allah and His Messenger, if ye do believe. "
The chapter continues to enlighten the reader on how to address various types of situations in the battle-field (as well as lessons to be learnt).
Brief summary of Qur'an 008:001 to 008:041
Notes:
- For the actual script please see Quran - Chapter Al-Anfal
- The following is in the form: verse number(s): summary of verse(s).
- Occasionally the entire verse is given because a summary would be just as long.
- 001: As above.
- 002-004: Description of a person with true belief in Allah (One God).
- 005-008: Some of the believers were afraid of having to fight the enemy, although Allah prescribed it; justification given.
- 009-012: The believers asked Allah for help against the enemy and Allah's help was given in many ways.
- 013-014: The punishment for those who contend Allah and His Messenger is hellfire.
- 015-016: It is forbidden to run away from the enemy in battle unless it is part of a strategy or to retreat to a troop.
- 017-019: Allah is fighting for the believer and makes the unbelievers plans and strategy feeble, and Allah's help is best.
- 020-022: Stressed the obligation and importance of the believers to listen sincerely and obey Allah and His Messenger.
- Verse 023:
YUSUFALI: "If Allah had found in them any good. He would indeed have made them listen: (As it is), if He had made them listen, they would but have turned back and declined (Faith). "
- 024-030: Allah gave the believers countless favours; Fear Allah; Allah's help is better; Allah's reward is better.
- Verse 024: The believers should respond to the calls of Allah and His Messenger.
- Verse 025: The believers should fear tumult and oppression, which affects not only the unjust people, and know that Allah is strict in punishment.
- Verse 026: Allah gave the believers countless favours.
- Verse 027: YUSUFALI: "O ye that believe! betray not the trust of Allah and the Messenger, nor misappropriate knowingly things entrusted to you. "
- Verse 028: YUSUFALI: "And know ye that your possessions and your progeny are but a trial; and that it is Allah with Whom lies your highest reward. "
- Verse 029: YUSUFALI: "O ye who believe! if ye fear Allah, He will grant you a criterion (to judge between right and wrong), remove from you (all) evil (that may afflict) you, and forgive you: for Allah is the Lord of grace unbounded. "
- Verse 030: YUSUFALI: "Remember how the Unbelievers plotted against thee, to keep thee in bonds, or slay thee, or get thee out (of thy home). They plot and plan, and Allah too plans; but the best of planners is Allah. "
- 031-037: What the unbelievers would say and do, reasons why they are doomed.
- Verse 038:
YUSUFALI: "Say to the Unbelievers, if (now) they desist (from Unbelief), their past would be forgiven them; but if they persist, the punishment of those before them is already (a matter of warning for them). "
The definition of a true believer is given at the beginning. Many of the verses are giving the believers courage (as at the beginning some were afraid), including those verses explaining the favours of Allah on the believers and the reality of the unbelievers. At the same time some are warning the believers from committing evils. Every verse is relevant to the battle-field, and continues to be.
- Verse 039:
YUSUFALI: "And fight them on until there is no more tumult or oppression, and there prevail justice and faith in Allah altogether and everywhere; but if they cease, verily Allah doth see all that they do. "
- Verse 040:
YUSUFALI: "If they refuse, be sure that Allah is your Protector - the best to protect and the best to help. "
(This is referring to what is said in verse 38. )
- Verse 041:
YUSUFALI: "And know that out of all the booty that ye may acquire (in war), a fifth share is assigned to Allah,- and to the Messenger, and to near relatives, orphans, the needy, and the wayfarer,- if ye do believe in Allah and in the revelation We sent down to Our servant on the Day of Testing,- the Day of the meeting of the two forces. For Allah hath power over all things. "
Taken in the literal sense
Some Muslims, typically those who refer to themselves as Shia, hold the view that since the word Ghanima is used, it therefore implies that the one-fifth tax of Khums also applies wherever gain or profit is involved. "Ghanima" has two meanings as mentioned above; the second meaning is illustrated by the common use of the Islamic banking term "al-ghunm bil-ghurm" meaning "gains accompany liability for loss or risk" Glossary of Islamic Banking Terms ...Challenges Facing Islamic Banking by Ibrahim F I Shihata
Also in a famous supplication, the supplication after the noon prayer, the person asks God to bestow on him His favors. Islamic banking refers to a system of banking or banking activity that is consistent with Islamic law ( Sharia) principles and guided by Islamic economics One of those favors which the person asks is the benefit or gain from every act of righteousness; the word used here is "al-ghanima. " →"وَالْغَنيمَةَ مِنْ كُلِّ بِر" The Keys to Paradise, chapter 1, section 2 title "special prayers" This is in accordance with the second meaning of the word.
