Khmer
Type	Abugida
Spoken languages	Khmer
Time period	c. An abugida ( from Ge‘ez አቡጊዳ ’äbugida or Amharic አቡጊዳ ’abugida is a segmental Writing system which Khmer (ភាសាខ្មែរ or Cambodian, is the language of the Khmer people and the official language of Cambodia. 600–present
Parent systems	Proto-Canaanite alphabet (disputed)  → Phoenician alphabet (disputed)   → Aramaic alphabet (disputed)    → Brāhmī     → Pallava      → Khmer
Child systems	Thai Lao
Sister systems	Mon Old Kawi
Unicode range	U+1780–U+17FF, U+19E0–U+19FF
ISO 15924	Khmr
Note: This page may contain IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode. Events By Place World The population of the Earth rises to about 208 million people The Proto-Canaanite alphabet is a consonantal alphabet of twenty-two acrophonic glyphs found in Levantine texts of the Late Bronze Age (from ca The Phoenician alphabet is a continuation of the Proto-Canaanite alphabet, by convention taken to originate around 1050 BC The Aramaic alphabet is an Abjad, a Consonantal Alphabet, used for writing Aramaic. Brāhmī script refers to the oldest members of the Brahmic family of alphabets. Vatteluttu () or "rounded writing" is an Abugida Writing system originating from the Dravidian peoples of Southern India and The Thai Alphabet (อักษรไทย àksŏn thai) is used to write the Thai language and other minority languages in Thailand The Lao script is used mainly to write the Lao language. The minority languages of Laos are also written in the Lao script and officially it is the only script Unicode ’s ISO 15924, Codes for the representation of names of scripts, defines two sets of codes for a number of Writing systems (scripts In Computing, Unicode is an Industry standard allowing Computers to consistently represent and manipulate text expressed in most of the world's

The Brahmic script and its descendants

Brāhmī Northern Brahmic Kusan Gupta Śāradā Landa Old Kashmiri Gurmukhī Takri Dogri Chameali Siddhaṃ Nāgarī Devanāgarī Nandināgarī Gujarati Proto-Bengali Eastern Nagari Bengali Assamese Mithilakshar Oriya Nepal Bhujimol Ranjana Tibetan ’Phagspa Southern Brahmic Tamil Brahmi Vatteluttu Tamil Pallava Grantha Malayalam Tulu Khmer Thai Lao Old Kawi Balinese Javanese Mon Burmese Kalinga Kadamba Old Kannada Kannada Telugu Sinhala

