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"Khoi" redirects here. For other uses, see Khoi (disambiguation).

The Khoikhoi ('People People', less accurately 'men of men'[1]) or Khoi, in standardised Khoekhoe/Nama orthography spelled Khoekhoe, are a historical division of the Khoisan ethnic group of southwestern Africa, closely related to the Bushmen (or San, as the Khoikhoi called them). Khoisan (increasingly commonly spelled Khoesan or Khoe-San) is the name for two major Ethnic groups of Southern Africa. The Bushmen, San, Sho, Basarwa, ǃKung or Khwe are indigenous people of southern Africa that spans most areas of South Africa They had lived in southern Africa since the 5th century AD[2] and, at the time of the arrival of white settlers in 1652, practised extensive pastoral agriculture in the Cape region, with large herds of Nguni cattle. Southern Africa is the Southernmost Region of the African Continent, variably defined by Geography or Geopolitics. Pastoralism or pastoral farming is the branch of Agriculture concerned with the raising of Livestock. The Nguni cattle breed is indigenous to southern Africa. A hybrid of indigenous and Indian cattle they were introduced by the black African tribes of southern Africa

Archaeological evidence shows that the Khoikhoi entered South Africa from Botswana through two distinct routes – travelling west, skirting the Kalahari to the west coast, then down to the Cape, and travelling south-east out into the Highveld and then southwards to the south coast. The Republic of South Africa (also known by other official names) is a country located at the southern tip of the continent of Africa The Republic of Botswana (Lefatshe la Botswana is a Landlocked nation in Southern Africa. The Highveld is a high Plateau region of South Africa which is largely home to the largest metropolitan area in the country the Gauteng City Region [3]

Contents

Name

The name Khoekhoe most accurately translates to 'People People'. They were traditionally—and are still occasionally in colloquial language—known to white colonists as the Hottentots, a name that is currently generally considered offensive (e. A colloquialism is an expression not used in formal speech, writing or Paralinguistics. g. by the Oxford Dictionary of South African English). The Oxford English Dictionary ( OED) published by the Oxford University Press (OUP is a comprehensive Dictionary of the English South African English ( SAE, en-ZA) is a Dialect of English spoken in South Africa and in neighbouring countries with a large number The word "hottentot" meant "stutterer" or "stammerer" in the colonists' northern dialect of Dutch,[4] although some Dutch use the verb stotteren to describe the clicking sounds (klik being the normal onomatopoeia, parallel to English) typically used in the Khoisan languages. Dutch ( is a West Germanic language spoken by around 24 million people 22 million of which are from the Netherlands, Belgium and Suriname Clicks are speech sounds such as English tsk! tsk! used to express disapproval or the tchick! used to spur on a horse Onomatopoeia (also spelled onomatopœia, from Greek: ονοματοποιΐα is a Word or a grouping of words that imitates the sound it is describing The Khoisan languages (also Khoesaan languages) are the indigenous languages of southern and eastern Africa; in southern Africa their speakers are the Khoi The word lives on, however, in the names of several African animal and plant species, such as the Hottentot Fig or Ice Plant (Carpobrotus edulis).

History

The Khoikhoi were originally part of a pastoral culture and language group found across Southern Africa. Originated in the northern area of modern Botswana, the ethnic group steadily migrated south, reaching the Cape approximately 2,000 years ago. The Republic of Botswana (Lefatshe la Botswana is a Landlocked nation in Southern Africa. Khoikhoi subgroups include the Korana of mid-South Africa, the Namaqua to the west, and the Khoikhoi in the south. Nama (in older sources also called Namaqua) are an African Ethnic group of South Africa, Namibia and Botswana. Husbandry of sheep, goats and cattle provided a stable, balanced diet and allowed the related Khoikhoi peoples to live in larger groups than the region's original inhabitants, the San. The Bushmen, San, Sho, Basarwa, ǃKung or Khwe are indigenous people of southern Africa that spans most areas of South Africa Herds grazed in fertile valleys across the region until the 3rd century AD when the advancing Bantu encroached into their traditional homeland. Bantu may refer to Bantu expansion, a series of migrations of Bantu speakers Bantu languages Bantu people The Khoikhoi were forced into a long retreat into more arid areas.

