Khosrau I or Khosrow I (Chosroes I in classical sources, most commonly known in Persian as Anushirvan, Persian: انوشيروان meaning the immortal soul), also known as Anushiravan the Just (انوشیروان عادل , Anushiravān-e-ādel or انوشيروان دادگر, Anushiravān-e-dādgar) (ruled 531–579), was the favourite son and successor of Kavadh I (488–531), twentieth Sassanid King of Persia, and the most famous and celebrated of the Sassanid Kings. Events By Place Byzantine Empire April 19 — Belisarius is defeated at the Battle of Callinicum; Mundus Deaths February — Khosrau I, king of Persia Pope Benedict I Theodric, king of Bernicia Kavadh I (b 449 r 488&ndash531 also spelled Kaveh, Kavad) son of Peroz I (457&ndash484 was the nineteenth Sassanid King of Persia from The Sassanid Empire or Sassanian Dynasty or Sassanian Dynasty (ساسانیان) is the name used for the third Iranian dynasty and the second Persian empire
He laid the foundations of many cities and opulent palaces, and oversaw the repair of trade roads as well as the building of numerous bridges and dams. During Khosrau I's ambitious reign, art and science flourished in Persia and the Sassanid Empire reached its peak of glory and prosperity. His rule was preceded by his father's and succeeded by Khosrau II's (590–628) who's reign came to be considered the dark age in the history of the Sassanid Empire. Khosrau II or Khosrow II ( Chosroes II or Xosrov II in classical sources sometimes called
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Early life
According to one account, Khosrau I was Kavadh I's son through a peasant girl, and was originally considered unworthy of inheriting his father's throne. His brothers contested his claim, so Khosrau I had them killed (ca. 532). He appears to have had a major influence over his father Kavadh I of Persia and helped him in the worst situations during the later years of his rule. Kavadh I (b 449 r 488&ndash531 also spelled Kaveh, Kavad) son of Peroz I (457&ndash484 was the nineteenth Sassanid King of Persia from He was apparently also behind many of his father's decisions.
According to the Roman Historian Procopius of Caesarea, Kavadh I tried to have his third son Khosrau adopted by the Eastern Roman emperor Justin I in the mid-520s. Procopius of Caesarea ( Προκόπιος ο Καισαρεύς, c Flavius Iustinus (c 450&ndash August 1, 527) known in English as Justin I, was an Byzantine Emperor (518&ndash527 who rose through the ranks This is the first time that Khosrau is mentioned in the sources. After Romans and Persians had failed to reach an agreement about the adoption, a new war began in 526 which was to last until 532.
Conquests
At the beginning of his reign Khosrau I concluded an "Eternal Peace" with the Roman Emperor Justinian I (527–565) in 532, who wanted to have his hands free for the conquest of Africa and Sicily. The Roman Emperor was the ruler of the Roman State during the imperial period (starting at about 27 BC Flavius Petrus Sabbatius Iustinianus ( Greek: Φλάβιος Πέτρος Σαββάτιος Ιουστινιανός; known in English as Justinian I or Events By Place Byzantine Empire January 11 — Nika riots in Constantinople: The cathedral is destroyed See also History of North Africa Carthage and the Berbers See also Carthage Phoenician traders arrived on the North African coast Sicily ( Italian and Sicilian: Sicilia) is an autonomous region of Italy. But (according to Procopius) his successes against the Vandals and Goths caused Khosrau I to begin the war again in 540. Procopius of Caesarea ( Προκόπιος ο Καισαρεύς, c The Goths ( Gothic: Gothic usvg|14px|u]]Gothic asvg|14px|a]]Gothic s Events By place Byzantine Empire General Belisarius conquers Milan and the Ostrogothic capital Ravenna
He invaded Syria and sacked the great city of Antioch, deporting its people to Mesopotamia, where he built for them a new city near Ctesiphon under the name of "Khosrau-Antioch" or "Chosro-Antioch". Syria ( سوريّة or) officially the Syrian Arab Republic (Arabic ar الجمهورية العربية السورية Antioch on the Orontes (Ἀντιόχεια ἡ ἐπὶ Δάφνῃ Ἀντιόχεια ἡ ἐπὶ Ὀρόντου or Ἀντιόχεια ἡ Μεγάλη Antiochia ad Orontem also For the Spanish saint see Ctesiphon of Vergium. Ctesiphon (قطسيفون تیسفون was one of the great cities of the Persian Empire During the following years he secured the defection of Lazica and fought inconclusively in Mesopotamia. Egrisi (ეგრისი is a medieval Georgian name for the region and kingdom in the western part of modern-day Georgia, known to the Byzantine Mesopotamia (from the Greek meaning "land between the rivers" is an area geographically located between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers largely corresponding
In 545, an armistice was concluded, but in 547 the Lazi returned to their Roman allegiance and the Lazic War resumed, continuing until a truce was agreed in 557. Events By Place Byzantine Empire The Ostrogoths besiege Rome. Events By Place Europe Ida founds the kingdom of Bernicia at Bamburgh (traditional date The Lazic War also known as the Great War of Egrisi ( Georgian: ეგრისის დიდი ომი Egrisis Didi Omi) in Georgian historiography Events By Place Asia The Northern Zhou Dynasty begins in northern China; its first ruler is Northern Zhou Xiao Min Di At last, in 562, a peace was concluded for fifty years, in which the Persians left Lazica to the Romans, and promised not to persecute the Christians, if they did not attempt to make proselytes among the Zarathustrians; on the other hand, the Romans had to pay annual subsidies to Persia. Events By Place Byzantine Empire Belisarius stands trial for corruption in Constantinople, possibly with Christianity ( Greek Χριστιανισμός from the word Xριστός ( Christ)is a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings Zoroaster ( Latinized from Greek variants) or Zarathushtra (from Avestan Zaraθuštra) also referred to as Zartosht (زرتشت