History of the alphabet
Middle Bronze Age 19 c. The history of the Alphabet begins in Ancient Egypt, more than a millennium into the History of writing. The Middle Bronze Age alphabets are two similar Undeciphered scripts dated to be from the Middle Bronze Age (2000-1500 BCE and believed to be ancestral BCE Ugaritic 15 c. The Ugaritic alphabet is a Cuneiform Abjad (alphabet without vowels used from around 1500 BCE for the Ugaritic language, an extinct BCE Phoenician 14–11 c. The Phoenician alphabet is a continuation of the Proto-Canaanite alphabet, by convention taken to originate around 1050 BC BCE Paleo-Hebrew 10 c. The Paleo-Hebrew alphabet, also know as Ktav Ivri, is an offshoot of the ancient Semitic alphabet (see the akin Phoenician alphabet) BCE Samaritan 6 c. The Samaritan alphabet is a direct descendant of the paleo-Hebrew variety of the Phoenician alphabet. BCE Aramaic 8 c. The Aramaic alphabet is an Abjad, a Consonantal Alphabet, used for writing Aramaic. BCE Brāhmī & Indic 6 c. Brāhmī script refers to the oldest members of the Brahmic family of alphabets. The Brahmic family is a family of syllabaries (writing systems used in South Asia, Southeast Asia, and parts of Central Asia and East Asia, BCE Tibetan 7 c. The Tibetan script is an Abugida of Indic origin used to write the Tibetan language as well as the Dzongkha language, Ladakhi language CE Khmer/Javanese 9 c. The Javanese script, natively known as Carakan ( Tjarakan) is the script originally used to write Javanese. CE Hebrew 3 c. The Hebrew alphabet (אָלֶף-בֵּית עִבְרִי alephbet ’ivri) consists of 22 letters used for writing the Hebrew language. BCE Syriac 2 c. The Syriac alphabet is a Writing system used to write the Syriac language from around the 2nd century BC. BCE Arabic 4 c. The Arabic alphabet is the script used for writing several languages of Asia and Africa such as Arabic, Persian, and Urdu. CE Pahlavi 3 c. BCE Avestan 4 c. The Avestan alphabet is a writing system developed during the Sassanid era (226-651 in Iran to render the Avestan language. CE Greek 9 c. The Greek alphabet (Ελληνικό αλφάβητο is a set of twenty-four letters that has been used to write the Greek language since the late 9th or early BCE Etruscan 8 c. Old Italic refers to several now extinct Alphabet systems used on the Italian Peninsula in ancient times for various Indo-European (predominantly Italic BCE Latin 7 c. BCE Runic 2 c. CE Gothic 3 c. This article is about the 4th century alphabet of the Gothic bible CE Armenian 405 CE Glagolitic 862 CE Cyrillic 10 c. The Armenian alphabet is an Alphabet that has been used to write the Armenian language since the year 405 or 406. The Glagolitic alphabet or Glagolitsa is the oldest known Slavic Alphabet. The Cyrillic alphabet (səˈrɪlɪk also called azbuka, from the old name of the first two letters is actually a family of Alphabets, subsets of which are used by CE Paleohispanic 7 c. The Paleohispanic scripts are the writing systems created in the Iberian peninsula before the Latin alphabet became the dominant script BCE Epigraphic South Arabian 9 c. The ancient South Arabian alphabet (also known as musnad المُسند branched from the Proto-Sinaitic alphabet in about the 9th century BC. BCE Ge'ez 5–6 c. Ge'ez (gez ግዕዝ) also called Ethiopic, is an Abugida script that was originally developed to write Ge'ez, a Semitic language BCE
Meroitic 3 c. The Meroitic script is an Alphabetic script originally derived from Egyptian hieroglyphs used to write the Meroitic language of the Kingdom of Meroë / BCE
Ogham 4 c. Ogham (ogam ˈɔɣam Modern Irish or, English) is an Early Medieval Alphabet used primarily to represent the Old Irish language (and CE
Hangul 1443 CE
Canadian syllabics 1840 CE
Zhuyin 1913 CE
complete genealogy

The Khmer script (អក្ខរក្រមខេមរភាសា; âkkhârâkrâm khémârâ phéasa) is used to write the Khmer language which is the official language of Cambodia. Canadian Aboriginal syllabic writing', or simply syllabics, is a family of Abugidas {dubious}} used to write a number of Aboriginal Canadian Nearly all the segmental scripts (loosely " Alphabets " but see below for more precise terminology used around the globe appear to have derived from the Khmer (ភាសាខ្មែរ or Cambodian, is the language of the Khmer people and the official language of Cambodia. The Kingdom of Cambodia ( formerly known as Kampuchea (, transliterated: Preăh Réachéanachâkr Kâmpŭchea) is a country in South East It is generally thought that the Khmer script developed from the Pallava script of India. Grantha ( Tamil: கிரந்த ௭ழுத்து Bengali: গ্রন্থলিপি Malayalam: ml ഗ്രന്ഥലിപി Sanskrit ^[1] The oldest dated inscription in Khmer was found at Angkor Borei in Takev Province south of Phnom Penh and dates from 611 AD. Angkor Borei District ( Khmer: ស្រុកអង្គរបុរី is a district located in Takéo Province, in southern Cambodia. Takéo is a province of Cambodia. Its capital is Takéo. Takeo town is an easygoing place that possesses a fair amount of natural and manmade beauty ^[2] Those inscriptions that have survived are engraved in stone and the evolution of Khmer script is as follows:

• Han Chey, approximately 6th century
• Veal Kan Teng, end of the 6th or early 7th century
• Ang Chomney Kor, 667 century
• Inn Kor Sey, 970 century
• Preash Keo, 1002 AD
• Nor Korr, 1066 AD
• Banteay Chmar, early 12th or 13th century
• Angkor Wat, 13th century
• Angkor script, 1702 AD