Khums
The Shia view
The evidence for khums comes directly from the Quran and the prophetic tradition.
| The Quran 8:41 |
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| And know ye (O believers) that whatever of a thing ye acquire (غَنِمْتُم/ghanimtum) a fifth of it is for God, and for the Apostle and for the (Apostle's) near relatives and the orphans and the needy and the way farer . . . . . . English translation by Mir Ahmed Ali |
as per the verse above, the Khums goes to six entities as follows.
- Allah
- Muhammad
- The near relative of Muhammad (Ahlul-Bayt)
- Orphans
- needy
- the person who has fallen away from his home-town (and has no money to come back to his own place).
The shia view is that "ghanimtum" the plural verb taken from the word الْغَنيمَة means wealth or profit (see the note on citation above)
Historically, the first 3 portions were paid to Muhammad, after he died, this was paid to his successors the 12 imams. Since we do not have access to the 12th imam, a religious scholar will receive the first three portions (which will be half of total Khums) who will spend it on behalf of Allah, Muhammad, and his relatives in the path of Allah (like spending it on the theological schools or any other things that they feel necessary in religious matters). [2]
Further evidence from the Hadith (al-bukhari)
Narrated Ibn 'Abbas:
The delegates of the tribe of 'Abdul-Qais came and said, "O Allah's Apostle! We are from the tribe of Rabi'a, and there is the infidels of the tribe of Mudar intervening between you and us, so we cannot come to you except in the Sacred Months. So please order us some instructions that we may apply it to ourselves and also invite our people whom we left behind us to observe as well. " The Prophet said, "I order you (to do) four (things) and forbid you (to do) four: I order you to believe in Allah, that is, to testify that None has the right to be worshiped but Allah (the Prophet pointed with his hand); to offer prayers perfectly; to pay Zakat; to fast the month of Ramadan, and to pay the Khumus (i. e. one-fifth) of the ghanima → غَنِمْتُم (see the note on citation above)to Allah and I forbid you to use Ad-dubba', An-Naqir, Al-Hantam and Al-Muzaffat (i. e. utensils used for preparing alcoholic drinks). "[3][4][5]
The Sunni View
Sunnis that follow one of the four Sunni Schools of Law (Hanafi • Shafi`i • Maliki • Hanbali) for the most part consider Khums to be something that exists, and do not consider it as an innovation. Sunni Islam is the largest denomination of Islam. Sunni Islam is also referred to as Ahl as-Sunnah wa’l-Jamā‘h (Arabic The Hanafi ( Arabic حنفي school is the oldest of the four schools of thought ( Madhhabs The Shāfi‘ī Madhab ( ar شافعي) is one of the four schools of Fiqh, or religious law within The Maliki Madhhab ( Arabic مالكي) is one of the four schools of Fiqh or religious law within Sunni Islam Hanbali ( حنبلى) is one of the four schools ( Madhhabs of Fiqh or religious law within Sunni Islam (the other three being Followers of a contemporary Islamic movement -- Salafism, the adherents of which claim to adhere to the path of the 'as-Salaf aṣ-Ṣāliḥ' (righteous predecessors) consider the payment of Khums to be an innovation -- a bid'ah. This article is on the group of early Muslims For the article on the contemporary Islamic movement see Salafi Salaf or In Islam, bid‘ah ( is any type of Innovation. Though innovations in worldly matters are acceptable to an extent innovation within the religion is seen as a sin