Meanwhile in the east, the Hephthalites had been attacked by the Turks (Göktürks). The Hephthalites or White Huns were a Central Asian Nomadic confederation whose precise origins and composition remain obscure The Turkic peoples are Eurasian peoples residing in northern central and western Eurasia who speak languages belonging to the Turkic language family Göktürks ( Turkish: Gök Türkler) were a Turkic people of ancient Central Asia. About 560, Khosrau I united with them to destroy the Hephthalite Empire. In 567 he conquered Bactria, while he left the country north of the Oxus to the Turks. "Bactrian" redirects here For the camel see Bactrian camel. The Amu Darya (formerly Oxus River the Greeks (Ptolemeus called it Oxiana palus) is the longest river in Central Asia. Many other rebellious tribes were subjected. About 570 the Himyarite dynasts of Yemen, who had been subdued by the Ethiopians of Axum, applied to Khosrau I for help. The Himyarite Kingdom or Himyar (in Arabic مملكة حِمْيَر) anciently called Homerite Kingdom by the Greeks and the Romans Yemen ( Arabic: اليَمَن al-Yaman officially the Republic of Yemen ( Arabic: الجمهورية اليمنية al-Jumhuuriyya NOTE This intro is the result of careful NPOV work Please do not make potentially controversial edits to it without first discussing on the talk page Axum, or Aksum, is a City in northern Ethiopia named after the Kingdom of Aksum, a naval and trading power that ruled from the region ca The Emperor Khosrau sent a fleet with a small army under Vahriz, who expelled the Ethiopians. Vahriz was a Deylamite Spahbod (commander in the service of the Sassanid Empire of Persia (Iran. From that time till the conquests by Islam, Yemen was dependent on Persia, and a Persian governor resided here. For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. In 572, Armenia and Iberia rebelled against Persia with Roman support, beginning a new war in which Khosrau I conquered the city of Dara on the Euphrates in 573, but after a largely unsuccessful incursion of Anatolia in 576 he was heavily defeated by the Romans in a battle near Melitene. Armenia (Հայաստան transliterated: Hayastan,) officially the Republic of Armenia (Հայաստանի Հանրապետություն Hayastani This article is about the people of ancient Georgia For the Iberians of ancient Iberian Peninsula see Iberians. Daraa (درعا also Dera ("fortress" compare Dura-Europos) is a city in southwestern Syria The Euphrates ( ( Arabic: ar نهر الفرات; Turkish: tr Fırat Syriac: syr ܦܪܬ; Hebrew: he פרת Malatya ( Hittite: Melid; Greek: Μαλάτεια Malateia; Armenian: Մալաթիա Malatia; Kurdish: He sued for peace in 579, but while negotiations with the Emperor Tiberius II (578–582) were still going on, Khosrau I died and was succeeded by his son Hormizd IV (579–590). Flavius Tiberius Constantinus Augustus or Tiberius II Constantine (c Hormizd IV, son of Khosrau I, reigned as the twenty-first King of Persia from 579 to 590
Religious tolerance
Although Khosrau I had in the last years of his father extirpated the heretical and communistic Persian sect of the Mazdakites (see Kavadh I of Persia), he was a sincere adherent of Zoroastrian orthodoxy and even ordered that the religion's holy text, the Avesta be codified, but he was not fanatical or prone to persecution. Heresy is an introduced change to some system of belief especially a religion that conflicts with the previously established canon of that belief Communism is a Socioeconomic structure that promotes the establishment of an egalitarian, classless, stateless Society based Mazdak (in Persian مزدک (died c 524 or 528 was a proto- socialist Persian reformer who gained influence under the reign of the Sassanian Kavadh I (b 449 r 488&ndash531 also spelled Kaveh, Kavad) son of Peroz I (457&ndash484 was the nineteenth Sassanid King of Persia from Zoroastrianism (ˌzɔroʊˈæstriəˌnɪzəm is the religion and philosophy based on the teachings The Avesta is the primary collection of sacred texts of Zoroastrianism, composed in the Avestan language. He tolerated every Christian confession. When one of his sons had rebelled about 550 and was taken prisoner, he did not execute him; nor did he punish the Christians who had perhaps supported him. Events By place Byzantine Empire January 16 — Gothic War (535–552: The Ostrogoths, under King Totila