The Khmer alphabet has fewer symbols for vowels than the language has vowel phonemes. In Phonetics, a vowel is a Sound in spoken Language, such as English ah! or oh!, pronounced with an open Vocal tract The phoneME project is Sun Microsystems reference implementation of Java virtual machine and associated libraries of Java ME with source licensed under the GNU To account for this, each consonant belongs to one of two series, and the vowel produced depends on which series the consonant belongs to (making it an abugida rather than a true alphabet). An abugida ( from Ge‘ez አቡጊዳ ’äbugida or Amharic አቡጊዳ ’abugida is a segmental Writing system which An alphabet is a standardized set of letters basic written symbols each of which roughly represents a Phoneme, a Spoken language, either Therefore, most vowel signs have two possible pronunciations, depending on which series the consonant belongs to. When no vowel sign is present, usually the inherent vowel of the consonant is used. Vowels signs can be divided into two groups: dependent vowel signs, which are written around a consonant letter, and independent vowel letters, which can stand alone. Dependent vowel signs are used more frequently than independent vowels and all independent vowel letters can be phonetically rendered with a dependent vowel. Khmer also has a number of diacritics, which can change the series of the consonant or change the pronunciation of the vowel. A diacritic ( also called a diacritic or diacritical mark, point, or sign, is a small sign added to a letter to alter pronunciation

Contents 1 Styles 2 Consonants 3 Dependent vowels 4 Independent vowels 5 Diacritics 6 Punctuation marks 7 Ligatures 8 Numerals 9 Khmer in Unicode 10 Notes 11 References 12 See also 13 External links

Styles

There are several styles of Khmer script which are used for different purposes.

• 'Âksâr chriĕng' refers to slanted (or italic) letters. Slanted letters do not serve the same purpose as italics in English, so entire bodies of text such as novels and other publications may be produced in 'âksâr chriĕng' .

• 'Âksâr chhôr' refers to any style that is "standing" or upright. Upright letters were previously not as common as 'âksâr chriĕng', but now most computer fonts display Khmer text upright by default for ease of reading.

• 'Âksâr mul' is a round style which is used for titles and headings in Cambodian documents, books, or currency, on shop signs or banners. Religious text on palm leaves may be entirely written in this script style. It is sometimes used to write royal names while the surrounding text remains plain. Several consonants and some subscripts in this style take on different forms than their counterparts in the standard orthography.

• 'Âksâr khâm' is a variation of 'âksâr mul', with only minor differences.

The last two styles, when handwritten, are usually pencil-line width, however, in printed form and on computer fonts, they are usually seen in wider widths. Most Khmer computer fonts depict neither style correctly; in fact, some may meld elements of 'âksâr mul' and 'âksâr khâm' into one style, so generally either is referred to as 'âksâr mul'.

Consonants

There are 35 Khmer consonants symbols, although modern Khmer only uses 33, two having become obsolete. Subscript consonants are special forms used to form consonant clusters. Also sometimes referred to as "sub-consonants", subscript consonants often resemble the corresponding consonant symbol, only smaller. In Khmer, they are known as 'cheung âksâr' (ជើង​អក្សរ), meaning the foot of a letter. In forming consonant clusters, the second (and where necessary, the third) consonant sound of the cluster is written as a subscript which cancels the inherent vowel of the preceding consonant. Most subscript consonants are written directly below consonant which they follow, although subscript /r/ is written before while a few others have ascending elements which appear after.

Listed in the table below are the pronunciations of the consonants when recited. Although Khmer spelling is very regular, the pronunciation of some consonants may be slightly different from the recited version in a few words. This is especially true in loan words. The IPA values given are for consonants in the initial or medial position. The International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA is a system of phonetic notation based on the Latin alphabet, devised by the International Phonetic Because of Khmer phonology, in which final stops are unreleased and possible finals are limited, word-final values may differ. An unreleased stop or unreleased plosive is a Plosive consonant without an audible release burst For example, word-final /s/ is pronounced /h/ and, in most dialects, word-final /r/ is silent. The inherent vowels of consonants in the final position are almost never pronounced. The two obsolete consonants are highlighted in gray.