Migratory Khoi bands living around what is today Cape Town, South Africa, intermarried with San. Cape Town (Kaapstad Xhosa: Ikapa) is the second most populous city in South Africa, forming part of the metropolitan municipality of the However the two groups remained culturally distinct as the Khoikhoi continued to graze livestock and the San subsisted as hunter-gatherers. The Khoi initially came into contact with European explorers and merchants in approximately AD 1500. The ongoing encounters were often violent, although the British made some attempt to develop more amiable relationships. Local population dropped when the Khoi were exposed to smallpox by Europeans. Active warfare between the groups flared when the Dutch East India Company enclosed traditional grazing land for farms. The Dutch East India Company ( Vereenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie or VOC in old-spelling Dutch, literally "United East Indian Over the following century the Khoi were steadily driven off their land, which effectively ended traditional Khoikhoi life.

"Old Cape Hottentot male"
"Old Cape Hottentot male"

Khoikhoi social organisation was profoundly damaged and, in the end, destroyed by European colonial expansion and land seizure from the late 17th century onwards. As social structures broke down, some Khoikhoi people settled on farms and became bondsmen or farmworkers; others were incorporated into existing clan and family groups of the Xhosa people. See also Xhosa language The Xhosa (ǁʰɔsɑ( people are speakers of Bantu languages living in south-east South Africa, and in the last two

Culture

The religious mythology of the Khoikhoi gives special significance to the moon, which may have been viewed as the physical manifestation of a supreme being associated with heaven. This is a summary in alphabetical order of some of the gods, heroes and monsters that appear in the beliefs of the Khoikhoi, an ethnic group from southern Africa Tsui'goab is also believed to be the creator and the guardian of health, while Gunab is primarily an evil being, who causes sickness or death. This is a summary in alphabetical order of some of the gods, heroes and monsters that appear in the beliefs of the Khoikhoi, an ethnic group from southern Africa [5] Recently, many Khoikhoi in Namibia have converted to Islam and make up the largest group among Namibia's Muslim community. Namibia, officially the Republic of Namibia, is a country in Southern Africa on the Atlantic coast For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. Islam is the third largest religion in Namibia after Christianity and indigenous beliefs [6]

Trivia

In Sir Arthur Conan Doyle's The Hound of the Baskervilles, Dr. Sir Arthur Ignatius Conan Doyle, DL (22 May 1859 – 7 July 1930 was an Anglo-Scottish Author most noted for his stories about the The Hound of the Baskervilles is a crime novel by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle featuring the detective Sherlock Holmes. James Mortimer tells Sherlock Holmes, "Many a charming evening we [Charles Baskerville and James] have spent together discussing the comparative anatomy of the Bushman and the Hottentot. James Mortimer ( April 22 1833 – February 24 1911) was an American Chess player journalist and playwright who spent Sherlock Holmes is a famous fictional detective of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries who first appeared in Publication in 1887 "

See also

Publications

References

  1. ^ Khoekhoe. Carl Friedrich Michael Meinhof ( July 23, 1857 &ndash February 11, 1944) was a German linguist and one of the first linguists Encyclopædia Britannica. The Encyclopædia Britannica is a general English-language encyclopaedia published by Encyclopædia Britannica Inc Retrieved on 2007-01-15. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 588 BC - Nebuchadrezzar II of Babylon lays siege to Jerusalem under Zedekiah 's reign
  2. ^ Country Information on Namibia (cached page)
  3. ^ Pre-Colonial cultures in South Africa; The San and Khoikhoi About. com
  4. ^ The Hottentots. British Views Of 18th Century Africa. Retrieved on: February 01, 2008
  5. ^ Reconstructing the Past - the Khoikhoi: Religion and Nature. Events 1327 - Teenaged Edward III is crowned King of England, but the country is ruled by his mother Queen 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common
  6. ^ Mukumbira, Rodrick. "Islam in Namibia…Making an Impact", IslamOnline.net, June 1, 2006. IslamOnlinenet describes its mission as to create a unique global Islamic Website on the Internet that provides services to Muslims and Events 193 - Roman Emperor Didius Julianus is Assassinated 987 - Hugh Capet is elected Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar.  

External links

The term Afrikaner people refers to white Afrikaans -speaking people who have been established in Southern Africa since the 17th century and are mainly of northwestern
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