After Justinian I had closed the Academy of Athens, one of the last seats of paganism in the Roman Empire, the last seven teachers of Neoplatonism emigrated to Persia in 531. An academy ( Greek Ἀκαδημία is an institution of higher learning research or honorary membership Athens (ˈæθənz Αθήνα Athina,) the Capital and largest city of Greece, dominates the Attica periphery as one of the world's The Roman Empire was the post-Republican phase of the ancient Roman civilization, characterised by an autocratic form of government and large territorial Neoplatonism (also Neo-Platonism) is the modern term for a school of religious and mystical Philosophy that took shape in the 3rd century AD founded by But they soon found out that neither Khosrau I nor his state corresponded to the Platonic ideal, and Khosrau I, in his treaty with Justinian I, stipulated that they should return unmolested. Biography Early life Birth and family Plato was born in Athens Greece
Reforms
Khosrau I introduced a rational system of taxation, based upon a survey of landed possessions, which his father had begun, and tried in every way to increase the welfare and the revenues of his empire. Landed property or landed estates is a Real estate term that usually refers to a property that generates income for the owner without the owner having to In Babylonia he built or restored the canals. Babylonia was an Amorite state in lower Mesopotamia (modern southern Iraq) with Babylon as its capital Canals are artificial channels for water There are two types of canals water conveyance canals which are used for the conveyance and delivery of water and Waterways His army was in discipline decidedly superior to the Romans, and apparently was well paid. He was also interested in literature and philosophical discussions. Literature is the Art of written works Literally translated the word means "acquaintance with letters" (from Latin littera letter Philosophy is the study of general problems concerning matters such as existence knowledge truth beauty justice validity mind and language Under his reign, chess was introduced from India and many books were brought from India and translated into Pahlavi. Chess is a recreational and competitive Game played between two players. India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country Some of these later found their way into the literature of the Islamic world. The term Muslim world (or Islamic world) has several meanings His famous minister Burzoe translated Indian Panchatantra from Sanskrit into middle Persian language of Pahlavi and named it Kelileh va Demneh which later on from its Persian version it transmitted to Arabia and Europe. Burzoe or Bozorgmehr ( Burzoe/Borzuyeh/Borzuy: from Middle Persian / Pahlavi "of honour" or "high" Bozorgmehr: from Middle Persian The Panchatantra (also spelled Pañcatantra, in Sanskrit: पञ्चतन्त्र 'Five Principles' or Kalīleh o Demneh Sanskrit (sa संस्कृता वाक् saṃskṛtā vāk, for short sa संस्कृतम् saṃskṛtam) is a historical The Panchatantra (also spelled Pañcatantra, in Sanskrit: पञ्चतन्त्र 'Five Principles' or Kalīleh o Demneh
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Khosrau I
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| Preceded by Kavadh I |
Great King (Shah) of Persia 531 –579 |
Succeeded by Hormizd IV |
See also
- Burzoe (The renowned minister of Khosrau)
- Sassanid Music
- Science and medical academy of Gundishapur
References
- Abd al-Husayn Zarrin’kub: Ruzgaran : tarikh-i Iran az aghz ta saqut saltnat Pahlvi Sukhan, 1999. The Sassanid Empire or Sassanian Dynasty or Sassanian Dynasty (ساسانیان) is the name used for the third Iranian dynasty and the second Persian empire Kavadh I (b 449 r 488&ndash531 also spelled Kaveh, Kavad) son of Peroz I (457&ndash484 was the nineteenth Sassanid King of Persia from The following is a comprehensive list of kings of Persia, which includes all of the empires ruling over geographical Iran Hormizd IV, son of Khosrau I, reigned as the twenty-first King of Persia from 579 to 590 Burzoe or Bozorgmehr ( Burzoe/Borzuyeh/Borzuy: from Middle Persian / Pahlavi "of honour" or "high" Bozorgmehr: from Middle Persian Sassanid music refers to the golden age of Persian music that occurred under the reign of the Sassanid dynasty The Academy of Gundishapur (in دانشگاه گنديشاپور Dânešgâh Gondišâpur was a renowned academy of learning in the city of Gundeshapur during Late antiquity ISBN 964-6961-11-8
- Henning Börm: Der Perserkönig im Imperium Romanum. Chosroes I. und der sasanidische Einfall in das Oströmische Reich 540 n. Chr. In: Chiron 36 (2006), p. 299-328.
- John Martindale: The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire IIIa. Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire (usually abbreviated as PLRE) is a set of three volumes collectively describing every person attested or claimed Cambridge 1992, p. 303–306.
- Zeev Rubin: The Reforms of Khusro Anurshiwan. In: Averil Cameron (ed. ): The Byzantine and early Islamic Near East. Bd. 3, Princeton 1995, p. 227–298.
- Klaus Schippmann: Grundzüge der Geschichte des sasanidischen Reiches. Darmstadt 1990.
- This article incorporates text from the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition, a publication now in the public domain. The Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition (1910–1911 is a 29-volume reference work that marked the beginning of the Encyclopædia Britannica The public domain is a range of abstract materials &ndash commonly referred to as Intellectual property &ndash which are not owned or controlled by anyone
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