Consonants	Subscript form	Transliteration	IPA
ក	្ក	kâ	kɑ
ខ	្ខ	khâ	kʰɑ
គ	្គ	kô	kɔ
ឃ	្ឃ	khô	kʰɔ
ង	្ង	ngô	ŋɔ
ច	្ច	châ	cɑ
ឆ	្ឆ	chhâ	cʰɑ
ជ	្ជ	chô	cɔ
ឈ	្ឈ	chhô	cʰɔ
ញ	្ញ	nhô	ɲɔ
ដ	្ដ	dâ	ɗɑ
ឋ	្ឋ	thâ	tʰɑ
ឌ	្ឌ	dô	ɗɔ
ឍ	្ឍ	thô	tʰɔ
ណ	្ណ	nâ	nɑ
ត	្ត	tâ	tɑ
ថ	្ថ	thâ	tʰɑ
ទ	្ទ	tô	tɔ
ធ	្ធ	thô	tʰɔ
ន	្ន	nô	nɔ
ប	្ប	bâ	ɓɑ
ផ	្ផ	phâ	pʰɑ
ព	្ព	pô	pɔ
ភ	្ភ	phô	pʰɔ
ម	្ម	mô	mɔ
យ	្យ	yô	jɔ
រ	្រ	rô	rɔ
ល	្ល	lô	lɔ
វ	្វ	vô	vɔ
ឝ	្ឝ	shâ	-
ឞ	្ឞ	ssô	-
ស	្ស	sâ	sɑ
ហ	្ហ	hâ	hɑ
ឡ	្ឡ*	lâ	lɑ
អ	្អ	qâ	ʔɑ

* The subscript for the consonant lâ is included in Unicode although its usage in modern Khmer is generally non-existent.

For some phonemes in loanwords, the Khmer writing system has 'created' supplementary consonants. A loanword (or loan word) is a word directly taken into one Language from another with little or no translation Most of these consonants are created by stacking a subscript under the character for/hɑ/ to form digraphs. The consonant for /pɑ/, however, is created by using the diacritical sign called musĕkâtônd over the consonant for /bɑ/. These additional consonants are mainly used to represent sounds in French and Thai loanwords.

Digraph consonants	Transliteration	IPA
ហ្គ	gâ	gɑ
ហ្ន	nâ	nɑ
ប៉	pâ	pɑ
ហ្ម	mâ	mɑ
ហ្ល	lâ	lɑ
ហ្វ	fâ, wâ	fɑ, wɑ
ហ្ស	žâ	ʒɑ

Dependent vowels

There are 16 unique dependent vowel symbols. Although this name can be added up to 24 when dependent vowels with diacritical symbols are included. A diacritic ( also called a diacritic or diacritical mark, point, or sign, is a small sign added to a letter to alter pronunciation Dependent vowels are known in Khmer as srăk nissăy (ស្រៈនិស្ស័យ) or srăk phsâm (ស្រៈផ្សំ). Dependent vowels always have to be combined with a consonant in orthography. The orthography of a language specifies the correct way of using a specific Writing system to write the language For most the vowel symbols, there are two sounds (registers). The sound of the vowel used depends on the series (the inherent vowel) of the dominant consonant in a syllable cluster.

Dependent vowels	Transliteration		IPA
	a-series	o-series	a-series	o-series
អា	a	éa	aː	iːə
អិ	ĕ	ĭ	e	i
អី	ei	i	əj	iː
អឹ	ŏe		ə	ɨ
អឺ	œ		əːɨ	ɨː
អុ	ŏ	ŭ	o	u
អូ	o	u	oːu	uː
អួ	uŏ		uːə
អើ	aeu	eu	aːə	əː
អឿ	eua		ɨːə
អៀ	iĕ		iːə
អេ	é		eːi	eː
អែ	ê		aːe	ɛː
អៃ	ai	ey	aj	ɨj
អោ	aô	oŭ	aːo	oː
អៅ	au	ŏu	aw	ɨw

Dependent vowels & diacritics	Transliteration		IPA
	a-series	o-series	a-series	o-series
អុំ	om	ŭm	om	um
អំ	âm	um	ɑm	um
អាំ	ăm	ŏâm	am	oəm
អះ	ăh	eăh	aʰ	eəʰ
អុះ	ŏh	uh	oʰ	uʰ
អេះ	éh		eiʰ	eʰ
អែ	êh		aeʰ	ɛʰ
អោះ	aŏh	uŏh	ɑʰ	ʊəʰ

• For technical reasons, the dependent vowels are seen here paired with the letter អ (KHMER LETTER QA in Unicode) as not all browsers will correctly display them by themselves.