The adherents of this movement (sometimes referred to as Salafis) consider it as such, because they find no evidence for its establishment in any of the four major Sunni sources of jurisprudence (Qur'an (the central religious text of Islam) • Sunnah (the observed ways of living and sayings of Muhammad) • Ijma' (consensus of the community of Muslims) • Qiyas (process of analogical reasoning from a known injunction (nass) to a new injunction)). The Qur’an ( القرآن, literally "the recitation" also sometimes transliterated as Qur’ān, Koran, Alcoran Sunnah ar (سنة plural سنن Sunan literally means “trodden path” and therefore the sunnah of the prophet means “the way and the manners of the prophet” Ijmā (إجماع is an Arabic term referring ideally to the Consensus of the Ummah (the community of Muslims, or followers of Islam In Sunni Islamic jurisprudence,the qiyas ( Arabic قياس is the process of analogical reasoning in which the teachings of the Quran are compared
An example of Khums seen in the Shafi`i school of law is the "Zakat on Treasure Troves". The 1991 English Translation of Umdat al-Salik wa Uddat al-Nasik (Reliance of the Traveller and the Tools of the Worshipper) has this text as the translation in the section H6. ' Umdat as-Salik wa 'Uddat an-Nasik ( Reliance of the Traveller and Tools of the Worshipper, also commonly known by its shorter title Reliance of the Traveller) is a 2 (ZAKAT ON TREASURE TROVES):
"An immediate zakat of 20 percent is due when one finds a treasure trove that was buried in pre-Islamic times (N: or by non-Muslims, ancient or modern) if it amounts to the zakat minimum (def: h4. 2) and the land is not owned. If such a treasure if found on owned land, it belongs to the owner of the land. If found in a mosque or street, or if it was buried in Islamic times, it is considered as a lost and found article (def: k27). "
As for the strict understanding, that Khums is only applicable on Ghanayam (property, movable and immovable,) surrendered by the enemy in any battle or as a result of actual warfare, this is the opinion of only some Sunnis. Sunni Islam is the largest denomination of Islam. Sunni Islam is also referred to as Ahl as-Sunnah wa’l-Jamā‘h (Arabic (For this point one can refer to the quote above, or potentially consult the meaning of ghanimat: tafsir al manar; tafsir qartabi (Volume 4, Page 2840); tafsir razi (Volume 15, Page 164). ) The other opinion is illustrated by the addition of the comment "(in war)" by Abdullah Yusuf Ali in his translation of the meaning of the Holy Qur'an, for verse 41 of Surah al-Anfaal (8):
"And know that out of all the booty that ye may acquire (in war), a fifth share is assigned to Allah,- and to the Messenger, and to near relatives, orphans, the needy, and the wayfarer,- if ye do believe in Allah and in the revelation We sent down to Our servant on the Day of Testing,- the Day of the meeting of the two forces. Hafiz Abdullah Yusuf Ali ( 14 April 1872 - 10 December 1953) was a South Asian Islamic scholar who translated For Allah hath power over all things. "
The significance of the brackets around the words "in war" is to show that they are an addition to the original text. This is done to highlight that this verse came down about the "Day of Testing" -- the day of the Battle of Badr. The Battle of Badr (غزوة بدر fought March 17, 624 AD (17 Ramadan 2 AH in the Islamic calendar) in the Hejaz This for some Sunnis implies that Khums is only applicable on the spoils of war. With regard to "The Spoils of Battle" this topic is discussed under section O10. 0, under the chapter of the same name. This understanding of Khums is mentioned in section O10. 4, under the title of "Dividing the First Fifth Taken (Khums)".
References
External links
- Khums (The Islamic Tax) by Syed Muhammad Rizvi
- Chapter on Khums from Islamic Laws by Ayatullah Ali al-Sistani
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