Independent vowels

Independent vowels are vowels that do not have to be paired with a consonant in a syllable, hence the name. In Khmer they are called srăk penhtuŏ (ស្រៈពេញតួ) which means complete vowels.

Independent vowels	Transliteration	IPA
ឣ	â	ʔɑʔ
ឤ	a	ʔa
ឥ	ĕ	ʔe
ឦ	ei	ʔəj
ឧ	ŏ	ʔ
ឨ
ឩ	ŭ	ʔu
ឪ	ŏu	ʔɨw
ឫ	rŏe	ʔrɨ
ឬ	rœ	ʔrɨː
ឭ	lŏe	ʔlɨ
ឮ	lœ	ʔlɨː
ឯ	é	ʔeː
ឰ	ai	ʔaj
ឱ, ឲ	aô	ʔaːo
ឳ	âu	ʔaw

Diacritics

Diacritics	Name	Notes
ំ	nĭkkôhĕt (និគ្គហិត)	niggahita; nasalizes the inherent vowels and some of the dependent vowels, see anusvara, sometimes used to represent [aɲ] in Sanskrit loanwords
ះ	reăhmŭkh (រះមុខ)	shining face; adds final aspiration to dependent or inherent vowels, usually omitted, corresponds to the visarga diacritic, it maybe included as dependent vowel symbol
ៈ	yŭkôleăkpĭntŭ (យុគលពិន្ទុ)	yugalabindu (pair of dots); adds final glottalness to dependent or inherent vowels, usually omitted, a relatively new diacritic
៉	musĕkâtônd (មូសិកទន្ដ)	musikadanta (mouse teeth); used to convert some o-series consonants to the a-series
៊	trei sâpt (ត្រីសព្ទ)	trisabda; used to convert some a-series consonants to the o-series
ុ	kbiĕh kraôm (ក្បៀសក្រោម)	also known as bŏkcheung (បុកជើង); used in place when the diacritics trei sâpt and musĕkâtônd impede with superscript vowels
់	bântăk (បន្តក់)	used to shorten some vowels
៌	rôbat (របាទ), répheăk (រេផៈ)	rapada, repha; behaves similarly to the tôndâkhéat, corresponds to the Devanagari diacritic 'repha', however it lost its original function which was to represent a vocalic r
៍	tôndâkhéat (ទណ្ឌឃាដ)	daṇḍaghata; used to render some letters as unpronounced
៎	kakâbat (កាកបាទ)	kakapada (the crow's foot); more a punctuation mark than a diacritic; used in writing to indicate the rising intonation of an exclamation or interjection; often placed on particles such as /na/, /nɑː/, /nɛː/, /vəːj/, and the feminine response /cah/
័	sanhyoŭk sannha (សំយោគសញ្ញា)	represents a short inherent vowel in Sanskrit and Pali words; usually omitted
៑	vĭréam (វិរាម)	a mostly obsolete diacritic, corresponds to the virama
្	cheung (ជើង)	a. Anusvara (Dev अनुस्वार anusvāra) is the diacritic used to mark a type of Nasalization used in a number of Indic languages. Visarga ( visarga) is a Sanskrit word meaning "sending forth discharge" This article is about the sound in spoken language For the letter see Glottal stop (letter. In Phonetics, vocalic r refers to the phenomenon of a Rhotic segment such as or occurring as the Syllable nucleus. In Linguistics, the term particle is a word lacking a strict definition but has the function of changing the relation of the parts of the sentence to one another and is therefore Virama is a generic term for the Diacritic character in many Brahmic scripts that is used to suppress an inherent Vowel sound that occurs with every consonant w. coeng; a sign developed for Unicode​ to input subscript consonants, appearance of this sign varies among fonts

Punctuation marks

The Khmer script uses several unique punctuation marks as well as some borrowed from the Latin script such as the question mark. The question mark (? also known as an interrogation point, question point, query, or eroteme, is a punctuation mark that replaces The period in the Khmer language "។" resembles an eighth rest in music writing. In Music notation, a note value indicates the relative Duration of a note, using the color or shape of the Note head, the presence

Ligatures

Most consonants, including a few of the subscripts, form ligatures with all dependent vowels that contain the symbol used for the vowel a (ា). A lot of these ligatures are easily recognizable, however a few may not be. One of the more unrecognizable is the ligature for the bâ and a which was created to differentiate it from the consonant symbol hâ as well as the ligature for châ and a. It is not always necessary to connect consonants with the dependent vowel a.

Examples of ligatured symbols:

Ligatured consonant subscript and vowel combination:

Numerals

Main article: Khmer numerals

The numerals of the Khmer script, similar to that used by other civilizations in Southeast Asia, are also derived from the southern Indian script. Khmer numerals are the numerals used in the Khmer language of Cambodia. Arabic numerals are also used, but to a lesser extent. The arabic numerals (often capitalized are the ten Digits (0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 which—along with the system

Khmer numerals	០	១	២	៣	៤	៥	៦	៧	៨	៩
Arabic numerals	0	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9

Khmer in Unicode

The Unicode range for Khmer consists of two ranges: U+1780 . In Computing, Unicode is an Industry standard allowing Computers to consistently represent and manipulate text expressed in most of the world's . . U+17FF for the basic characters, and U+19E0 - U+19FF for additional symbols. Grey areas indicate non-assigned code points.

Khmer Unicode.org chart (PDF)

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

A

B

C

D

E

F

U+178x

ក

ខ

គ

ឃ

ង

ច

ឆ

ជ

ឈ

ញ

ដ

ឋ

ឌ

ឍ

ណ

ត

U+179x

ថ

ទ

ធ

ន

ប

ផ

ព

ភ

ម

យ

រ

ល

វ

ឝ

ឞ

ស

U+17Ax

ហ

ឡ

អ

ឣ

ឤ

ឥ

ឦ

ឧ

ឨ

ឩ

ឪ

ឫ

ឬ

ឭ

ឮ

ឯ

U+17Bx

ឰ

ឱ

ឲ

ឳ

឴

឵

ា

ិ

ី

ឹ

ឺ

ុ

ូ

ួ

ើ

ឿ

U+17Cx

ៀ

េ

ែ

ៃ

ោ

ៅ

ំ

ះ

ៈ

៉

៊

់

៌

៍

៎

៏

U+17Dx

័

៑

្

៓

។

៕

៖

ៗ

៘

៙

៚

៛

ៜ

៝

U+17Ex

០

១

២

៣

៤

៥

៦

៧

៨

៩

U+17Fx

៰

៱

៲

៳

៴

៵

៶

៷

៸

៹

Khmer Symbols Unicode.org chart (PDF)

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

A

B

C

D

E

F

U+19Ex

᧠

᧡

᧢

᧣

᧤

᧥

᧦

᧧

᧨

᧩

᧪

᧫

᧬

᧭

᧮

᧯

U+19Fx

᧰

᧱

᧲

᧳

᧴

᧵

᧶

᧷

᧸

᧹

᧺

᧻

᧼

᧽

᧾

᧿

Notes

References

• Dictionnaire Cambodgien, Vol I & II, 1967, L'institut Bouddhique (Khmer Language)
• Huffman, Franklin. 1970. Cambodian System of Writing and Beginning Reader. Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-01314-0
• Jacob, Judith. 1974. A Concise Cambodian-English Dictionary. London, Oxford University Press.

See also

• Brahmic family
• Khmer language
• Romanization of Khmer

External links

• FAQ and Resources on Khmer in Unicode
• Enabling Khmer Unicode
• How to Install Khmer Unicode on your Windows XP Computer
• Omniglot entry on Khmer
• Geonames Khmer Alphabet Chart
• Khmer Romanization Table (PDF)
• Khmer Fonts
• Evolution of the Khmer script
• Authentic Khmer Online (common phrases in Khmer script with audio file examples)
• Khmer wordlist sortet frequenzy

The Brahmic family is a family of syllabaries (writing systems used in South Asia, Southeast Asia, and parts of Central Asia and East Asia, Khmer (ភាសាខ្មែរ or Cambodian, is the language of the Khmer people and the official language of Cambodia. Khmer romanization refers to the representation of the Khmer (Cambodian language utilizing letters of the Latin (Roman alphabet.

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